please, the Nimrod among this species of writers, I thought this discovery would not be unacceptable to you.

"I am, Sir, &c."

ADDISON.* I.

No. 372. WEDNESDAY, MAY 7, 1712.

Pudet haec opprobria nobis

Et dici potuisse, et non potuisse, refelli.

OVID. METAM. I. 75S.

To hear an open slander, is a curse;

Bat not to find an answer, is a worse. DRYDEH.

"May 6,1712. "mr. Spectator, " I Am sexton of the parish of Covent-garden, and complained to you some time ago, as I was tolling into prayers at eleven in the morning, crowds of people of quality hastened to assemble at a puppet-show on the other side of the garden. I had at the same time a very great disesteem for Mr. Powell and his little thoughtless commonwealth, as if they had enticed the gentry into those wanderings: but let that be as it will, I am now convinced of the honest intentions of the said Mr. Powell and company; and send this to acquaint you, that he has given all the profits which shall arise to-morrow night by his play to the use of the poor charity children of this parish. I have been informed, Sir, that in Holland all persons who set up any show, or act any stage-play, be the actors either of wood and wire, or flesh and blood, are obliged to pay out of their gain such a proportion to the honest and industrious poor in the neighbourhood: by this means they make diversion and pleasure pay a tax to labour and industry. I have been told also, that all the time of Lent, in Roman Catholic countries, the persons of condition administer to the necessities of the poor, and attend the beds of lazars and diseased persons. Our Protestant ladies and gentlemen are so much to seek for proper ways of passing time, that they are obliged to punchinello for knowing what to do with themselves. Since the case is so, I desire only you would entreat our people of quality, who are not to be interrupted in their pleasure to think of the practice of any moral duty, that they would at least fine for their sins, and give something to these poor children; a little out of their luxury and super

* It has been supposed that the Letters of Addison, with the signature C were written at Chelsea; those with L at London ; and those with I at Islington.

flm'ty would atone, in some measure, for the wanton use of the rest of their fortunes. It would not, methinks, he amiss, if the ladies who haunt the cloisters and passages of the playhouse, were, upon every offence, obliged to pay to this excellent institution of schools of charity. This method would make offenders themselves do service to the public. But in the mean time, I desire you would publish this voluntary reparation which Mr. Powell does our parish, for the noise he has made in it by the constant rattling of coaches, drums, trumpets, triumphs, and battles. The destruction of Troy, adorned with Highland dances, are to make up the entertainment of all who are so well disposed as not to forbear a light entertainment, for no other reason but that it is to do a good action. " I am, Sir, your most humble servant,

" Ralph Bellfry.

" I am credibly informed, that all the insinuations which a certain writer made against Mr. Powell* at the Bath, are false and groundless."

" Ma. Spectator, " Mi employment, which is that of a broker, leading me often into taverns about the Exchange, has given me occasion to observe a certain enormity, which I shall here submit to your animadversion. In three or four of these taverns, I have, at different times, taken notice of a precise set of people, with grave countenances, short wigs, black clothes, or dark camlet trimmed with black, and mourning gloves and hatbands, who meet on certain days at each tavern successively, and keep a sort of moving club. Having often met with their faces, and observed a certain slinking way in their dropping in one after another, I had the curiosity to inquire into their characters, being the rather moved to it by their agreeing in the singularity of their dress; and I find, upon due examination, they are a knot of parish clerks, who have taken a fancy to one another, and perhaps settle the bills of mortality over their half-pints. I have so great a value and veneration for any who have but even an assenting amen in the service of religion, that I am afraid lest these persons should incur some scandal by this practice; and would therefore have them, without raillery, advised to send the Florence and pullets home to their own houses, and not pretend to live as well as the overseers of the poor. " I am, Sir, your most humble servant,

" Humphry Transfer."

"May 6th. " Mr. Spectator, " I Was last Wednesday night at a tavern in the city, among a set of men who call themselves ' The Lawyers' Club.' You must

• See No. 277.

know, Sir, this club consists only of attorneys; and at this meeting every one proposes the cause he has then in band to the board, upon which each member gives his judgment according to the experience he has met with. If it happens that any one puts a case of which they have had no precedent, it is noted down by their clerk. Will Goosequill (who registers all their proceedings), that one of them may go-the next day with it to a counsel. This indeed is commendable, and ought to be the principal end of their meeting; but had you been there to have heard them relate their methods of managing a cause, their manner of drawing out their bills, and in short, their arguments upon the several ways of abusing their clients, with the applause that is given to him who has done it most artfully, you would before now have given your remarks on them. They are so conscious that their discourses ought to be kept a secret, that they are very cautious of admitting any person who is not of their profession. When any who are not of the law are let in, the person who introduces him says, he is a very honest gentleman, and he is taken in, as their cant is, to par costs. I am admitted, upon the recommendation of one of their principals, as a very honest, good-natured fellow, that will never be in a plot, and only desires to drink his bottle and smoke his pipe. You have formerly remarked upon several sorts of clubs; and as the tendency of this is only to increase fraud and deceit, I hope you will please to take notice of it

" I am, with respect, your humble servant,

" H. R."

STEELE. T.

No. 378. THURSDAY, MAY 8, 1712.

Fallit enim vitium specie virtutis et umbra.

Jot. SAT. XIV. 109.

Vice oft it hid in Virtue's fair disguise,

And in her borrow'd form escapes inquiring eyes.

Mb. Locke, in his treatise of " Human Understanding," has spent two chapters upon the abuse of words. The first and most palpable abuse of words, he says, is when they are used without clear and distinct ideas; the second, when we are so inconstant and unsteady in the application of them, that we sometimes use them to signify one idea, sometimes another. He adds, that the result of our contemplations and reasonings, while we have no precise ideas fixed to our words must needs be very confused and absurd. To avoid this inconvenience, more especially in moral discourses, where the same word should constantly be used in the same sense, he earnestly recommends the use of definitions. " A definition," says he, ■' is the only way whereby the precise meaning of moral words can be known." He therefore accuses those of great negligence, who discourse of moral things with the least obscurity in the terms they make use of, since upon the fore-mentioned ground he does not scruple to say, that he thinks " morality is capable of demonstration as well as the mathematics."

I know no two words that have been more abused by the different and wrong interpretations which are put upon them, than those two, modesty and assurance. To say, such a one is a modest man, sometimes indeed passes for a good character; but at present is yery often used to signify a sheepish awkward fellow, who has neither good breeding, politeness, nor any knowledge of the world.

Again, a man of assurance, though at first it only denoted a person of a free and open carriage, is now very usually applied to a profligate wretch, who can break through all the rules of decency aad morality without a blush.

I shall endeavour therefore in this essay to restore these words to their true meaning, to prevent the idea of modesty from being confounded with that of sheepishness, and to hinder impudence from passing for assurance.

If I was put to define modesty, I would call it, " the reflexion of tn ingenious * mind, either when a man has committed an action for which he censures himself, or fancies that he is exposed to the censure of others.

For this reason a man truly modest is as much so when- he is ■lone as in company, and as subject to a blush in his closet, as when the eyes of multitudes are upon him.

I do not remember to have met with any instance of modesty with which I am so well pleased, as that celebrated one of the

Cng prince, whose father being a tributary king to the Romans, several complaints laid against him before the senate, as a tyrant and oppressor of his subjects. The prince went to Rome to defend his father; but coming into the senate, and hearing a multitude of crimes proved upon him, was so oppressed when it came to his turn to speak, that he was unable to utter a word. The story tells us, that the fathers were more moved at this instance of modesty and ingenuityf than they could have been by the most pathetic oration ; and, in short, pardoned the guilty father for this »riy promise of virtue in the son.

I take " assurance to be the faculty of possessing a man's self, or of saying and doing indifferent things without any uneasiness or emotion in the mind." That which generally gives a man assurance

* Ingenious seems to be here used for ingenuous.

t Ingenuity seems here to be used in the sense of ingenuousness.

is a moderate knowledge of the world, but above all a mind fixed and determined in itself to do nothing against the rules of honour and decency. An open and assured behaviour is the natural consequence of such a resolution. A man thus armed, if his words or actions are at any time misinterpreted, retires within himself, and, from a consciousness of his own integrity, assumes force enough to despise the little censures of ignorance or malice.

Every one ought to cherish and encourage in himself the modesty and assurance I have here mentioned.

A man without assurance is liable to be made uneasy by the folly or ill nature of every one he converses with. A man without modesty is lost to all sense of honour and virtue.

It is more than probable that the prince above-mentioned possessed both these qualifications in a very eminent degree. Without assurance he would never have undertaken to speak before the most august assembly in the world; without modesty he would have pleaded the cause he had taken upon him though it had appeared ever so scandalous.

From what has been said, it is plain that modesty and assurance are both amiable, and may very well meet in the same person. When they are thus mixed and blended together, they compose what we endeavour to express when we say, " a modest assurance;" by which we understand the just mean between bashfulness and impudence.

I shall conclude with observing, that as the same man may be both modest and assured, so it is also possible for the same person to be both impudent and bashful.

We have frequent instances of this odd kind of mixture in people of depraved minds and mean education ; who, though they are not able to meet a man's eyes, or pronounce a sentence without eonfusion, can voluntarily commit the greatest villanies or most indeoent actions.

Such a person seems to have made a resolution to do ill even in spite of himself, and in defiance of all those checks and restraints his temper and complexion seem to have laid in his way.

Upon the whole, I would endeavour to establish this maxim, that the practice of virtue is the most proper method to give a man a becoming assurance in his words and actions. Ouilt always seeks to shelter itself in one of the extremes, and is sometimes attended with both.

BDDGELL X.