or misled by one particular passion; (sc.) lust, or Deluded, ignorant, illiterate; wicked, lustful, Zuf bituene tueie lewede men were eni striuing, Other betuene a lewede & a clerc.-R. Gloucester, p. 471. Piers Plouhman, p. 39. It was foundun that thei weren men unlettrid and lewide men-Wiclif. Dedis, c. 4. Ya blessed be alway a lewed man, That nought but only his beleve can. bernard hit Chaucer. The Milleres Tale, v. 3450. Swich olde leiced wordes used he. Id. The Marchantes Tale, v. 10,022. But Chaucer (though he can but lewedly On metres and on riming craftily) Hath sayd hem, in swiche English as he can Of olde time, as knoweth many a man. Id. The Man of Lawes Prologue, v. 4467. So weary of thy veray lewednesse, That al so wisely God my soule blesse, Then he aduanced the murtherer of Vocula to a higher place, and the rest he rewarded, ech according to the lewde rake they did.-Savile. Tacitus. Historie, p. 169. Love, my lewd pilott, hath a restlesse minde, Id. Prologue to Melibeus. The breaking of an oth, in a case that may preiudice, pureth greeuous punishments from God against them that so ledlie doo offend.-Holinshed. Hen. II. an. 1155. Spenser. Faerie Queene, b. iii. c. 4. Yet leadly dar'st our ministring upbraid. For oft their lewdnes blotteth good deserts with blame. Howbeit, and notwithstanding all these his manifold desser, such was the follie of his Egyptians (where he trst reigned and taught) that whilst he liued they alone had in great estimation.-Holinshed. Desc. of Britaine, c. 9. Mist, Ford. Against such lewdsters and their lechery The last offence which I shall mention, more immediately st religion and morality, and cognizable by the temporal Cots is that of open and notorious lewdness; either by genting houses of ill-fame, which is an indictable offence, some grossly scandalous and public indecency for which the punishment is by fine and imprisonment. Blackstone, Commentaries, b. iv. c. 4. Gr. Aegikov, a book in which words (Ae§eis) are explained. The lexicons of ancient tongues, now immutably fixed, d comprised in a few volumes, [are] yet, after the toil of tessive Ages, inadequate and delusive. LIB Upon which general state of men (so implicated in guilt, Now let it be considered what this brings the noble prin- LIB What's this but libelling against the senate, Shakespeare. Titus Andronicus, Act iv. sc. 4. Which laws have ever pronounced these two sorts of men; the one, conspirators against the persons of princes; the other, libellers against their good fame; to be such enemies of common society as are not to be cherished, no not by enemies. Id. Ib. It is strange what a number of libellous and defamatory books and writings, and in what variety, with what art and world in all languages against her majesty and her government.-Id. Ib. In Geometry we are not liable to adopt the same paradoxical conclusions as in Algebra; because the diagrams to which our attention is directed, serve as a continual check on our reasoning powers. Stewart. Of the Human Mind, c. 4. s. 2. horse, gris pommelé, nostris ; Leardo, Italis, (Du cunning handled, have been allowed to pass through the LIARD. Low Lat. Liardus, the colour of a AeUKOS, white. (See Liart, in Jamieson.) The Cange.) And Menage forms it from the Gr. word may be from the A. S. Leaht-rian, vitiare. A. S. Leahter is applied to the (white) scurf or scales of the head, (Somner.) Johnson. Preface to the English Dictionary. Whether it be decreed by the authority of reason, or the y of ignorance, that of all the candidates for literary the unhappy lexicographer holds the lowest place, er vanity nor interest incited me to enquire. fh is the fate of hapless lexicography, that not only Id. Plan of an English Dictionary. ess but light impedes and distresses it: things may hly too little, but too much known, to be happily ated-Id. Preface to the English Dictionary., He alyghte anon of lyarde. and ledde hym in hus hondes. That was wel twight, min owen liard boy, (Kilian.) Bp. Hall, b. ii. Sat. 7. Car. Say but you doubt me, The pouring, and the liquid so poured. Could I raise up From fields Elysian, fabling Esop, I would accuse him to his face For libelling the four-foot race. Swift. The Beast's Confession to the Priest. Dryden. Absalom & Achitophel. It was a full assembly of rational beings, convened for the enjoyment of a rational entertainment, where the ears were not in danger of being insulted by ribaldry, nor the understanding libelled by the spectacle of folly.-Observer, No. 43. tion, called by the lawyers the publication; 3d. the applica- a stick or staff. It is probably (from lib, to cut,)-restraint of moral or religious order or discipline,) A cutting or piece cut; a slice, a slip, a strip. A beesome of byrche, for babes very feete, A long lasting lybbet, for loubbers most meete. Caveat for Common Cursitors, Act iv. sc. 6. from lier; Lat. Lig-are, to bind; &c.; also a writ, citation, process, containing the may be bound or obliged. That may be bound or obliged, compelled, sub- certificate, request, or supplication in writing. Cot. , subservient, or exposed to. Te if my name were lyable to feare, dont know the man I should auoyd one as that spare Cassius. Thate rer man possesses, God hath lent Shakespeare. Julius Caesar, Act i. sc. 2. And to his audit liable is ever, reckon how, and where, and when he spent. P. Fletcher. Against a Rich Man despising Poverty. Te even there in Heaven itself) is an inlet for ambition, not for last, a liableness to the filthiness of the , though not of the flesh. Hammond. Works, vol. iv. p. 511. That hii sende him libel, & esste [asked] ek articles. And it hath ben seid, whosoevere leveth his wyf, give he May I not axe a libel, sire sompnour, Chaucer. The Sompnoures Tale, v. 7177. 1211 immoral, irreligious. Liberty, freedom; power or ability to act as rupcioun into liberte of the glorie of the sones of God. of corrupcion into the glorious libertye of the sonnes of God.-Bible, 1551. Ib. But summe risen of the synagoge that was clepid of libertyns and cirensis.—Wiclif. Dedis, c. 6. ragious giltes and trespas into wickednesse. Sewerly it is a gift, and favour of the Lorde, In them [Cambridge and Oxford] the vse of the toongs, The King of England vsed great liberalilie in bestowing his treasure freelie amongst knights and other men of warre. The rest, that made either additions or corrections, [to the laws,] were commended to all posterity for men of no less virtue, and no less liberally beneficial to their countries, than the greatest and most prosperous conquerors that ever governed them.-Ralegh. Hist. of the World, b. ii. c. 4. s. 3. ii. So from the liberty, we descend to the prerogative: Christ's liberation. Here is the glorious prerogative of the Son of God, to be the deliverer or redeemer of his people. Bp. Hall. Ser. Christian Liberty laid forth. When complaints are freely heard, deeply consider'd, and speedily reform'd, then is the utmost bound of civil liberty attain'd, that wise men look for. Milton. Of Unlicens'd Printing. By vertue of an act granted out of the senat, the libertines (i. the sonnes of freed-men) were enrolled into the foure tribes of the citie.-Holland. Livivs, p. 1210. What is this, but to baffle and affront that sacred power, which is entrusted to government; and to profess oureselves, not libertines, but licentiates of disorder? Bp. Hall. Ser. Christian Liberty laid forth. If his private condition represented him a kind of libertine, he assumed, together with the publick person, a more grave and circumspect behaviour.-Baker. Charles II. an. 1659. This may well seeme to be brought vpon the king as a But ah this fertile glebe, this fair domain, LIBRARY. LIBRARIAN. King Stephan licenced each of them to build so manie castles] as they listed vpon their owne demeasnes, hoping thereby that they would haue imploied their vse to his aduantage and commoditie.-Holinshed. Desc. of Eng. b.ii.c.14. At length he got licence of the maior and citizans to passe through the citie into Southwarke.-Id. Hen. III. an. 1267. For a licenser is not contented now to give his single imprimatur, but brings his chair into the title-leaf; there sits and judges up, or judges down what book he pleases. Milton. Colasterion. What is this but to baffle and affront that sacred power, which is entrusted to government; and to profess ourselves not libertines, but licentiates of disorder? Bp. Hull. Ser. Christian Liberty laid forth. We may not hazard either the stifling of generous inclinations or the licentiating of any thing that is coarse. L'Estrange. That then all rule and reason they withstand Spenser. Faerie Queene, b. v. c. 5. So strange diuersitie there was in that armie, both licentiously to commit all enormities, and patiently to abide all corrections.-Savile. Tacitus. Historie, p. 153. And one error is so fruitful, as it begetteth a thousand children, if the licentiousness thereof be not timely re [He would have continued a slave in Aegypt, rather than apartment, or store-house for books, (Libri.) strained.—Ralegh. History of the World, b. i. c. 3. s. 1. thus be circumcised in Canaan, have been bored through the ear by his old master, rather than thus dignified with the title of freeman, and denied the libertinism that belongs to it.-Hammond. Works, vol. iv. p. 486. Yea, what speak I of divinity? Even modest Heathens would hiss this libertinisme off the stage. Bp. Hall. Cases of Conscience, Dec. 4. c. 2. A writ of error, not of libertism, that those two principal leaders of reformation may not now come to be sued in a bill of licence, to the scandal of our Church. Milton. Judgement of Martin Bucer concerning Divorce. Let them find by experience, that the most liberal has always most plenty, with esteem and commendation to boot, and they will quickly learn to practise it. Locke. Of Education, s. 110. The decency then that is to be observed in liberality, seems to consist in its being performed with such cheerfulness, as may express the godlike pleasure that is to be met with in obliging one's fellow-creatures.-Spectator, No. 292. Neither am I ignorant, but I may justly be condemned for many of those faults of which I have too liberally arraigued them.-Dryden. Virgil. Eneis, b. xii. So that the idea of liberty is the idea of a power in any agent to do or forbear any particular action, according to the determination or thought of the mind, whereby either of them is preferred to the other. Locke. Of Humane Understanding, b. ii. c. 21. s. 8. The natural liberty of man, is to be free from any superior power on earth, and not to be under the will or legislative authority of man, but to have only the law of Nature for his rule. . The liberty of man in society, is to be under no other legislative power, but that established by consent, in the commonwealth; nor under the dominion of any will or restraint of any law, but what that legislative shall enact according to the trust put in it. Id. Of Government, b. ii. c. 4. s. 22. After the same manner of speaking, Saint Paul styles the liberality of the Macedonian Churches to the poor, "the grace of God bestowed upon them;" and to persuade the Corinthians to do the like, he says, "Therefore as ye abound in every thing, in faith, in utterance, and knowledge, and in all diligence, see that ye abound in this grace also;" the grace of liberality and charity. Jortin. On the Christian Religion, Dis. 1. Grand swelling sentiments of liberty, I am sure I do not despise. They warm the heart; they enlarge and liberalize our minds; they animate our courage in a time of conflict. Burke. On the French Revolution. That the public revenue of Great Britain can never be completely liberated, or even that any considerable progress can ever be made towards that liberation, while the surplus of that revenue, or what is over and above defraying the annual expense of the peace establishment, is so very small, it seems altogether in vain to expect. Smith. Wealth of Nations, b. v. c. 3. Faber was very learned and very ingenious: but I know not how, he often affected to write like a debauchè and a libertine.-Jortin. On the Christian Religion, Dis. 6. Erasmus observed the growth of this folly with the greater concern, as he thought he saw, under all their fondness for the language of old Rome, a growing libertinage, which disposed them to think lightly of the Christian faith. Warburton, vol. ix. Ser. 13. Habits of libertinism incapacitate and indispose the mind for all intellectual, moral, and religious pleasures, which is a great loss to any man's happiness. Paley. Philosophy, pt. iii. b. iii. c. 2. Liber, the bark of a tree, is applied to books, because men used to write "on the rinds and barkes of trees." (Pliny, lib. xiii. c. 11.) Is this the librarie that thou haddest chosen for a right certain siege (sedem,) to thee in mine hous there as thou disputest oft with me, of the science of thynges touchynge diuinite, and touchynge mankynde.-Chaucer. Boecius, b. i. This invention of erecting libraries, especially here at Rome, came from Asinius Pollio, who by dedicating his bibliotheque, containing all the books that ever were written, was the first that made the wits and works of learned men a publicke matter and a benefit to a commonwealth. Holland. Plinie, b. xxxv. c. 2. 13. A library-keeper, who is likewise to be an apothecary, druggist, and keeper of instruments, engines, &c. Cowley. The Advancement of Experimental Philosophy. Bale, the antiquary, makes mention of a merchant that bought two noble libraries about these times for forty shillings: the books whereof served him for no other use but for waste paper.-Strype. Mem. Hen. VIII. an. 1545. It would be a great curiosity if we could recover a list of his majesty's library. [Henry III.] It probably contained some illuminated MSS., as the librarian had the keeping of the colours too.-Walpole. Anecdotes of Painting, vol. i. c. 1. LIBRATION. It. Libramento; Sp. Libracion; Lat. Libratio, from librare, to poise, to balance. A poising or balancing. For the libration or reciprocation of the spirits in the tensility of the muscles would not be so perpetual, but cease in a small time, did not some more mystical principle than what is merely mechanical give assistance. H. More. Immortality of the Soul, b. ii. c. 10. The libration of the moon, and the motion of the sun, about their centres, and consequently their obverting several parts of their bodies to us, may have an operation upon our atmosphere.-Boyle. Works, vol. iv. p. 98. LICENSE, v. LICENSE, n. LICENSER. LICENTIATE, n. LICENTIATING, n. LICE'NTIOUS. LICENTIOUSLY. LICENTIOUSNESS. Fr. Licencier, licence; It. Licenziare, licenza; Sp. Licenciar, licencia; Lat. Licentia, from lic-ere; perhaps from Gr. Aikn, jus, right; by the change of 8 into l, as in lacryma, Ulysses, from δακρυμα. Οδυσσεύς. To license, to give a right, an authority, a permission; to authorize, to permit. The noun-grant of a right; and, consequentially-exemption from restraint or control: and, thus, unrestrained liberty; freedom unchecked or uncontrolled. And licentious,- Dissolute, uncontrolled, unrestrained. To haue licens & leve in Londone to dwelle. A wit, that no licentious pertness knows; Savage. The Gentleman. In this game is exposed in the most contemptuous manner, the profligate licentiousness of those shameless scriblers. Pope. The Dunciad, b. ii. Note. My lords, from the precedent now before us, we shall be induced, nay we can find no reason for refusing, to lay the press under a general licence, and then we may bid adieu to the liberties of Great Britain. Chesterfield. Speech on the Licensing Bill. By good luck he was not the licenser, otherwise the kingdom of France had never had the pleasure, the happiness I may say, of seeing that play acted. [Tartuffe.]-Id. Ib. Courtiers, my lords, are too polite to reprove one another; the only place where they can meet with any just reproof, is a free though not a licentious stage.--Id. Ib. The College of Physicians, in July, 1687, published an edict, requiring all the fellows, candidates, and licentiates, to give gratuitous advice to the neighbouring poor. Johnson. Life of Garth. LICH. A. S. Lice; Sw. Lik; Goth. Leiks. Corpus, cadaver, the body, the carcase. See Lik, Licaym, in Jamieson. The armure he ded on his liche. Kyng Alisaunder. Webber, vol. i. LICIT. Fr. Licite; It. and Sp. Licito. We have illicit (qv.) in common use. And the kynge demaunded of them if it were a thynge ly sytte and lawfull to beleue. Berners. Froissart. Cronycle, vol. ii. p. 628. LICK, v. LICK, n. LICKERISH, or LIQUORISH. LICKEROUS. LICKEROUSLY. LICKEROUSNESS. Goth. Laig-wan; A. S. Liccian; Ger. Lecken; Dut. Lecken, licken; Sw. Sleka; Fr. Licher, Lecher; It. Leccare; Gr. Aeixew; Lat. Ling-ere, to lay the tongue upon, to touch with the tongue, (lingua.) And see LECHER. To touch with the tongue, to pass the tongue over; to strike up, to draw or take in with the tongue; to lap; to lick up, (sc. greedily, as dogs do,) to devour. Lickerish,-desiring, tempting, or inviting, to lick; to taste, to eat or drink; salacious, (lecherous.) Licherous lif thei led, & thouht it in thar breste, R. Brunne, p. 65. Wielif. Luke, c. 16. Neuerthelesse, the doggis came and licked hys soores. But houndis camen and likkiden his bylis. Bible, 1551. Ib. They ben so poore and ful of paine, Chaucer. The Rom. of the Rose. For al so siker as cold engendreth hayl, Atheef of venison that hath forlaft, Chaucer. The Doctoures Tale, v. 1217. We went, and ere malkin coud well lick her ear, Oft he bow'd His turret crest, and sleek enamel'd neck, Milton. Paradise Lost, b. ix. Whose grain doth rise in flakes, with fatness interlarded, And many a liquorish lip, that highly is regarded. Drayton. Poly-Olbion, s. 26. - Ingrateful man with licourish draughts And morsels vnctious, greases his pure minde, That from it all consideration slippes. Shakespeare. Timon of Athens, Act iv. sc. 3. And if some nice and liquorous appetite They scald the stored crab.-Bp. Hall, b. iii. Sat. 1. The lamb thy riot dooms to bleed to day, He came galloping home at midnight to have a lick at the honey-pot-Dryden. Amphitryon, Act ii. sc. 1. Or if to gingerbread thou shalt descend, Tickell. The Horn-Book. And He like a thorough true-bred spaniel licks The hand which cuffs him, and the foot which kicks. Churchill. Independence. LICK, v. Sw. Lægga is to lay, and also Lick, n. to strike, i. e. to lay on (blows); "To hy it into him" is a common expression. this appears to be the same word as the preceding; and both founded upon the Goth. Laig-yan; A.S. Li-gan or lec-gan, ponere, jacere. To lick, a lick, a licking-are common words in speech, though not in writing. See Jamieson, To produces an example of the verb from Burns and of the noun from Forbes. The noun is also ased by Dryden, "He gave me a lick across the face." LECTOR. Lat. Lictor, from lig-are, to bind. See the quotation from Holland's Livy. Lietor, in Livie, are ministers or sergeants attending pen the magistrates of Rome; namely, Dictatours, ConPretours.-Holland. Livivs. The Second Index. Go, lietor, goe bind those hands fast, which armed a little before, wan the people of Rome their dominion: Go, I say, and hoodwinke his head, who saved and delivered this cittie from bondage, hang him by the necke, and strangle him pon a cursed tree.-Id. Ib. p. 19. The Prætor bids his lictors mend their pace Dryden. Juvenal, Sat. 3. This kyng was but of mene stature his other eye lede agyd so myche a doun, that it helid half the blacke of his -B. Gloucester, p. 521. Note Al the vessels that be open which haue no lyd nor couerTage vpon theym are vncleane.-Bible, 1551. Numeri, c. 19. And when thou let'st down that transparent lid, Drayton. The Black Prince to the Countess of Salisbury. The flame o' th' taper Bees toward her, and would vnder-peepe her lids, To see th' inclosed lights, now canopied Vader these windowes.-Shakes. Cymbeline, Act ii. sc. 2. See Vossius, in v. Elixum. See the quotation from Pliny. Gower may mean, His lees. But ofte for defaute of bondes To breketh, and renneth all about Whiche els shulde nought gone out.-Gower. Con.A. Prol. The old Latine word lix (quoth he) [M. Varro] is nothing else but the ashes of the hearth; and hereupon commeth lixivus cinis, i. lie ashes, which beeing drunke is medicinable.-Holland. Plinie, b. xxxvi. c. 27. I have heard that, in other princes' palaces, they us'd to give water to wash men's hands, when the cloth was taken away, but not lye to scour their beards. LIE, v. LIE, n. LIAR. LY'ING, n. Shelton. Don Quixote, vol. iii. b. ii. c. 32. Goth. Liugn, mendacium; A. S. Leg-an, leogan; Dut. Liegen; Ger. Lüg-en, lug-en; Sw. Liug-a; which Wachter thinks Casaubon is right in deriving from the Gr. Aey-ev, in malam partem accepto. It is perhaps no other than the A. S. Lecg-an, to lie, to lie in wait, in ambush, (insidiari,) with intent treacherously to surprise; and thus, to delude or deceive, first by deed, and then, by word; and thus, consequentially, mentiri. To do or say, deceitfully or falsely; to tell a falsehood; that which we do not think to be true. See the quotations from Ralegh, Clarke, and Paley. Bot alle it was a lie, that thing was neuer thought. R. Brunne, p. 83. Whi hath Sathanas tempted thin herte that thou lie to the hooli goost.-Wiclif. Dedis, c. 5. Ananias, how is it that Sathan hath fylled thyne heart that thou shouldest lye vnto the holy goost.—Bible, 1551. Ib. Whan he spekith lesynge he spekith of his owne for he is a liere, and the fadir of it.-Wiclif. Jon, c. 8. When he speaketh a lye, the speaketh he of his owne. For he is a lyar, and the father therof.-Bible, 1551. Ib. Kepe you fro alle straunge folk, and fro lieres, and have alway in suspect her compaignie. Chaucer. The Tale of Melibeus. Thou liest fals chorle iwis In hindringe of an other wight.-Id. Ib. b. ii. He which hath promised that he will pay money by a day, or promised any thing else, wherein he faileth, hath directly lied to him to whom the promise hath been made. Ralegh. History of the World, b. v. c. 3. s. 2. But after such time as Francis the French King, upon some dispute about breach of faith, had sent the lie unto the Emperor Charles the fifth, thereby to draw him to a personal combat: every petty companion in France, in imitation of their master, made the giving of the lie mortality itself. Id. Ib. Nay, how few are there among them that are not liars by record, by being used in some court or other of justice, upon breach, word or bond?-Id. Ib. The credit and soueraignty of trueth being never so little crackt, or the practice of lying never so little countenanced, a man can build vpon nothing, but all things will be ful of doubt and distrust.-Hakewill. Apologie, b. i. c. 2. s.1. p. 16. another by signifying that to him as true, which we ourselves The proper notion of a lie is an endeavouring to deceive think not to be so; in the ordinary way of communicating our thoughts.-Clarke, Ser. 133. A lie is a breach of promise: for whoever seriously addresses his discourse to another, tacitly promises to speak the truth, because he knows that truth is expected. Paley. Moral Philosophy, b. ii. c. 15. LIE, v. Anciently, and now provincially, to LIER. lig. See To LAY, which differs from co lie, only by grammatical usage: lay down, (sc.) that load, or lay that load down; lie down, (sc.) We tell a yourself, or lie (sub. yourself) down. man to lay down his load, to put or place it down; we tell a dog to lie down himself, to put or place himself down; the same distinction is observed in other words originally one; (e.g.) to rise or But it is still better protected by its lid. Of the super-raise, to set or sit, (qv.) fcial parts of the animal frame, I know none which, in its fee and structure, is more deserving of attention than the te. It defends the eye; it wipes it; it closes it in sleep. Paley. Natural Theology, c. 3. But two by turns their lids in slumber steep; The rest on duty still their station keep. Dryden. Ovid. Metam. b. i. To lie in (sc.) bed, or child-bed. And other liggeth hye aboue. R. Gloucester, p. 7. He ligges at Bathe, for thider was he born. R. Brunne, p. 6. He sigh his wyves modir liggynge and shackun with fe LIE, A. S. Leah, lag; Ger. Lauge; Dut. And, he put the people, euen al the hoste, on the north syde of the citye, and the lyers awayt on the west. Bible, 1551. Joshua, c. 8. "Fayre sir," quoth he, "what man can shun the hap That hidden lyes unwares him to surprise?" Spenser. Faerie Queene, b. ii. c. 4. As when a flock Milton. Paradise Lost, b. x. Dryden. Annus Mirabilis. To this sad shrine, whoe'er thou art! draw near, Here lies the friend most lov'd, the son most dear; Who ne'er knew joy, but friendship might divide, Or gave his father grief but when he died. Pope. Epitaph on the Son of Lord Harcourt. Quench'd in dark clouds of slumber lie The terrour of his beak, and lightening of his eye. Gray. The Progress of Poetry. Anciently written lefe, leve; A. S. Leof, dilectus, (for leof-ed, or luf-ad, or luf-od, or luf,) past part. of luf-ian, to love; and means LIEF, adj. LIEFSOME. beloved, (Tooke.) One loved or beloved;-As lief, as lovingly, with as much good will, as willingly. "Myn heye Godes," quoth this mayde, "to wytnesse I take echon, That y loue more in myn herte thi leue bodi one." Bruyt bad Corineus for to chese of ech contrey wis, Id. p. 21. Hem were levere sounye oth' swelte. than suffry eny peyne. Piers Plouhman, p. 94. Ne never had I thing so lefe, ne lever, Chaucer. The Frankeleines Tale, v. 10,886. God saith, As verely as I lyve I wilnot ye death of a sinner but had leifer hem to be conuerted and lyve. Joye. Exposicion of Daniel, sig. C. iii. So forth I goe apace to see that leefesome sight, And with a kisse, methinke, I say, welcome my lord, my knight. Surrey. Complaint of the Absence of her Louer upon the Sea. The Earth shall sooner leave her kindly skill Whereat he gan to wex exceeding wroth, protection and just government, the other to tribute and due subjection. The prince, or chief, is called ligius dominus, or liege lord; the subjects ligius populus, or homines ligi, liege people or liege men. In meaning, the words are equivalent to bound lord, and bound people; bound in the manner explained by Spelman. (And see Blackstone, i. 367.) The word is now applied as if the liegance or bond were only to attach the people to the prince; and in this usage, liege isSovereign, or supreme head or chief. And whan our lyge louerd, that yheled ys. R. Gloucester, p. 457. Eilred ther lege lord him thei alle forsoke. R. Brunne, p. 45. That thre by longeth to on lorde. that lygaunce cleymeth. Piers Plouhman, p. 315. Ful many an hethen wroughtest thou ful wo, Of which thin owen lieges had envie. Chaucer. The Monkes Tale, v. 14,704. Thou lovest me, that wot I wel certain, Not being content to part with his large possessions, in lieu of the treasure by Christ offered in heaven, [he] was reputed deficient; could find no acceptance with God, nor admission into his kingdom.-Barrow, vol. iii. Ser. 15. Thus also princes govern and magistrates execute justice in God's name: whence they are stiled God's, as being his lieutenants, administering that judgment, which belongs originally and principally to him.-Id. vol. iii. Ser. 1. One prize, a collection of limnings, he valued so highly, that the person to whom it should fall might, in lieu of it, receive 2000.-Walpole. Anec. of Painting, vol. iii. c. 1. As it was impossible that he [Augustus] could personally command the legions of so many distant frontiers, he was indulged by the Senate, as Pompey had already been, in the permission of devolving the execution of his great office on a sufficient number of lieutenants. Gibbon. Roman Empire, c. 3. See LIVE. A. S. Hlif-ian; Ger. Liften, to raise, to elevate. LIFE. LIFT, v. LIFT, n. LIFTER. To raise, to elevate, to heave, LIFTING, n. to exalt, to put or place on high; to take up, bear off, (sc.) that which belongs to Id. The Clerkes Tale, v. 8186. another; to carry off, to steal; the Goth. Hlif-an was so used, (tollere, auferre,) furari. Shop-lifter is still a common word. Mr. Steevens produces an instance of this usage of lifting from Ben Jonson, and instances of lifter from other writers. Note on Troilus and Cressida. And thervpon he hath hym prayde, That he do make purueiance.-Gower. Con. A. b. v. He [ye lorde Neuyll] knewe right well the liage and alyace that was made bytwene the kynge of Englande, and of Nauer. Berners. Froissart. Cronycle, vol. i. c. 338. It suffised in a riche man for a pretext of treson, to haue ben of kinred or alliaŭce neare familiaritie or leger ac quaintaunce with any of those that were at any time the king's enemies.-Sir T. More. Workes, p. 62. My thrice-puissant leige Is in the very May-morne of his youth, Shakespeare. Hen. V. Act i. sc. 2. Yet if thou wilt renounce thy miscreaunce, Spenser. Faerie Queene, b. ii. c. 8. He [Monk] resolv'd what before he had perform'd out of bounden duty to his leige lord, should be for ever continued with the same observing, out of the loyal affections to his gracious Soveraign.-Baker. Charles II. an. 1660. In this voluntary suomission the Bolognese did not mean so much to acknowledge the Pope as their direct Sovereign, as to put their city under his protection as liege lord. Eustace. Italy, vol. i. c. 7. Fr. En lieu; It. In luogo; Sp. En lugar; Lat. In loco. In lieu is- LIEU. LIEUTENANT. LIEUTENANCY. LIEUTENANTRY. LIEUTENANTSHIP. nant ; tenens.- In the place or stead. Lieutenant,-Fr. LieuteSp. Lugartenante, locum One who holds the place, or (command or authority) in the place or stead of another. Lift, the noun; Ger. Luft; A. S. Luft, applied to the air or sky, is of common occurrence in G. Douglas. See LOFT. And see Tooke and Jamieson. In the luft he hurde anhey, as he alone was. R. Gloucester, p. 289. Whan the kyng Kynwolf had don his endyng, Brittrik his kosyn thei lift him to kyng.-R. Brunne, p. 10. It chaunced the said carcasse, by mishap, and overboisterous lifting, to fall to the ground.-Id. p. 560, Note. I wole that men preie in alle place, liftynge up cleene hondis withouten wraththe and stryf.-Wiclif. Tymothy, c.2. I wyll therfore that the men praye euery where, lifting vp pure handes wythout wrathe, or dowtynge.-Bible, 1551. Ib. But thou, O Lord, art my defender, my worshyppe, and the lyfter vp of my heade.-Id. Psalme 3. The exercyse of the spirite and lyftynge vp of the mynde to God, are called meditations.-Id. Genesis, c. 24. Note. Galba, yeelding to an vntruth so generally soothed, puts on a brestplate, and being not able for body nor age to sus taine the presse which came in vpon him, was lifted vp in a chayre. Savile. Tacitus. Historie, p. 21. There the capitol thou seest And as in races, it is not the large stride or high lift that makes the speed: so in businesse the keeping close to the matter, and not taking of it too much at once procureth In lyeu of true knowledge, all was possessed with igno- dispatch.-Bacon. Ess. Of Dispatch. raunce and erroure.-Udal. Paraphrase, Pref. But I his grace haue se pursued That I was made his leutenant.-Gower. Con. A. b. i. The kyng [Edwarde the fyrst of England] was made vycare generall, and lieftenaunt, for the emperour, and had power gyuen hym to make lawes, and to mynistre justyce to euery person, in themperours name, and to make money of golde and syluer.-Berners. Froissart. Cronycie, vol. i. c. 34. And this taxinge was ye first, and executed whe Syrenius was leftenaut in Siria.-Bible, 1551. Luke, c. 2. He [Augustus] would needes make an exchang with the State of Naples, and in liev of that Iland geve them Enaria. Holland. Suetonius, p. 79. Three great ones of the cittie (In personall suite to make me his lieutenant) Off capt to him and by the faith of men I know my price, I am worth no worse a place. Shakespeare. Othello, Act i. sc. 1. If such tricks as these strip you of your lieutenantrie, it had beene better you had not kiss'd your three fingers so oft. Id. Ib. Act ii. sc. 1. Unless we should think that he had been a traitor to his natural prince, and so rewarded by the conqueror with lieutenantship [of] the country. Ralegh. History of the World, b. iii. c. 1. s. 9. To this purpose were several other congratulations or addresses to the King, (some before, some after this of Middlesex,) viz. from Norwich, from Hereford, from the Lieutenancy of London.-Baker. Charles II. an. 1682. As for the casting up of the eyes, and lifting up of the hands, it is a kind of appeal to the Deity. Id. Naturall Historie, § 720. And threat'ning France plac'd like a painted Jove, Kept idle thunder in his lifted hand. Dryden. Annus Mirabilis. The appearance of unknown vessels on their coast brought immense crouds around the stranger, who no sooner entered into Calicut, then he was lifted from his feet and carried hither and thither by the concourse. LIG. Mickle. History of the Discovery of India. See LIE. LIGAMENT. LIGAMENTAL. LIGA'TION. LIGATURE. A band or bond. Cotgrave further says,-" A string, especially the insensible string that's seated either within or near unto a joynt; and is tearmed by our anatomists a ligament." Fr. Ligament; It. and Sp. Ligamento; Lat. Ligamentum, from lig-are, to bind; Gr. Λυγ-ειν. A ligament, or sinew, is of a nature between grisles and nerves, framed of a tough and clammy portion of the seed, for nitting and holding the bones together, and fitting them for motion.-P. Fletcher. The Purple Island, c. 2. Note 4. [By] the urachos or ligamental passage derived from the bottom of the bladder it [the infant] dischargeth the watry and urinary part of its aliment. Brown. Vulgar Errours, b. v. c. 5. This ligation of senses proceeds from an inhibition of spirits, the way being stopped by which they should come. Burton. Anatomy of Melancholy, p. 24. He deluded us by philters, ligatures, charmes, ungrounded amulets, characters, and many superstitious waies in the cure of common diseases.-Brown. Vulgar Err. b. i. c. 11. Both from the goal together start, Scarce ran a step before they part, No common ligament that binds The various textures of their minds. Swift. The Progress of Marriage. already described, there is in some important joints, as an For the ball and socket joint, besides the membrane additional security, a short, strong, yet flexible ligament, inserted by one end into the head of the ball, by the other into the bottom of the cup.-Paley. Nat. Theology, c. 8. They [the executioners] had given him one severe stretch by ligatures fixed to the extremities and passed over the axle, which was turned by a windlas.-Observer, No. 19. LIGHT, v. See To ALIGHT. A. S. AlihtLIGHTEN, v. an, liht-an, to descend from a horse or carriage, (says Junius; and Skinner is to. the same purpose,) perhaps, because this is no other than to lighten a horse or carriage of its burden; and then used generally, To come down, to dismount, to descend, to drop or fall upon. Whan thei had wele riden, that tham thought right lang, Chaucer. The Squieres Tale, v. 10,413. Spenser. Faerie Queene, b. iii. c. 7. On mee, mee only, as the source and spring Milton. Paradise Lost, b. x. Dryden. Palamon & Arcite. One noon of day descending from a height, Hoole. Orlando Furioso, b. xxiii. A. S. Leoht-an, levis fieri, leoht, levis; Ger. Leichteren, leicht; Dut. Lichten, licht; Sw. Lætta, lætt, LIGHT, or LIGHTEN, v. LIGHT, adj. LIGHT, ad. LIGHTLY. To relieve; to disburden, LIGHTNESS. take away, lessen or diminish LIGHTNING, n. the weight; (met.) the presLIGHTSOME. sure or oppression, and, thus, to enliven, to cheer. Light, adj.-relieved, disburdened; free from weight or heaviness, hinderance or impediment; active or free, or able to act easily; free from pressure, difficulty, trouble, pain; easy to move or be moved; easy to be borne or supported, to be thus, inconstant, instable, or unsteady, fickle, done or performed; easy to be acted upon; and, trifling, or trivial, frivolous. See LEVITY. The expression, a lightening before death, is not uncommon in our early writers. See Steevens, Note on Romeo & Juliet, Act v. sc. 3; and Nares. His letter gan rebuk, sette it at light prise. R. Brunne, p. 246. His lif was lightly sold.-Id. p. 74. So mykelle was that barge, it myght not lightly saile. Id. p. 169. For my yok is softe: and my charge light. Wiclif. Matthew, c. 11. For my yocke is easy, and my burde is lyght. Bible, 1551. Ib. And to be maad riche in goode workis, lightli to ghyue. Wiclif. 2 Tymothy, c. 6. But natheles, it was so faire a sight That it made all hir hertes for to light. Chaucer. The Squieres Tale, v. 10,710. "My lord," quod she, "as to your first reason, it may lightly ben answerd."-Id. The Tale of Melibeus. With ladies and with bacheleres, Fall lightsome and glad of cheres.-Chaucer. R. of the R. Than that his wittes ben so weiued, He mae full lightly be deceiued.-Gower. Con. A. b. iv. The nexte daye when we were tossed we an exceadynge pest, they laghtened the ship.-Bible, 1551. Acts. c. 27. Shall the shadowe go forward ten degrees, or go back age ten degrees! And Hezekiah sayde it is a lighte inge for the shadowe to go downe ten degrees. Therfore wyl not that: but let the shadowe go backeward ten depres-id. 4 Kinges, c. 20. Sth they fall into your handes take theym, for alwayes by right of armes a man ought to greue his enemy: to this sayle lightly agreed Ser Galahaut. Berners. Froissart. Cronycle, vol. i. c. 207. He meaneth none of his peuishe, popishe papistes, but the vely lightsome Lutheranes.-Sir T. More. Workes, p. 391. Now, strike your sailes, yee jolly mariners, For we be come into a quiet rode, Where we must land some of our passengers, Spenser. Faerie Queene, b. i. c. 12. They around the flag Of each his faction, in their several clanns, L-arm'd or heavy, sharp, smooth, swift or slow Swarm populous, unnumber'd as the sands Of Barca or Cyrene's torrid soil, levied to side with warring winds, and poise Thir lighter wings. Milton. Paradise Lost, b. ii. Then first of all his minde was at ease, and free to rejoice, feed of all maner burden and care. But strive Savile. Tacitus. Historie, p. 24. In effices of love, how we may light'n Milton. Paradise Lost, b. x. Springs on the tops of high hills are the best for both seem to have a lightness, and appetite of mounting; besides they are most pure and unmingled. Bacon. Naturall Historie, § 396. Ne lesse was she in secret hart affected, Spenser. Faerie Queene, b. iv. c. 12. And all this was, since after this, he had not long to live; Chapman. Homer. Iliad, b. xv. [The wooers] extend their cheare To th' vtnost lightning, that still vshers death. Id. Odyssey, b. xviii. A good man is first and formost affable and lightsome of nguage, of easie accesse, and ready to be spoken withal ever comes.-Holland. Plutarch, p. 311. No one can be said to enjoy health, who is only not sick, Let me, chaste Queen of Woods, thy aid obtain, The church at Walden is one of the lightest and most Walpole. Anecdotes of Painting, vol. ii. c. 1. If we look at the quill, we find properties not easily ught together, strength and lightness. Paley. Natural Theology, c. 12. Bere garrulous old age winds up his tale; V. LIGHT, LIGHT, R. LIGHT, adj. ! LIGHTEN, v. LIGHTFUL. LIGHTLESS. LIGHTENING, OF LIGHTNING, n. LIGHTNESS. Blair. The Grave. ten ; Dut. Lichten, luchten, LIGHTSOME. Light,(Lat. Lux, i. e. Light is opposed (lit.) to darkness; (met.) to kness of mind or ignorance; and is equivalent Means or power to see or perceive, to know nderstand; knowledge, information, under Fanding. As thondre that soun was the lygt as lygtynge, In tentis R. rested alle that ilk nyght, & to hem whiche sat in the region & shadow of death, No man lightnith a lanterne and hilith it with a vessel or puttith it under a bed, but on a candlesticke that men that entren seen light.-Wiclif. Luke, c. 8. No man lyghteth a candle & couereth it vnder a vessel, Bible, 1551. Ib. His thoughts kindle up his devotions; and devotion never burns so bright, or so warm, as when it is lighted up from within.-Paley, Ser. 8. From that æra [William the Conqueror] the sun of science beginning to re-ascend, threw out many gleams of light, which preceded the full morning when letters were revived in the fifteenth century. Hume. History of England. Rich. III. an. 1485. Scott. Lay of the Last Minstrel, c. 2. LIGHTER, n. Dut. Lichter. A small vessel, which attends upon ships of burthen, and lightens them of their lading, (Kilian.) And Skinnerto the same purport. He said, and climb'd a stranded lighter's height, Of whos vertue, whan he thin herte light, For window on the wall ne was ther none, Darke was that place, but after lightnesse Id. The Assembly of Fowls. LIGHTS. Vnder the heart lie the lights, which is the very seat of breathing: whereby we draw and deliver our wind. Holland. Plinie, c. 25. b. xi. Haue minde on thy seruaunte, and thinke on his disease, which Varro derives-ab legendo, quod ea (ligna) how lightlesse hee lyueth, sithe the beames brennend in Id. The Testament of Loue, b. i. Gower. Con. A. b. iv. If I say, yet the darkenesse shall hide me, euen the night Through Panthus words, and lightning of the gods. In artificiall lights wee see that if a thousand candles be Borne by the trustless wings of false desire, Shakespeare. Rape of Lucrece. Yet they which lighten all down from their skies. Drayton. Queen Isabel to King Richard. The skie, in pieces seeming to be rent, A massy caldron of stupendous frame There being nothing which partakes more of the light same manner. In painting, the light and a white colour are the heavens covered with black clouds, or when a thick fog serenity of the air.-Dryden. Art of Painting, § 330. Light, true light, in the mind is, or can be nothing else covered with snow, though the night would not otherwise When I travelled by night, when the ground was all have been lightsome, yet I could very well see to chuse my caduca legebantur in agro quibus in focum uterentur, (lib. v.) Woody, or wooden; having the substance of wood. For it may be they [shoots of vines and roots of red roses] being of a more ligneous nature, will incorporate with the tree itself.-Bacon. Naturall Historie, § 504. Their lignous fibres with continuous length, Equivalent, compact, a bony strength. Brooke. Universal Beauty, b. iii. Goth. Leiks, galeiks; A. S. Lic, gelic; Dut. Lijk, ghelijk; Ger. Leich, gleleich, gleich; Sw. suggests, and Wachter has no doubt, from LIKELINESS. the Gr. Elkeλos, similis. Το LIKEWISE. liken; Dut. Lijcken, ghe-lijken, similem esse, similitudinem referre; to be similar or like, to represent, a likeness, or resemblance, or similitude. Like, adj. Similar, resembling; similar, or having similar appearances to, truth or reality, to actual facts, circumstances or events, and therefore,-probable, credible. Like quantities, (sc.) similar or equal quantities. Likelihood, resemblance or similarity to truth or reality, verisimilitude, probability. That water of Bathhe ys that on, that euer ys yliche hot. snow, That me ne ssolde vor the lyknesse yse hyre ne knowe. Id p. 295 And sothly God self, in suche a colvere lyknesse, And yf I shoulde saye, I knowe hym note I should be a lyar lyke vnto you.-Bible, 1551. Ib. Therefore the kyngdom of hevenes is likned to a kyng that wolde rikene with servantis.-Wiclif. Matthew, c. 18. Therefore is the kyngdome of heauen lykened vnto a certaine kyng, whiche woulde take a countes of hys seruauntes.-Bible, 1551. Ib. And he was turned into an other liknesse bifore hem. God hath swiche favour sent hire of his grace, Chaucer. The Clerkes Tale, v. 8272. Men maie well make a likelyhede Gower. Con. A. b. v. By hym thought and reputed for such, as shal be likly to vse it to God's honor & merite of his owne soule. Sir T. More. Workes, p. 245 |