THE reputation of Professor EBRARD, of Erlangen, in the department of New Testament criticism and Apologetics was established by his Wissenschaftliche Kritik der evangelischen Geschichte, the second edition of which we noticed briefly some time ago. We have now before us his Christliche Dogmatik, vol. i., (Königsberg, 1851, pp. 552.) In the preface, Dr. EBRARD defines his book to be a Christian theology, written from the Reformed stand-point, but not with strict conformity to the older Reformed theologians. He further states that it will appear, especially in the second volume, that, with regard to the doctrine of Predestination, he is a follower of Melancthon rather than of Calvin. The general division of the work numbers three parts-I. Die Lehre von der Verklärung Gottes als des Ursprungs der Creatur. II. Die Lehre von der Verklärung Gottes als des Mittlers in dem Faktum der Erlösung. III. Die Lehre von der Verklärung Gottes als des Vollenders. The subordinate divisions are logical and exhaustive, but we have not space to give them here. We have received a copy of "Synopsis Evangelica, ex quatuor Evangelicis ordine Chronologico concinnavit, prætexto brevi commentario illustravit, ad antiquos testes apposito apparatu critico recensuit. CONSTANTINUS TISCHENDORF (Lipsiæ, 1851; 8vo., pp. 202). The volume gives us the last results of Tischendorf's critical labours in the appropriate form of a harmony of the Gospels. He adopts the tripaschal theory, and his harmony is framed according to it. The book is neatly printed, but it adopts the upright Greek type which the French have introduced, and which, while it economizes room, is yet very painful to the eye. The margin is crowded with references and critical remarks, the same, in substance, as are furnished in Tischendorf's last critical edition of the New Testament.

OUR readers will remember a translation of part of OTTO VON GERLACH'S Commentary on the New Testament, and also a brief estimate of his character, in a former number of this journal. We have since received a copy of "Predigten über herkömmliche Perikopen und freie Texte," preached by him in

the Elizabeth church in Berlin, in the years 1836-1840. They furnish a fair impression of his religious and intellectual activity at the best period of his life.

A NEW School of theology, or something very like it, is springing up on the Rhine, under the impulse of Prof. SCHERER, late of Geneva, whose ultra-liberal views on the subject of the inspiration of the Scriptures have been heretofore made known to our readers. It finds an organ in the "Revue de Théologie et de Philosophie Chrétienne," published in Strasbourg, and edited by Licentiate Colani, a friend of Scherer's. From this school also comes a new work, which is greatly praised in the Studien u. Kritiken for ability and thoroughness; viz., Recherches critiques sur l'Epitre de Jude, par E. Arnaud, Strasbourg, 1851, pp. 218.

ONE of those exhaustive discussions which only Germany can furnish, lies before us in "Die Völkertafel der Genesis; Ethnographische Untersuchungen von AUGUST KNOBEL, Professor zu Giessen." (8vo., pp. 358.) It traces the generations of the sons of Noah, as given in the tenth chapter of Genesis, by the light of history and of ethnographical science, as far down as possible in the history of humanity. Whatever may be thought of Prof. Knobel's conclusions, none can refuse him the praise of great erudition, ingenuity, and research.

THOLUCK'S "Discourses on the Leading Questions of the Age in regard to Religion,' are in process of translation by Rev. W. Farrer, and are published in single numbers at three-pence each. The first sermon treats of "The Worth of Human Reason."

MESSRS. JOHNSTONE & HUNTER, of Edinburgh, have issued their prospectus of "The Protestant Library," and announce that the first year's issue will contain the following works:-Vol. I. Barrow on the Supremacy claimed by the Pope of Rome: Vol. II. On the Rule of Faith: Vol. III. On the Infallibility claimed by the Papacy: Vol. IV. Treatises on the Reformation, and on the Church. The subscription price will be one guinea a year.

MESSRS. BAGSTER & SONS announce the third volume of Dr. Davidson's "Introduc

NUMBER 1 of a new series of The Journal of Sacred Literature, edited by John Kitto, D. D., F. S. A., will be published on the 1st of October, 1851. In this series more equal attention will be given to all the departments of sacred literature, and an effort will be made to render the Journal more generally readable to all who take interest in Biblical investigations, without compromising the character for sound scholarship which the publication has already won.

A NEW edition of Chevallier's Transla

tion of the Epistles of Clement of Rome, Polycarp, and Ignatius; and of the Apologies of Justin Martyr and Tertullian; with an Introduction and brief notes illustrative of the Ecclesiastical History of the first two Centuries, has been recently issued. This edition contains an introduction treating of the integrity of the Greek text of the Epistles of Ignatius, with reference to the Syriac version lately edited by Mr. Cureton.

LETTER FROM PROFESSOR JACOBI. BERLIN, 28th July, 1851. The Conference of Ministers at Berlin, June 18-20, 1851.

THE Annual Conference of Ministers opened its session at Berlin on the 18th of June. The first question considered was, whether Christian men destitute of literary and theological training might be safely employed as missionaries, or whether the choice should be confined only to educated theologians. Dr. LEHNERDT (successor of Neander in the University of Berlin) opened the discussion in a speech which received great approbation. He took the ground that, as a rule, missionaries should be men of thorough education. In support of his views, he distinguished between the position of Christ, his apostles, and modern preachers of the gospel, as follows: Christ was θεόσοφος, because in him dwelt the wisdom of GOD and the fulness of the Spirit; the apostles were Оɛóяvevotol, because endowed with special inspiration of the Spirit; the preachers of the gospel, however, are Oɛódidaктol, because their Christian knowledge stands in need of science. He did not mean to deny, however, that study and science are human means, additional and subordinate to Christian

faith. The apostles, indeed, were uncultivated fishermen; but the Jews, as such, had this superiority over the heathen—that they stood upon a higher religious platform than the heathen,-being trained to refer all the forms of ordinary life to the law of God, which was, in a certain measure, itself a theology. God has given us an intimation of his own will in this respect, in that the Bible is given to us in ancient and foreign tongues, making philological science necessary for an independent understanding of its contents. Dr. LEHNERDT therefore argued that it was very important to the missionary to be able to compare the original languages of Scripture with the current versions. His calling also demands more than ordinary knowledge of Exegesis and of Church History. So he should understand the heathenism with which he has to fight, and this knowledge would be greatly aided by a thorough acquaintance with ancient heathenism. LEHNERDT was followed by AHLFELDT, of Leipsig, (formerly of Halle,) one of our most distinguished preachers, especially pre-eminent in the gift of popular oratory, who supported LEHNERDT's opinion, and added, that the missionaries should hold it as part of their duty, when Providence opened their way, to plant the seeds of science and knowledge in the minds of their converts. At the same time, he thought it should be well settled, that while preparatory education should be the rule, it should also be understood that help ers, without such training, might be advantageously employed, and that education to the same extent was not equally necessary among all the heathen nations to which missionaries might be sent. The United Brethren were cited as showing great prudence and wisdom in the adaptation of their missionaries to the fields they were to occupy. The forenoon of the second day was occupied by Professor JACOBI, in an address on the "Age of the Reformation compared with our own time;" and the afternoon by the Missionary Anniversary. On the morning of the 20th, Dr. NITZCH delivered a most instructive lecture on "The Recent Conversions to Romanism," in which he gave an excellent statement of the characteristics of true Protestantism. You will find this lecture printed in the Deutsche Zeitschrift.

New and Important Works. Among the recent publications, there are two of special importance and value

to theological science, particularly with reference to ecclesiastical antiquity. The first is "Berengarius Turonensis, oder eine Sammlung ihn betreffender Briefe herausg. von Dr. H. Sudendorf." Berengarius, a contemporary of Pope Gregory VII., was one of the ablest thinkers of his age, and the greatest among those theologians of the eleventh century who sought to establish a theological science derived from the Scriptures, the fathers, and reason. Doctrines derived from these three sources, were not, he thought, to be subordinated to those whose only support was Church tradition. It is well known that Berengarius's doctrine on the Lord's supper was very similar to that of Calvin, and that he declared himself boldly against transubstantiation, for which he was persecuted, though at first protected by Gregory, who sympathized more with his views than those of his opponents. He was weak enough to recant, yet continued afterwar is to spread his opinions. The present remarkable collection of his letters is edited by Dr. Sudendorf from MSS. in the Hannover library. It throws much new light upon the character of Berengarius. It shows him as a worthy man, a loving Christian, and a man of tender and placable nature. It shows also that his learning embraced a wide range: he was a most zealous student of the fathers, he practised medicine as a physician, and was much admired as an orator. It shows further, what was not before known, that he was in intimate relations with some of the foremost men in France; and that, in particular, Godfrey of Anjou was his friend and protector. We also learn a great deal from this book of Gregory's conduct during his stay in France, and find that a very general sympathy with Berengarius's views existed among the chief clergy of France and of the neighbouring German border. Dr. Sudendorf's historical explanations are both acute and thorough.

The second of the works referred to is the so-called manuscript of Origen, of which a fuller notice is given at page 645 of this number.

There is another work, longer before the public than the two mentioned above, but which has not yet, I think, received, in America, the attention it deserves. It is "Briefe an Kaiser Karl V., geschrieben von seinem Beichtvater in d. Jahren 1830-32. In dem Spanischen Reichsarchiv von Limancas aufgefunden u. mitgetheilt von Dr. G. HEINE.”

(Berlin, 1848, pp. 562.) The editor was a young man who studied theology in Berlin, and then went to Spain and devoted himself to the search for literary treasures in the libraries of Spain, several of which have never yet been thoroughly examined. His labours were rewarded by several valuable discoveries-among them a fragment of Livy. On the memorable revolutionary night of 18th March, 1848, he was mortally wounded. The "Letters" before us furnish the most important result of Heine's travels that has yet appeared, and they throw much light upon some of the most important years of the Reformation. The "Letters" were written by the emperor's confessor, Cardinal Garcia de Loaga, who kept up a constant correspondence with him from Rome on political and personal affairs, and was one of his most trusted advisers. They afford us glimpses of the most private relations of the emperor, of Pope Clement VII., and of other very important personages. The cardinal himself was a fine specimen-even a model of the zealous, politico-religious Catholic priesthood. He fulfilled his duties as confessor to the emperor most conscientiously. Contrary to our previous understanding, these letters show that Charles had occupied his thoughts with religious subjects from early youth. The emperor was penetrated with a sense of gratitude to God for the vast power which had been committed to his trust, and often expressed to his confessor his wish to do battle for Christ, and to lay down his life in testimony of his gratitude for the great blessings he had received. The confessor warned him of the sins to which he was most liable,―unchastity, intemperance, and indolence,-and urged him to abandon them all; reminding him that the great task was laid upon him of re-establishing the peace of the Church, and of freeing it from the Protestant heresy. Any and all means to that end he justifies. He advises the emperor to gain over influential Protestants by bribery, and to fill even the Spanish bishoprics with Germans, if necessary. The political and theological leaders of Protestantism, he says, must be bought: no price could be too great for such a purchase: God would reimburse the emperor for money so spent, not only in success and honour, but also in fine ducats. Succeeding with the leaders, he advises the emperor to issue admonitions and edicts to the common people; and finally,