volvens non aliud repperit (Ann. 1. 64. 7). So too in comparing: quaeso animum advorte (Pl. Pseud. 277) with: paucis, adverte, docebo (Aen. 8. 50), octo aquilae... imperatorem advertere (Ann. 2. 17. 2); in comparing quo tenderent cursum (Liv. 23. 34. 5) or cursuque amens ad limina tendit (Aen. 2. 321) with: tendit gramineum in campum (5. 286), tendit quotiens in altos nubium tractus (Od. 4. 2. 26); or transmittunt cursu campos (Aen. 4. 154) with: tramisit Lesbum (Ann. 2. 54. 1); or: pauci tentoria ponunt (Ov. Fast. 3. 527) with: hic saevus tendebat Achilles (Aen. 2. 29), apud vexillum tendentes (Ann. 1. 17. 4). ... So we may compare: ut cum uno aetatem degeret (Ter. Phorm. 417) with: potens sui laetusque deget (Od. 3. 29. 42); ut supremam falsa inter gaudia noctem egerimus (Aen. 6. 514) with: haud minus inquies Germanus spe . agebat (Ann. 1. 68. 1); incumbe in eam curam et cogitationem (Cic. Fam. 10. 3. 3) with: tum vero Teucri incumbunt (Aen. 4.397); classem velis aptare iubebat (3.472) with: classem aptent taciti (4.289); colonias ab eis decemviris deduci iubet (Cic. Leg. Agr. 2. 73. 27) with: in quascumque velim pelago deducere terras (Aen. 2. 800); votisque deos venerabere seris (7. 597) with: nymphas venerabar agrestes (3.34). At times of the pair it is the verb that is omitted, as in quae tenuem aciem (instrui) pateretur (Ann. 1. 64. 7), quinquennio maturius quam per leges (liceret) quaesturam peteret (Ann. 3. 29. 1), vagum ac lascivientem per agros (palari) militem sineret (Ann. 2. 55. 4), statimque (sibi solverentur legata) flagitavit (Ann. 1. 37. 1). Emo means I buy'; but in its compounds adimo, demo, eximo, promo, sumo, it means 'I take'; and its root em- or nem- (cf. Germ. nehmen) points to this as its primary meaning. We see the reason for the meaning 'to buy', when we compare: ego spem pretio non emo (Ter. Ad. 219) with: quanti eam emit (Pl. Epid. 51) or: emit hosce de praeda ambos de quaestoribus (Capt. 34). It is plain that a first step in the omission of the noun is the substitution for it of a word of like meaning, e. g. quanti for pretio, and that in such substitution the verb retains its secondary meaning got from its association with pretio. We read: militibus ac sagittariis in terram expositis (B. C. 3. 23. 2), expositis in terram militibus (Liv. 24. 40. 9); then armatis in littora expositis (37. 28. 8), cum . . . mancipia in insulam... exponerent (Suet. Claud. 25. 2), where expono assumes the meaning of expono in terram, as it does fully in: socios de puppibus · exponit (Aen. 10. 288), achieving the unexpected with many of them by landing them in the water. In: quibus ex navibus cum ... ... essent expositi milites (B. G. 4. 37. 1) the substitution of ex navibus for in terram has a like result for expono, giving the force of: expono in terram. Latin, like Sanskrit, frequently substitutes the locative for the accusative in such phrases; and we read: legiones expositae in terra (Vell. 2. 79. 4), expositus in littore (Suet. Caes. 4. 2). Virgil has this in informi limo glaucaque exponit in ulva (Aen. 6. 416), and with its aid gives us a fine oxymoron in viros mediis exponit in undis (10. 305) 'lands the men in the midst of the waves'. In many cases the meaning of the context indicates the word to be supplied, as in accipiens (auribus) sonitum saxi de vertice pastor (Aen. 2. 308), gemitumque cadentum accipio (10. 675), nostram nunc accipe mentem (1. 676), with which compare: accipite ergo animis atque haec mea figite dicta (3. 250). So in: ingeminant (laudes) plausu Tyrii (1. 747) or securim altior exsurgens oranti (ictu)... congeminat (11. 698). So we may compare: in nullius umquam suorum necem duravit (Ann. 1. 6. 3) with: durat mentem senatumque rursum ingreditur (Ann. 3. 15. 4). In: sed iura fidemque supplicis (violare) erubuit (Aen. 2. 542), proceres plebemque iuxta (sibi) devinxerat (Ann. 2. 56. 2), nam suam aetatem vergere (ad occasum) (Ann. 2. 43. 1), eo promptior Caesar pergit introrsus (procedere) (Ann. 2. 25. 4) the ellipses indicated seem clearly required by the context. So in: Percennius et Vibulenus stipendia militibus (etiam militantibus), agros emeritis largientur (Ann. 1. 28. 6), where the relation of the noun to the verb omitted makes the ellipsis easier; and so in noxque una Hannibali sine equitibus atque impedimentis (agenda erat et) acta est (Liv. 21. 34. 9). Very striking in: mandata Clementi centurioni quae perferret (Ann. 1. 26. 1) is the use of mandata for: mandata sunt mandata; as is in: motum ex Metello consule civicum (Od. 2. 1. 1) the use of motum civicum for: motum civicum motum. Very easy too seems the ellipsis in: armatumque auro circumspicit (et videt) Oriona (Aen. 3. 517), where the first verb we meet in the following verse is: videt. Easy to supply are the ellipses in: in medium quaesita (et parta) reponunt (Geo. 4. 157), quocumque lectum (et pressum) nomine Massicum (Od. 3. 21. 5), sume superbiam quaesitam (et partam) meritis (3. 30. 15), tuos labores impune carpere (et edere) lividas obliviones (4. 9. 34), stantia non (sed ruentia) poterant tecta probare deos (Mart. 1. 12. 12), scrinia da magnis, me manus una capit (et habet) (1. 2. 4), teritur (et legitur) noster ubique liber (8. 3. 4), vix implet cocleam peracta messis (frugibus ablatis) (11. 18. 23). Not very difficult are those in: quae manent (et exspectant) culpas etiam sub Orco (Od. 3. 11. 29), ego illis mollior nec te feriam (et occidam) (ib. 43), quos . . . iam flammae tulerint inimicus ett (percusserit et) hauserit ensis (Aen. 2. 600). In: ergo instauramus Polydoro funus (3. 62) behind instauramus, which is here no longer 'to establish', but to renew', lies the pair: renovavit et instauravit (Cic. Verr. 1. II. 4). Behind the adserto in: annum . . . adserto qui sacer orbe fuit (Mart. 7. 63. 10) lies the union: vindicare et adserere (Manil. 2. 815). More difficult is the syntax of euhoe in: qui tum alacres furebant euhoe bacchantes, euhoe capita inflectentes (Catull. 64. 255), where probably furebant is short for furentes clamabant, and euhoe is the cognate object of clamabant thus implied. We may compare euantes orgia (Aen. 6. 517) which is for: celebrantes orgia et euhoe clamantes. For it is not uncommon to find a participle coalescing with its verb to form a new verb bearing the meaning of both. So we have: aequora tuta silent (1. 164) for: silentia iacent; ture calent arae (1.417) for: fragrantes ardent; iam multi crudele canebant artificis scelus (2.124) for: canentes praedicebant; furit aestus ad auras (2. 759) for: fertur furens; illa (arbor) usque minatur (2. 628) for: minans movetur; praedam pedibus circumvolat uncis (3. 233) for: circumvolans rapit; haec ubi deflevit (11. 59) for: deflens locutus est; pecuniam heredi properet (Od. 3. 24. 62) for: properans cogit; stupet Albius aere (Sat. 1. 4. 28) for: stupens tuetur; milia tum pransi tria repimus (1. 5. 25) for: repentes conscendimus. We have not participles, but adjectives omitted in: fervet opus (Aen. 1.436) for: fervidum agitur opus; flammasque ministrant (1.213) for: ministri praebent; and gerundives by a like easy transition in: nunc etiam superare necessest corpora rebus (Lucr. 1. 579) for superando superesse; causas penitus tentare latentes (Aen. 3. 32) for : tentando exquirere; excudent alii . . . aera (6. 847) for: excudendo efficient; siccis oscula falle genis (Prop. 4. 11. 80) for: da fallendo; inludo cartis (Sat. 1. 4. 139) for: inludendo do versus cartis. Thence we pass to adverbs or equivalent ablatives, as in: rapuitque in fomite flammam (Aen. 1. 176) for: raptim abstulit; campum eripi iubet (Ann. 1. 63. 1) for: raptim occupari; sumpsisse merentes laudabor poenas (Aen. 2. 586) for: cum laude dicar; aedes ululant (2. 488, for: ululatu resonant; tempora navali fulgent rostrata corona (8. 684) for: cincta rostris navalis coronae; multa cum libertate notabant (Sat. 1. 4-5) for: nota adficiebant. In: maturate fugam (Aen. 1. 137) for: mature fugite, and celerare fugam (1. 357) for: celeriter fugere, we seem to have the inverted form that leads to this shortening, which probably involves the same figure that we shall presently examine in the expression of four terms by two. We pass on to the expression of the verb and its participial object by a single verb. We seem to have the inverted form leading to this in inventaque flumina monstrat (Aen. 6. 8) for: invenit et monstrat, servetis revocatum a morte Dareta (5. 476), exceptum comiter iuvenem sueta... liberalitate auget (Ann. 3. 8. 2), multos Angrivarii . . . redemptos ab interioribus reddidere (Ann. 2. 24. 5), where the union of two verbs is converted into that of a verb with its object. We have a single verb used for this union in: terram inter fluctus aperit (Aen. 1. 107) for: apertam ostendit; tres (naves) in saxa latentia torquet (108) for tortas inmittit; aperit ramum (6.406) for: apertum ostendit; noctes quas de me fatiges (Prop. 4. 11.81) for: fatigatas degas; omnes composui (Sat. 1. 9. 28) for: conlectos posui. We must supply substantives instead of participles in: omnium egenos urbe domo socias (Aen. 1. 600) for: socios accipis; faciem illius falle dolo (1. 684) for: sume falso dolo; et casum insontis mecum indignabar amici (2.93) for: indignum volvebam animo; fugam... moliri (2. 109) for: molestam perficere; rite secundarent visus (3. 36) for: secundos darent; haud dubitanda (3. 170) for: in dubium vocanda ; ipsi transtra novant (5. 752) for: nova faciunt; hastilia densat (11.650) for: densa iacit; ne facundiam violentia praecipitaret (Ann. 3. 19. 1) for: praecipitem daret; qui scis eos nunc discordare inter se ? (Ter. And. 575) for: se discordes praebere. We supply gerundives in: artes quas doceat quivis eques atque senator (Sat. 1.6.77) for: docendas curet; corpora frangeret ad saxum (Aen. 3. 625) for: pelleret frangenda; et silvis aptare trabes et stringere remos (1. 552) for: aptandas . . . et stringendos detrahere; and infinitives in: nec saxa nec ullum telorum interea (inmitti) cessat genus (Aen. 2. 468), probare deos (esse) (Mart. 1. 12. 12), aurum Fabricius te tribuente volet (accipere) (11. 5. 8), se ortum . . . (probare) volebat (Aen. 1. 626). Asconius tells us at the end of his preface to the Verrine orations, that it was usual for the orators of old to end their speeches with the word dixi (cf. Ter. Phorm. 437 and 439); and so: dixerat (Aen. 2. 621) is probably short for: 'dixi' dixit, or: 'dixi' dicebat. ... XXXI HENDIADYS THUS far we have been busy with what Donatus (ad Ter. And. 230) calls the figure dúo di évós; we turn now to its opposite, the figure Ev Sià Svoív, or, as we write it, hendiadys. Servius (ad Aen. 1. 61) thus defines it: est figura ut una res in duas dividatur, metri causa interposita coniunctione ut alio loco; pateris libamus et auro (Geo. 2. 192), id est pateris aureis. The phrase he is explaining is: molem et montes, which he takes for molem montium, and he evidently agrees with our later grammarians, who confine the figure to the forms of it found in pateris et auro for pateris aureis, and molem et montes for molem montium; indeed he goes so far as to think of the et as having no meaning and being inserted merely for the metre. The manuscripts here make him name the figure' endiadis'; but Thilo has not admitted this term into his text of Servius, feeling that it proceeds from a later reviser. And Servius in his note to: sternere nec iacta caecum dare cuspide volnus (Aen. 10. 733), which is: unum sensum per duos extulit, though he does not use the term endiadis, seems to extend the figure to verbs as well as nouns. A rational account of the nature and development of hendiadys, as the opposite of dúo di vós, which it seems to be, will extend the figure to verbs as well as nouns, and will find in the varieties of it given by the grammarians merely its crowning developments. The most obvious use of two for one in the poets is in repetitions for poetic emphasis; such as: et magis magis in dies et horas (Catull. 38. 3), Rhaebe, diu, res si qua diu mortalibus ulla est, viximus (Aen. 10. 861), dulce ridentem Lalagen amabo, dulce loquentem (Od. 1. 22. 23), inde domum, si forte pedem, si forte tulisset, me refero (Aen. 2. 756), eheu fugaces, Postume, Postume, labuntur anni (Od. 2. 14. 1), ibimus, ibimus, utcumque praecedes (2. 17. 10), heu fuge crudeles terras, fuge litus avarum (Aen. 3. 44), iam parce sepulto, parce pias scelerare manus (3. 1-2). There is no syntactical irregularity here involved; but when we compare Horace's: geminus Pollux with Catullus's: gemelle Castor et gemelle Castoris, |