Histories of States.-A special feature of the year's work is the abundance of monographs on individual nations or cities. (1) Sparta is dealt with by B. Niese,1 who attempts, on the authority of Herodotus, to prove Lycurgus an historical personage of the seventh century; and by G. Kazarow,2 in an essay on the class struggles of the third century. (2) V. Constanzi has collected the scattered data of Thessalian history,3 which when viewed as a whole appears as one unceasing but unavailing attempt to realise national unity through a Tayós. 4 (3) Pergamum has been exhaustively dealt with in a masterly work by G. Cardinali, based largely on the recent hauls of inscriptions, and containing, beside a running history of the principality down to 188 B.C., a minute study of its institutions. Its quasi-republican government is shown to have resembled that of the optimates at Rome, and conjectured to have served as a model for the oligarchies which the Romans set up elsewhere in Greece. (4) The same author has sketched the relations of the Roman Republic with Crete, whose courteous but wary diplomacy is shown to have been singularly successful. (5) Sinope is the subject of an elaborate monograph by D. M. Robinson, which illustrates the importance of the city as an upholder of Hellenism in the Black Sea. 7 (6) The cities of Rhodes and Caria have been studied by H. Francotte, especially with regard to the peculiar σvvoinioμol which they undertook during the Hellenistic period. (7) The Greek colonies on the Gulf of Lyons are dis 1 Hermes, 1907, p. 419 sqq. Klio (Leipzig, Dieterich), 1907, pt. i. pp. 45-51. 3 Saggio di Storia Tessalica (Pisa, Vannuchi; 1906; pp. 155). • Il Regno di Pergamo, in Studi di Storia Antica, vol. v. (Rome, Loescher; 1906; pp. 302; 12 lire). 'Rivista di Filologia (Turin, Loescher), 1907, pp. 1-32. • Ancient Sinope (Baltimore, Johns Hopkins Press; 1906; $1·00). 7 Musée Belge (Louvain, Peeters), 1906, pp. 127-159. cussed by E. Maass,1 who distinguishes from the Phocaean foundations an earlier stratum of Cretan and Rhodian settlements. Constitutional History.-(1) A new derivation of the word alovμvýτns by M. Bréal, who compounds it out of ἀει + συν + μναω, suggests new refections on the position and functions of these magistrates. (2) W. Judeich has reopened the controversy about the revolution of the Four Hundred at Athens. He supplies a new reconstruction of details, by which the Aristotelian account may be reconciled with Thucydides and with itself. (3) The constitutions set up in Athens by Antipater in 321/0 and by Cassander in 318/7 have been investigated, mainly with the help of inscriptions, by J. Sundwall.* Military History.—This topic has been copiously discussed. (1) The conditions of Greek conscription are reviewed by B. Niese, who rightly lays stress on the reaction of military upon political organisation. (2) W. Helbig offers a new and tempting explanation of the early Athenian irreîs as charioteers, supporting his view by archaeological evidence." (3) An endeavour has been made by Prof. R. M. Burrows to locate the battle-site of Delium by means of an inscription. Though his identification is not yet certain, an excavation suggested by him and carried out by Mr. A. C. B. Brown has determined the site of the village, which was about a mile from the battlefield." 1 Jahreshefte des österreichischen archaeologischen Instituts (Vienna, Hölder), 1906, pp. 139-164. 2 Mélanges Nicole (Geneva, Kündig; 1905), pp. 39-41. 3 Hermes, 1907, p. 295 sqq. De institutis rei publicae Atheniensis post Aristotelis aetatem commutatis (Acta Societatis Scientiae Fennicae, Helsingfors, vol. xxxiv. 1906). 5 Historische Zeitschrift (Munich and Berlin, Oldenbourg), 1907; pp. 263-301, 473-490. 6 Mélanges Nicole, pp. 233-240. "The Annual of the British School of Archaeology at Athens (Macmillan), vol. xi. pp. 153-172; vol. xii. pp. 93–100. (4) A controversy about the site of Issos has called forth a trenchant article by A. Gruhn, who concludes that the battle was fought near Alexandretta. (5) The Anabasis of Cyrus has been made the subject of a careful study by G. Cousin." He gives a full description of the invaders' route, and brings evidence to show that Xenophon overrated the part played by the Greeks. (6) The topography of Alexander's campaigns in Turkestan is treated in a book by F. v. Schwarz,3 of which a second edition has recently been issued. (7) Reference should also be made to a new article on "Salamis," by Prof. W. Goodwin, which the present contributor has not yet been able to obtain. Chronology.—(1) W. S. Ferguson publishes a new method of dating Athenian archons of the Hellenistic period by comparison with the lists of Asklepios priests." (2) M. Holleaux has furnished an important nucleus for the chronology of the late third century by fixing the date of the battle of Sellasia at 222 B.C.6 Economics.-(1) K. Riezler contends against Beloch's views about Greek trade by pointing out numerous instances of crude finance and commercial methods." (2) The question of the cheap loaf and of free bread in Greek cities is discussed by H. Francotte.8 With the help of inscriptions he traces the gradual increase of staterelief, in answer to a public opinion which developed on the same 66 panem et circenses" line as at Rome. 1 Neue Philologische Rundschau (Bremen), August 11th, 1906, pp. 361-373. Kyros le Jeune en Asie Mineure (Paris and Nancy; 1905; pp. li + 440). 3 Alexander's des Grossen Feldzüge in Turkestan (Stuttgart; 1906; p. 103). Harvard Studies in Classical Philology, 1906, pp. 75-102. The Priests of Asklepios (Berkeley, The University Press; 1906; $0.50). 6 Mélanges Nicole, pp. 273-279. 1 Ueber Finanzen und Monopole im alten Griechenland (Berlin; 1907; Mélanges Nicole, pp. 135-157. p. 98). 8 (3) The same writer deals with the methods of taxation in the Delian League and among the Hellenistic rulers.1 (4) A denunciation of Greek conditions of society, by W. R. Paterson, acquires some value from a discussion of the evil consequences of slavery. 3 An interesting suggestion has been made by Mr. W. H. S. Jones and Dr. G. G. Ellett concerning the prevalence of malaria in Greece since the fourth century, and its effect upon the people's morale. In view of the decay of agriculture in European Greece, which becomes most marked in the second century, at the time of the final moral collapse, malaria looks like being established as a vera causa. Allusion should here be made to Mr. G. F. Hill's book on Historical Greek Coins.4 No history can better be illustrated by coins than that of Greece. M. O. B. CASPARI. 1 Musée Belge, pp. 53-82, 179-191. The Nemesis of Nations (Dent; 1907; 10s. 6d.), pp. 131-217. Constable; 1906; pp. ix + 181; 10s. 6d. XII ROMAN HISTORY NOTHING has been added to our literary sources during the year, and no book of first-class importance has been published, though some useful articles have appeared in periodicals. Prehistoric Period.-The only work published is a paper by M. Mayer on the topography and ethnics of Apulia.1 The author severely criticises Pliny's description of Apulia. Early History.-Dr. Francis Smith's book, Die römische Timokratie, is one of those works which raise, rather than settle, a question. Dr. Smith, who is a disciple of Pais, fights against the traditional view that the timocracy at Rome belongs to the regal period. He dates it as late as 179 B.C., when it was introduced by the censors M. Aemilius Lepidus and M. Fulvius Nobilior: cf. Liv. xl. 51, mutarunt (censores) suffragia, regionatimque generibus hominum causisque et quaestibus tribus descripserunt, where causis must be interpreted as "age and property." The Servian Commentaries, on which the Romans laid so much stress, were a late forgery designed to popularise this timocratic classification by giving it the halo of antiquity. This theory, clever and interesting as it is, must be received with caution. For however easy it is to show that there is no evidence of worth for the accepted date, the fact remains that there is also very little for 179 B.C. The interpretation of causis and tribus is a decided difficulty, and if we take refuge in grounds of general probability—which are bound to 1 Philologus, 1906. Heft iv. pp. 490-543. 'Berlin, Nauck. 38. 1 |