I

of kings and state, that our wits discover their force and beauty, but every whit as much in private conferences. understand my men even by their silence and smiles; and better discover them, perhaps, at table, than in the council. Hippomachus said1 very well," that he could know the good wrestlers by only seeing them walk in the street." If learning please to step into our talk, it shall not be rejected, not magisterial, imperious, and importunate, as it commonly is, but suffragan and docile itself; we there only seek to pass away our time; when we have a mind to be instructed and preached to, we will go seek this in its throne; please let it humble itself to us for the nonce; for, useful and profitable as it is, I imagine that, at need, we may manage well enough without it, and do our business without its assistance. A well-descended soul, and practised in the conversation of men, will of herself render herself sufficiently agreeable; art is nothing but the counterpart and register of what such. souls produce.

The conversation also of beautiful and well-bred women is for me a sweet commerce : nam nos quoque oculos eruditos habemus." 2 If the soul has not therein so much to enjoy, as in the first, the bodily senses, which participate more of this, bring it to a proportion near to, though, in my opinion, not equal to the other. But 'tis a commerce wherein a man must stand a little upon his guard, especially those of a warm temperament, such as mine. Is there scalded myself in my youth, and suffered all the torments that poets say are to befall those who precipitate themselves into love without order and judgment: it is true, that the whipping has made me wiser since:

1 Plutarch, Life of Dion., c. I.

2 "For we also have eyes that are versed in the matter."-Cicero, Paradox, V. 2.

"The burnt child dreads the fire," here interpolates Cotton. VOL. IIL

D

"Quicumque Argolica de classe Capharea fugit,
Semper ab Euboicis vela retorquet aquis.” 1

'Tis folly to fix all a man's thoughts upon it, and to engage in it with a furious and indiscreet affection; but, on the other hand, to engage there without love and without inclination, like comedians, to play a common part, without putting anything to it of his own but words, is indeed to provide for his safety, but, withal, after as cowardly a manner as he who should abandon his honour, profit, or pleasure, for fear of ordinary danger; for it is certain that from such a practice, they who set it on foot can expect no fruit that can please or satisfy a noble soul. A man must have, in good earnest, desired that which he, in good earnest, expects to have a pleasure in enjoying; I say, though fortune should unjustly favour their dissimulation; which often falls out, because there is none of the sex, let her be as ugly as the devil, who does not think herself well worthy to be beloved, and who does not prefer herself before other women, either for her youth, the colour of her hair, or her graceful motion (for there are no more women universally and throughout ugly, than there are women universally and throughout beautiful, and such of the Brahmin virgins as have no other beauty to recommend them, the people being assembled by the common crier to that effect, come out into the market-place to expose their matrimonial parts to public view, to try if these at least are not of temptation sufficient to get them husbands); consequently, there is not one who does not easily suffer herself to be overcome by the first vow that is made to serve her. Now from this common and ordinary treachery of the men of the present day, that must fall out which we already experimentally see, either that they rally together, and separate themselves by

1 "Whoever of the Grecian fleet has escaped the Capharean rocks, ever takes care to steer from those of the Euboean sea."-Ovid, Trist., i. 1, 83.

Which Cotton translates: for generally there are no more foul than fair.

themselves to evade us, or else form their discipline by
the example we give them, play their parts of the farce as
we do ours, and give themselves up to the sport, without
passion, care, or love: "Neque affectui suo, aut alieno, ob-
noxiæ:"believing, according to the persuasion of Lysias in
Plato, that they may with more utility and convenience
surrender themselves up to us the less we love them; where
it will fall out, as in comedies, that the people will have as
much pleasure or more than the comedians. For my part,
I no more acknowledge a Venus without a Cupid, than a
mother without issue: they are things that mutually lend
and owe their essence to one another. Thus this cheat
recoils upon him who is guilty of it; it does not cost
him much, indeed, but he also gets little or nothing by it.
They who have made Venus a goddess have taken notice
that her principal beauty was incorporeal and spiritual: but
the Venus whom these people hunt after is not so much as
human, nor indeed brutal; the very beasts will not accept it
so gross and so earthly; we see that imagination and desire
often heat and incite them before the body does; we see in
both the one sex and the other, they have in the herd
choice and particular election in their affections, and that
they have amongst themselves a long commerce of good
will. Even those to whom old age denies the practice of
their desire, still tremble, neigh, and twitter for love; we
see them, before the act, full of hope and ardour, and when
the body has played its game, yet please themselves with
the sweet remembrance of the past delight; some that
swell with pride after they have performed, and others who,
tired and sated, still by vociferation express a triumph-
ing joy. He who has nothing to do but only to discharge

1.44 Incapable of attachment, insensible to that of others."-Tacitus, Annal.,
xii. 45.

2 In Phæd.

his body of a natural necessity, need not trouble others with so curious preparations: it is not meat for a gross, coarse appetite.

As one who does not desire that men should think me better than I am, I will here say this as to the errors of my youth. Not only from the danger of impairing my health (and yet I could not be so careful but that I had two light mischances), but moreover upon the account of contempt, I have seldom given myself up to common and mercenary embraces I would heighten the pleasure by the difficulty, by desire, and a certain kind of glory and was of Tiberius's mind, who1 in his amours was as much taken with modesty and birth as any other quality; and of the courtesan Flora's humour, who never prostituted herself to less than a dictator, a consul, or a censor, and took pleasure in the dignity of her lovers. Doubtless pearls and gold tissue, titles and train, add something to it.

2

:

As to the rest, I had a great esteem for wit, provided the person was not exceptionable; for, to confess the truth, if the one or the other of these two attractions must of necessity be wanting, I should rather have quitted that of the understanding, that has its use in better things; but in the subject of love, a subject principally relating to the senses of seeing and touching, something may be done without the graces of the mind: without the graces of the body, nothing. Beauty is the true prerogative of women, and so peculiarly their own, that ours, though naturally requiring another sort of feature, is never in its lustre but when youthful and beardless, a sort of confused image of theirs. 'Tis said, that such as serve the Grand Signior upon the account of beauty, who are an infinite number, are, at the latest, dismissed at two and

1 Tacitus, Annal., vi. I.

2 Bayle, art. Flora; Brantome, Des Femmes Galantes.

twenty years of age. Reason, prudence, and the offices of friendship are better found amongst men, and therefore it is, that they govern the affairs of the world.

These two commerces are fortuitous, and depending upon others; the one is troublesome by its rarity, the other withers with age, so that they could never have been sufficient for the business of my life. That of books, which is the third, is much more certain, and much more our own. It yields all other advantages to the two first; but has the constancy and facility of its service for its own share. It goes side by side with me in my whole course, and everywhere is assisting me: it comforts me in my old age and solitude; it eases me of a troublesome weight of idleness, and delivers me at all hours from company that I dislike: it blunts the point of griefs, if they are not extreme, and have not got an entire possession of my soul. To divert myself from a troublesome fancy, 'tis but to run to my books; they presently fix me to them and drive the other out of my thoughts; and do not mutiny at seeing that I have only recourse to them for want of other more real, natural, and lively commodities; they always receive me with the same kindness. He may well go a foot, they say, who leads his horse in his hand; and our James, king of Naples and Sicily, who, handsome, young and healthful, caused himself to be carried about on a barrow, extended upon a pitiful mattress in a poor robe of grey cloth, and a cap of the same, but attended withal by a royal train of litters, led horses of all sorts, gentlemen and officers, did yet herein represent a tender and unsteady authority: "The sick man is not to be pitied, who has his cure in his sleeve." In the experience and practice of this maxim, which is a very true one, consists all the benefit I reap from books; and yet I make as little use of them, almost, as those who know them not: I enjoy them as a miser does his money,