Fr. Estude, estudier; It. Studio, studiàre; Sp. Estudio, estudiar; Lat. Studium, (q. stadium,) which is formed (says Vossius) from the Gr. Σπουδή, σπεύδειν, summa vi conSTUDIOUSLY. tendere; to strive with the STUDIOUSNESS. greatest force ; σπουδαζειν, to exert all the power (of the mind.) To study,

STUDIER. STUDIOUS.

To exert, exercise or employ, the mind or faculties of the mind; to think, meditate, contemplate, examine carefully, attentively; to endeavour, to labour, carefully, attentively, diligently; to labour to understand or learn; to investigate, or search into, (sc.) any subjects of learning, science, &c.

A study is also a place, an apartment for studying, reading, &c.

And if it so happe, that a man of greter mighte and strengthe than thou art, do thee grevaunce: studie and besie thee rather to stille the same grevauuce, than for to venge thee.-Chaucer. The Tale of Melibeus.

But yet by Seint Thomas

He reweth sore of hendy Nicholas :
He shal be rated of his studying
If that I may, by Jesus, heven king.

Id. The Milleres Tale, v. 3456.

And thus of all his witte within
This kynge began to studie and muse,
What strange matter he might vse,
The knightes wittes to confounde.-Gower. Con. A. b. i.

There dwelleth he, and takth his rest,

So as it thought hym for the best

To studie in his philosophie,

As he which wolde so defie

The worldes pompe on euery side.-Id. Ib. b. vii.

And his [Mercurie] nature is this,

That vnder him who that borne is,
In boke he shall be studious,

And in writinge curious.-Id. Ib.

I remember well also, by our often conference in the matter, that by all the tyme in whiche I studied about it, you and I wer in euery poynt both twayne of one opinion. Sir T. More. Workes, p. 1444.

I determined with my self vtterly to discharge my mynde of any further studyinge or musinge on the matter.-Id. Ib.

It was nat longe after, that great variaunce fyll atwene! the vnyuersytie or studientes of Parys and the cytezeins of the same, in suche wyse, that the studyentes were in purpose to haue lafte that cytie, & to haue kept theyr study ellys where.-Fabyan. Chronycle, an. 4. Lowys X.

The kynge beynge moued with this pyteous request, made sharpe warre vpo the sayde Hugh, & at lengthe wanne from hym a stroge castell, named Chastelon; wherewithall the duke was put to such a studyall & fere, that he was forsed to suche meanys of treaty & of peace.-Id. Ib. c. 241.

But I was chiefly bent

to poets famous art, To them with all my devor I my studie did conuert.

Turbervile. The Louer to Cupid for Mercie.

Bycause that he his tyme studiously hath spent
In your seruice.-Skelton. The Crowne of Laurell.

I have heard worthie M. Cheke many times say; "I would have a good student passe and jorney through all authors both Greke and Latin." Ascham. The Schole-master, b. ii.

Well, Charles, thou shalt not want to buy thee books yet, the fairest in thy study are my gift, and the University of Lovain, for thy sake, hath tasted of my bounty.

Beaum. & Fletch. The Elder Brother, Act ii. sc. 1.

But in his breast a thousand cares he tost,
Although his sorrowes he could wisely hide;
He studied how to feed that mighty host,
In so great scarcenesse; and what force prouide.
Fairefax. Godfrey of Bovlogne, b. v. a. 92.

Luc. Call'd you my Lord?
Brut. Get me a tapor in my study, Lucius.

Shakespeare. Julius Caesar, Act ii. sc. 1.
Saturnius hath not usde

His promist favour for our truce, but (studying both our ils) Will never cease, till Mars, by you, his ravenous stomacke fils

With ruin'd Troy, or we consume your mighty sea-borne fleet. Chapman. Homer. Iliad, b. vii.

!

Abroad in armes, at home in studious kynd,
Who seekes with painfull toile, shall honor soonest fynd.
Spenser. Faerie Queene, b. ii. c. 3.

For Hermegild too studiously foresaw
The counts allyance with the duke's high blood,
Might from the Lombards such affection draw,
As could by Hubert never be withstood.

Davenant. Gondibert, b. iii. c. 1.

In the interim I crave a candid interpretation of what is passed, and of my studiousness in executing your Lordship's injunctions.-Howell, b. ii. Let. 58.

times to vice; sometimes to one vice, sometimes to another; Men are sometimes generally addicted to vertue, somesometimes to civility, sometimes to barbarisme; sometimes to studiousnesse and learning, sometimes to ease and ignorance. Hakewell. Apologie, b. i. c. 3.

Happy the man, who, studying Nature's laws
Through known effects can trace the secret cause.
Dryden. Virgil. Georgics, b. ii.
There studious let me sit,

And hold high converse with the mighty dead;
Sages of ancient time, as gods rever'd,
As gods beneficent, who blest mankind
With arts, with arms, and humaniz'd a world.

Thomson. Winter. They did suppose every where a Midrash, or mystical sense; which they very studiously (even to an excess of curiosity and diligence) searched after.

Barrow, vol. iii. Ser. 44.

That very philosophy, which had been adopted to invent and explain articles of faith, was now studied only to instruct us in the history of the human mind, and to assist us in developing its faculties, and regulating its operations. Warburton. Julian, Introd.

He had studiously improved every occasion of insisting upon the futility of their traditions, the vanity of their ceremonies, the insincerity of their devotion-of exposing their ignorance, their pride, their ambition, their avarice.

STUFF, n. STUFF, v.

Bp. Horsley, vol. ii. Ser. 19. Fr. Estoffe, estoffer; It. Stivàre; Sp. Estivar; Dut. Stoffe, STUFFING, n. stoffen ; Ger. Stoff Junius derives from Gr. ZTEß-ew, stipare; Skinner, perhaps from the Lat. Stupa.

Stuff-matter, substance, ware, chaffer; (in Fr. also the quality, rank, ability or worth of a man.) Estoffer,

To stuff, to make with stuff; to furnish or store with all necessaries, (Cotgrave.) And (with us) to stuff is further, to stow or pack closely or fully, to cram. See STOW.

They encoûtred the sayde people yt caryed the sayde treasoure and stuffe.-Fabyan. Chronycle, c. 123.

His whole matter grounded upon good reason, and stuffed with full argumentes for his intent and purpose.

Ascham. The Schole-master, b. ii.

The churchwardens, for the better relief of honest poverty, shall, upon sufficient surety found for the repayment of the same, lend to some young married couple, or some poor inhabitants of their parish, some part of the said alms, whereby they may buy some kind of stuff: by the working, sale, and gains whereof, they may repay the sum borrowed, and also well relieve themselves.

Burnet. Records, vol. ii. pt. ii. b. i. No. 21.

I see well by thy port and chere,
And by thy lokes and thy manere,
And by thy sadnes as thou goest,
And by the sighs that thou out throwest,
That thou art stuffed full of wo.

Vncertaine Auctors. The Lover describing, &c.
Beautie shut vp thy shop, and trusse vp all thy trash
My Nell hath stolne thy finest stuffe, and left thee in the
lash.
Gascoigne. A Challenge to Beautie.

What should I here reherse
with base and barraine pen,
The lincked tales and filed stuffe
that I perused then?

Turbervile. The Louer to Cupid for Mercie. Mess. A lord to a lord, a man to a man, stuft with all

honourable vertues.

Shakespeare. Much Adoe about Nothing, Act i. sc. 1.

For when they should draw their breaths, this stuffing air and dust came in at their mouths so fast, that they had much ado to hold out two days, and on the third yeelded themselves unto Sertorius mercy.-North. Plutarch, p. 483.

Like as, for quilts, ticks, and mattrasses, the flax of the Cadurci in Fraunce had no fellow for surely the invention thereof, as also of flockes to stuffe them with, came out of Fraunce.-Holland. Plinie, b. xix. c. 1.

Ja. Though in the trade of warre I haue slaine men, Yet do I hold it very stuffe o' th' conscience To do no contriu'd murder.

Shakespeare. Othello, Act i. sc. 2.

Although it nothing content me to have disclos'd thus much before hand, but that I trust hereby to make it manifest with what small willingness I endure to interrupt the persuit of no less hopes than these, and leave a calm and pleasing solitariness, fed with chearful and confident thoughts, to imbark in a troubled sea of noises and hoarse disputes, from beholding the bright countenance of truth in the quiet and still air of delightful studies, to come into the dim reflection of hollow antiquities sold by the seeming bulk, and there be fain to club quotations with men whose learning and belief lies in marginal stuffings.

Milton. The Reason of Church Government, Introd. Then underneath a lowly roof he led

The weary prince; and laid him on a bed: The stuffing leaves, with hides of bears o'erspread. Dryden. Virgil. Eneis, b. viii. Immediately, on the commencement of the action, the mats, with which the galeon had stuffed her netting, took fire.-Anson. Voyages, b. iii. c. 8.

No need, he cries, of gravity stuff'd out
With academic dignity devout,

To read wise lectures, vanity the text.-Cowper. Hope.
Lat. Stultiloquium:

STULTILOQUY.(Stultus, eloquium.) Stul

STULTIFY, V.

lify, stultum, fieri, facere. See STOLID. Stultiloquy,-foolish talk.

Stultify, to make or cause to appear-a fool.

What they call facetiousness and pleasant wit, is indeed to all wise persons a mere stultiloquy, or talking like a fool. Bp. Taylor, vol. i. Ser. 23.

But it hath been said, that a non compos himself, though he be afterwards brought to a right mind, shall not be permitted to allege his own insanity in order to avoid such grant for that no man shall be allowed to stultify himself, or plead his own disability. Blackstone. Commentaries, b. ii. c. 19.

STUM, v. Skinner knows not whether STUM, n. from the Dut. Stom; Ger. STUMMING, n. Stumm, mutus q. d. Vinum mutum, quia nunquam efferbuit; or rather from the Dut. Stomp; Ger. Stumpff, hebes, obtusus, i.e. vinum obtusum, quia (sc.) nulla fermentatione depuratum est. Stum (Tooke) is the past tense and past part. of Stym-an, to steam; and means fumigated, steamed.

Stummed casks are casks fumigated (with brimstone, to prevent the liquor from fermenting.) Stum is the unfermented juice contained in the cask. See the quotation from Howell.

There is a hard green wine that grows about Rochel, and the islands thereabouts, which the cunning Hollander sometime uses to fetch; and he hath a trick to put a bag of herbs, or some other infusions into it, (as he doth brimstone in Rhenish) to give it a whiter tincture, and more sweetness; then they reimbark it for England, where it passeth for good Bachrag, and this is called stumming of wines.

Howell, b. ii. Let. 54.

STUMBLE, v. STUMBLE, n. STUMBLER. STUMBLINGLY.

He stombled at a chance, & felle on hi: kne, Thorgh the tother schank he ros, & serued in bis degre. R. Brunne, p. 55. Let brynge a man in a bot. in myddes a brode water The wynde and the water. and waggynge of the bote Maketh the man meny tyme. to stomble yf he stande. Piers Plouhman, p. 167. But if he wandre in the nyght, he stomblith, for light is not in him.-Wiclif. Jon. c. 11.

But if a man walck in the nighte, he stōbleth, because there is no lyghte in him.-Bible, 1551. Ib.

He thurgh the thickest of the throng gan threste.
Ther stomblen stedes strong, and doun goth all.
He rolleth under foot as doth a ball.

Chaucer. The Knightes Tale, v. 2615.

Where discipline shall be but deemed vayne,
Where blockes are stridde by stumblers at a strawe,
And where selfe will must stande for martiall lawe.
Gascoigne. The Fruites of Warre.

It will none otherwise be, but that some stumblinge blockes

They burn the stubble, which, being so stumpy, they seldom plow in-Mortimer.

There, like the visionary emblem seen By him of Babylon, life stands a stump, And, filletted about with hoops of brass, Still lives, though all his pleasant boughs are gone. Cowper. Task, b. v. Mr. Bank's greyhound, which was with us, got sight of it, and would probably have caught it, but the moment he set off he lamed himself, against a stump which lay concealed in the long grass.-Cook. First Voyage, b. iii. c. 1.

STUN, v. See ASTONE. A. S. Stun-ian, impingere, allidere, obtundere aures alicui obstupefacere, to dash, or beat against; to dun. Ge-stun, strepitus. Fr. Estonne, Menage says is-extonatus, for extonitus, the same as-attonitus.

To benumb, to dull or deaden, to stupefy, (sc.) the sense or sensations.

wyll alwaye bee by maliciouse folke laied in good peoples apostles wonder, stoned, & stagger, at the time when Christ way. Sir T. More. Workes, p. 356.

This preparation is?

Beaum. & Fletch. Humourous Lieutenant, Act iii. sc. 2. I was told of a Spaniard, who having got a fall by a stumble, and broke his nose, rose up, and in a disdainful manner said, this is to walk upon earth. Howell, b. i. Let. 32.

By this unreasonable custom they [the Chinese] do in a manner lose the use of their feet, and instead of going they only stumble about their houses, and presently squat down on their breeches again, being, as it were, confined to sitting all days of their lives.-Dampier. Voyages, an. 1687.

The old Arians would have detested such practices: the Oμovarov, alone was such a stumbling-block to them, that very few could get over it; and they would never insert it in their creeds.-Waterland. Works, vol. ii. p. 305.

Forth as she waddled in the brake,

A grey goose stumbled on a snake,
And took th' occasion to abuse her,
And of rank plagiarism accuse her.-Smart, Fab. 4.

STUMP, n. STUMP, V. STUMPY.

}

Dut. Stompe; Ger. Stumpe; Sw. Stump; Dut. Stompen; Ger. Stummeler, stumpeln; Sw. Stympa, truncare, mutilare, obtusum reddere, to cut down the trunk, limb or member. Stump, n.The part left, the stub or stock left, when the trunk or limb is cut or lopped.

To stump, also, consequentially, is, to move like one with his limbs cut doun to a stump; stiffly, heavily, noisily.

But the good man understood not, that even the best translation, is for mere necessitie but an evill imped wing to flie withall, or a heavie stompe leg of wood to go withall. Ascham. The Scholemaster, b. ii.

So haue they deignd, by their deuine decrees
That with the stumps of my reproued tong,
I may sometimes, reprouers deedes reproue,
And sing a verse, to make them see themselues.
Gascoigne. The Steele Glas.

Inflam'd with wrath, his raging blade he hefte,
And strooke so strongly, that the knotty string
Of his huge taile he quite asonder clefte;
Five ioints thereof he hewd, and but the stump him lefte.
Spenser. Faerie Queene, b. 1. c. 11.

Around the stumped top soft moss did grow.

More. Song of the Soul, b. i. c. 2. s. 59. He had a brother also who never cast his foreteeth, and therefore he wore them before, to the very stumps. Holland. Plinie, b. xi. c. 25.

Ev'n stumps of olives, bar'd of leaves, and dead, Revive and oft redeem their wither'd head. Dryden. Virgil. Georgics, b. ii. One of the horses snapt off the end of his finger with the glove. I dress'd the stump with the common digestive. Wiseman. Surgery, b. v. c. 8.

!

Now see then good reader the madnes of maister Masker, that sayth here, that that thing must nedes haue made the spake those wordes in the syxth chapiter of Saynte John. Sir T. More. Workes, p. 1112. Yet, therewith sore enrag'd, with sterne regard Her dreadfull weapon she to him addrest, Which on his helmet martelled so hard That made him low incline his lofty crest, And bowd his battred visour to his brest: Wherewith he was so stund that he n'ote ryde, But reeled to and fro from east to west. Spenser. Faerie Queene, b. iii. c. 7. In fighting, that is held a heavier blow, that (stunning) takes away the sense of pain, than that which pains the sense.-Boyle. Works, vol. vi. p. 6.

If Nature thunder'd in his opening ears,
And stunn'd him with the music of the spheres,
How would he wish that heaven had left him still
The whispering zephyr, and the purling rill!
Pope. Essay on Man, Ep. 1.

Still shall I hear, and never quit the score,
Stunned with hoarse Codrus' Theseid, o'er and o'er?
Dryden. Juvenal, Sat. 1.

He [Hacho, a king of Lapland] consoled his countrymen, when they were once preparing to leave the frozen deserts of Lapland, and resolved to seek some warmer climate, by telling them that the Eastern nations, notwithstanding their boasted fertility, passed every night amidst the horrors of anxious apprehension, and were inexpressibly affrighted, and almost stunned, every morning, with the noise of the sun while he was rising.-The Idler, No. 96.

STUPENDOUS. STUPENDOUSLY.

It is a stupendious monastery, built on the top of a huge land-rock.-Howell, b. i. Let. 23.

Windsor the next (where Mars with Venus dwells,

Beauty with strength) above the valley swells

Into my eye, and doth itself present
With such an easy and unfore'd ascent,
That no stupendous precipice denies
Access, no horrour turns away our eyes.

Denham. Cooper's Hill

I could charitably believe of all the primitive Pythagoreans that they swore in the same sense that Pythagoras did, namely, by the first communicatour of so high and stupendious a piece of wisdome. More. Defence of the Philos. Cabbala, App.

Now besides this flatulencie that solicits to lust, there may be such a due dash of sanguine in the melancholy, that the complexion may prove stupendiously enravishing. Id. A Discourse on Enthusiasm, p. 14.

He patient, but undaunted where they led him,
Came to the place, and what was set before him
Which without help of eye might be assay'd,
To heave, pull, draw, or break, he still perform'd
All with incredible, stupendious force,
None daring to appear antagonist.

Millon. Samson Agonistes, v. 623. Those very works, which, from their stupendiousness, should have taught them the greatness of the former, were the occasion of their paying that homage to the thing made, which could be due to the worker only.

Ellis. Knowledge of Divine Things, p. 270.

He [God] to assure them of his gracious protection and providence over them, or to persuade them of the truth of what he by Moses taught them, did before their eyes perform stupendious works in their behalf. Barrow, vol. ii. Ser. 2.

He ceaseless works alone; and yet alone
Seems not to work with such perfection fram'd
Is this complex stupendous scheme of things.

Thomson. Spring.

[This most potent author] so regulating the stupendiously swift motions of the great globes, and other vast masses of the mundane matter, that they do not, by any notable irregularity, disorder the grand system of the universe. Boyle. Works, vol. v. p. 519.

These fathers used so strange a language, in speaking of the last supper, that it gave occasion to a corrupt and barbarous church, in after-times, to ingraft upon it a doctrine more stupendously absurd and blasphemous that ever issued from the mouth of a pagan priest.

Warburton. The Divine Legation, b. ii. Note (Q.) Under this stupendous Being we live. Our happiness, our existence is in his hands. All we expect must come from him.-Paley. Natural Theology, Conclusion.

STUPID.
STUPIDITY.

STU'PIDLY.
STUPIDNESS.
STU PIFY, V.
STUPIFI'EDNESS.
STU PIFIER.
STUPEFACTION.
STUPEFA'CTIVE, adj.
STUPEFA'CTIVE, n.
STUPEFYING, H.

STU'POR.

Fr. Stupide, stupéfier ; It. Stupido, stupefare; Sp. Estupido; Lat. Stupidus, from stup-ere; said to have been anciently written stip-ere, and to be derived from stipes, a block-head, quia stipitis sive trunci instar est; because like a block, trunk, log. Hence, Stupid is

Like a log or block; hard or difficult to receive impressions, or perceptions; inapprehensive, insensitive, dull, obtuse; thick, heavy; sluggish, inert.

Is not your father growne incapeable

Of reasonable affayres? Is he not stupid
With age, and altring rheumes? can he speake! heare!
Know man, from man?

Shakespeare. The Winter's Tale, Act iv. sc. 3.

No man who knows aught, can be so stupid to deny that all men naturally were born free, being the image and resemblance of God himself, and were by privilege above all the creatures, born to command and not to obey.

Millon. The Tenure of Kings & Magistrates. The dreadful bellowing of whose strait-brac'd drums, To the French sounded like the dreadful doom; And them with such stupidity benumbs, As though the earth had groaned from her womb. Drayton. The Battle of Agincourt.

He utters enough to make a stone understand it; how stupidly soever all his interpreters would have Hector (being strooke into a trembling, and almost dead) turne about like whirlwinde.-Chapman. Homer. Iliad, b. xiv.

a

He so applyes himself to his pillow, as a man meant not to be drowned in sleep, but refreshed; not limiting his rest by the insatiable lust of a sluggish and drowzie stupidnesse, but by the exigence of his health, and habilitation to his calling.-Bp. Hall. The Christian.

Whom when discovered they had throughly eide,
With great amazement they were stupefide.
Spenser. Faerie Queene, b. v. c. 3.

For when a general loss
Falls on a nation, and they slight the cross,
God hath rais'd prophets to awaken them
From stupefaction.

An Elegy upon Dr. Donne. Opium hath a stupefacting [4to ed of Works, stupefactive] part, and a heating part; the one moving sleep, the other a heat.-Bacon. Natural Historie, § 98.

Opium and other strong stupefactives, doe coagulate the spirits and deprive it of the motion.

Id. Hist. of Life & Death, p. 52.

There were not only great things first spoken and delivered to mankind, but examples as great as the things themselves; but these did so little prevail on the stupid and unthankful world, that they among whom the Son of God did first manifest himself, seem'd only solicitous to make good one prophesie concerning him, viz. that he should be despised and rejected of men-Stillingfleet, vol. i. Ser. 6.

I mention not how the Sabellian hypothesis must have been very needlessly and stupidly clogged by such a tenet : for they could never have given any tolerable account of the Son's praying to the Father, of his increasing in wisdom, of his being afflicted and sore troubled, and crying out in his agonies and sufferings, without the supposition of a human soul.-Waterland. Works, vol. ii. p. 267.

Stupidity then under sufferings can be no part of the excellency of a man; which in its greatest height is in the beings the most beneath him.-Stillingfleet, vol. i. Ser. 6.

And even the atheists themselves, who have tried all possible ways of extinguishing them, have found by experience that the utmost they can do, is to damp and stupify them at present; but that in despite of them they will revive and awake again when death or danger approaches them.

Scott. Christian Life, pt. ii. c. 3.

We know that insensibility of pain may as well proceed from the deadness and stupifiedness of the part, as from a perfect and unmolested health-Boyle. Works, vol. vi. p. 6. Whether the natural phlegm of this island needs any additional stupifier ?-Berkley. The Querist, § 348.

It seems very probable, that there was a much more powerful cause than sorrow in the case, viz a preternatural stupefaction of their senses, by some of those malignant spirits that were then conflicting with our Saviour; who, perhaps, to deprive him of the solace of his disciples' company, did by their diabolical art, produce that extraordinary stupor that oppressed them.-Scott. Christian Life, pt. ii. c.7.

But let not him, that shares a brighter day
Traduce the splendour of a noontide ray,
Prefer the twilight of a darker time,

And deem his base stupidity no crime.-Cowper. Truth. But what long and tormenting struggles must they probably have experienced first; and in how deplorable a state must the benumbing and stupefying of so important a principle of their nature have left them!-Secker, vol. ii. Ser. 19.

It produced that kind of stupefaction, which is the consequence of using opium, or other substances of that kind. Cook. Third Voyage, b. ii. c. 8. Laugh, ye who boast your more mercurial pow'rs, That never felt a stupor, know no pause, Nor need one; I am conscious, and confess Fearless, a soul, that does not always think.

STUPRATION.

STUPRARE.

Cowper. Task, b. iv. Lat. Stuprare. See CON

Stupration must not be drawn into practice.-Brown.

STURDY.

STURDILY. STU'RDINESS.

Skinner derives from the Fr. Estourdi, It. Stordito, attonitus, mente quasi motus; and these are derived by Menage from the Lat. Stolidus. Tooke forms sturdy from stur'd (past part. stirred, stir'd, of the verb to stir.) by the usual addition of ig or y; and he refers the Fr. to the same source. See Sture in Jamieson.

Stirred, moved, roused, (sc.) to bear, resist, oppose; stubborn, obstinate; stiff, stout, hardy, resolute.

And defended hem wyle hii mygte myd wel stourdy mode.
R. Gloucester, p. 212.

This knave goth him up ful sturdely.
And at the chambre dore while that he stood,
He cried and knocked as that he were wood.
Chaucer. The Milleres Tale, v. 3436.

The kinge declareth him the caas
With sterne worde and stordie chere.

To him and saide in this manere.-Gower. Con. 4. b.viii.

And such as geue theim selfe therto, be stourdy and studious about the furtheraunce of their sediciouse secte. Sir T. More. Workes, p. 212.

VOL. II.

He enfourmed his ii eldest sonnes of the disposycion of bothe peoples, and warned Willyam to be louynge and lyberall to his subjettes, and Robert to be stern & surdy [sturdy] vnto his.-Fabyan. Chronycle, c. 222.

Yet in the end of the said fourscore days, was that worthy martyr decreed contumax, that is, sturdily, frowardly, and wilfully absent, and in pain of the same his abscence condemned and put to death.

State Trials. 1 Mary, an. 1553. Abp. Cranmer. There can be none ende of faultes, if a man rehearse all faultes that doe necessarily follow this vnruly sturdinesse. Sir J. Cheeke. The Hurt of Sedition.

Such joy he had their stubborne harts to quell,
And sturdie courage tame with dreadfull aw;
That his beheast they feared, as a tyrans law.

Spenser. Faerie Queene, b. i. c. 6.
Then wean thyself at last, and thee withdraw
From Cambridge, thy old nurse; and, as the rest,
Here toughly chew and sturdily digest
Th' immense last volumes of our common law.
Donne. To Mr. B. B.

Ev'n in this early dawning of the year,
Produce the plough, and yoke the sturdy steer,
And goad him till he groans beneath his toil,
Till the bright share is bury'd in the soil.

Dryden. Virgil. Georgics, b. i.

It [excessive fonduess] will rather produce pride and sturdiness for the present: which will at length show itself in ill manners, contempt, and rudeness towards their best and kindest friends.-Waterland. Works, vol. viii. p. 473.

A wicked administration may propose to impoverish the people to render them as submissive and as abject as the subjects, the boors, or the slaves, in some foreign countries, and to beggar them out of their sturdiness.

Bolingbroke. Dissertation upon Parties, Let. 19.

Patient of contradiction as a child,
Affable, humble, diffident, and mild;
Such was sir Isaac, and such Boyle and Locke:
Your blund'rer as sturdy as a rock.

Cowper. Progress of Errour. STURGEON. Fr. Estourgeon; It. Storiòne ; Low Lat. Sturio, or sturgio; Ger. Stor; Sw. Stoor; A. S. Styria. Gesner derives from Ger. Stoor-en, A. S. Stir-ian, to stir, to move; because it stirs up the mud as it swims.

In old time our auncestours set more store by the stur geon, and it carried the name above all other fishes. He is the only fish that hath the skales growing toward the head: hee swims against the streame. But now adaies there is no such reckoning and account made of him. Holland. Plinie, b. ix. c. 17. STURK. A. S. Styrc, (steer-ic.) A young ox or steer; a young cow or heifer. Lanc. a sturke, (Somner.) See STEER.

The stirkes or yoong beefets vngelded, we either kill yoong for veale, or geld, to the end that they may serue afterward for tillage in earing vp of the ground.

STUT, v.. STUTTER, n. STUTTER, V. STUTTERER.

Holinshed. Description of Scotland, c. 13. The Ger. Stottern, impedite loqui, lingua allidere, Wachter derives from Ger. Stossen, Dut. Stooten, Sw. Stoota, Goth. Stautan, ferire, percutere; to strike against (sc.) with the tongue; and hence,—

To hesitate in utterance or speaking.
To stutter-is in common use.

Her tongue was verye quicke
But she spake somewhat thicke
Her felowe did stammer and stut.

Skellon. Elinour Rumming. Divers we see do stul; the cause may be, (in most) the refrigeration of the tongue; whereby it is less apt to move, and therefore we see, that naturalls do generally stut: and we see that in those that stut if they drink wine moderately,

they stut less, because it heateth; and so we see, that they that stut, do stut more in the first offer to speak, than in continuance; because the tongue is by motion, somewhat heated.-Bacon. Naturall Historie, § 386.

And many stutters (we find) are very cholerick men : choler enducing a driness in the tongue.-Id. Ib.

Thus a learned author informeth us, that some families

at Labloin in Guyen in France do naturally stut and stammer, which he taketh to proceed from the nature of the waters. Fuller. Worthies. Leicestershire.

A stye or stian upon the eye is in A. S. Stigenie, the pres. part. of stig-an.

A sty for hogs is stige, past part. of the same verb,

A raised pen for swine. It. Stia. See Tooke To sty, to go, to go up, (to hie,) to ascend, is very common in old authors.

Steyers, now written Stairs, (qv.)

The Segraue myght not stand, Sir Ion tok the gayn stie. R Brunne, p. 319 And whanne the peple was left, he stiede aloone into an hil for to preie, but whanne the evenyng was come he was there aloone.-Wiclif. Matthew, c. 14.

And he ran bifore, and stighed into a sycomore tree: to se hym, for he was to passe fro themes.-Id. Luk, c. 19.

It is so hie from thens I lie, and the common yerth, there ne is cable in no land maked, that might stretche to me, to drawe me into blisse, ne steyers to steye on is none, so that without recouer endlesse, here to endure I wote well I purueide.-Chaucer. The Testament of Loue, b. i.

With that she loketh, and was ware
Downe fro the skie there came a chare,
The whiche dragons aboute drowe;
And tho she gan hir heade downe bowe,
And vp she stighe, and faire and welle
She drofe forth by chare and whelle

Aboue in the ayre amonge the skies-Gower. Con. A. b. v.

Thanne kynge Phylyp [de Valoys] seynge the boldnesse of the Flemynges, and hou lytell they feryd hym, toke cousayll of his lordes, how he myght cause theyin to discende the hylle, for so longe as they kept the hyll it was iuperdous and perylous to stye towarde theym.

Fabyan. Chronycle, an. 1827

The beast, impatient of his smarting wound
And of so fierce and forcible despight,
Thought with his winges to stye above the ground;
But his late wounded wing unserviceable found.
Spenser. Faerie Queene, b. i. c. 11
And all that preace did round about her swell
To catchen hold of that long chaine, thereby
To climbe aloft, and others to excell;
That was Ambition, rash desire to sty,

And every linck thereof a step of dignity.-Id. Ib. b.li. c.7. Those that are smitten from above upon the head, stie downe and sinke directly, [considunt.]

Holland. Plinie, b. ii. c. 54.

And here you sty me

In this hard rocke, whiles you doe keepe from me
The rest o' th' island.

Shakespeare. The Tempest, Act i. sc. 2.
Within his yard, he mixt
Twelue sties to lodge his heard; and euery sty
Had roome and vse, for fifty swine to lye.

Chapman. Homer. Odyssey, b. xiv.

And they, so perfect is their misery, Not once perceive their foul disfigurement, But boast themselves more comely than before; And all their friends and native home forget, To roll with pleasure in a sensual sty.-Milton. Comus. The marrow of a calfe, incorporat with equall weight of wax and common oile or oile rosat, together with an egge, maketh a soveraigne liniment for the stian or any other hard swellings in the eyelids. Holland. Plinie, b. xxviii. c. 11. Each friend you seek in yon enclosure lies, All lost their form, and habitants of sties.

STYLE, or STILE, n.

STYLE.

STY'LAR.

Pope. Homer. Odyssey, b. x. Fr. Style; It. Stilo; Sp. Estilo; Lat. Stylus; Gr. Ervλos, columna, the instrument, with the point of which they wrote.

A pen or pin; a pillar, a stalk, or stem. Met.-the character, kind, or manner of writing, inscribing, delineating, depicturing; generally, of doing or performing any thing; the manner or course of judicial proceeding.

The manner or form of writing, (sc.) the title or denomination; the appellation, the name. Stylish, is a word in common speech; in good, high, fashionable style.

And I furder beseche that your lordship wil voutsafe in reading therof, to gesse (by change of style) where the renewing of the verse may bee most apparantly thought to begin.-Gascoigne. The Complaynt of Phylomene.

When the wind is southward. she is more subject to belching out flakes of fire (as stulterers use to stammer more when the wind is in that hole )-Howell, b. xxvii. Let. 1. Dut. Styghen, steygen; Ger. Steegen; Sw. Stig-a; A S. Stig-an, Belynus.-Fabyan. Chronycie, c. 31.

STY, v. STY, n.

ascendere, to go up.

STY'ER, OF STI'AN, n. Sty, upon the eyelids, Skinner derives from this verb: but sty for hogs from stipare.

1841

Than syne I haue here shewed unto you the fyne or end of Brenius, I shall now retourne my style unto his brother

Put thou the Greekes deuise againe in use,
Stop by thine eares this syren to beguile,
Seale up those wanton eies of thine, be sure
To lend no eare unto hir flattering stile.

Turbervile. To his Friend T. 11 B

SUA

In this tract of Glocestershire (where to this day many places are styled vineyards) was of ancient time, among other fruits of a fertile soil, great store of vines.

Drayton. Poly-Olbion, s. 14. Note

Ne certes can that friendship long endure,
However gay and goodly be the style,
That doth ill cause or evill end enure;
For vertue is the band that bindeth harts most sure.
Spenser. Faerie Queene, b. iv. c. 2.

"Their issue, which were conqu'rors of this isle,
At Hastings which the Englishmen did tame,
Her natives, graced with the English stile,
To their first country carry back their claim,
Conquest returning whence it lately came.

Drayton. Robert, Duke of Normandy.

He who first made known the use of that contemptible mineral, [iron] may be truly styled the father of arts, and author of plenty.-Locke. Hum. Underst. b. iv c. 12.

Then for the style majestic and divine,
It speaks no less than God in every line;
Commanding words; whose force is still the same
As the first fiat that produc'd our frame.

Dryden. Religio Laici. The style of a flower is a body accompanying the ovary, either arising from the top of it, or standing at an axis in the middle, with embryons of the seeds round it.

Miller. Gardener's Dictionary.

The figure of the stile and seed-vessel, and the number of cells into which it is divided.-Ray. On the Creation, pt.i. At fifty-one and a half degrees, which is London's latitude, make a mark, and laying a ruler to the centre of the plane and to this mark, draw a line for the stilar line.

Moxon.

In these words, you will observe, the great Being who was styled the loving Father of the people, is addressed in the specific character of a teacher; for the expression of sitting at his feet describes the attitude of scholars listening to the lessons of a master.-Bp. Horsley, vol. ii. Ser. 25.

It is the region within which we look for every thing that is sublime in description, tender in sentiment, and bold and lively in expression; and therefore though an author's plan should be faultless, and his story ever so well conducted, yet, if he be feeble, or flat in style, destitute of affecting scenes, and deficient in poetical colouring, he can have no success.-Blair, Lect. 10.

From the centre of the flower rises a style of a triangular form, and obtuse at the end, which is surrounded by six white stamina, whose extremities are yellow. Cook. Third Voyage, b. v. c. 6. STYLE, or A. S. Stigh-el; Dut. Stychel, the STILE. dim. of Sty.

Steps raised to pass over.

"Ye, Goddes armes," quod this riotour,
"Is it swiche peril with him for to mete?

I shal him seke by stile and eke by strete.

SUB

SUA'SION. SUA'SORY. SUA'SIVE.

}

See PERSUADE. suasoire, suasif.

Met. Sweetness.

[He spake much] thirdly of the suavity of their doctrine in the word peace and good things.

Hale. Rem. Let. from the Synod of Dort.

It is certain, that Plato does not only very much commend the Orphick hymns, for their suavity and deliciousness, but also produce some verses out of them, without making any Cudworth. Intellectual System, p. 296. scruple concerning their author.

But the other love which ariseth from the conceit of our

special dearness to God upon insufficient grounds; that goes no further than to some suavities, and pleasant fancies within our selves; and some passionate complements of the image we have set up in our imaginations.

Glanvil, Ser. 1.

But let us leave queen Mab awhile, Through many a gate, o'er many a stile, That now had gotten by this while.

STY'PTICK.

Drayton. Nymphidia. Fr. Styptique; Lat. Stypticus; Gr. ZTUTTIKOS, from σrup-ew, astringere. See the quotation from Plinie.

Among those medicines which they call stypticke or astringent, there is not a better thing than to boile the root of this blackberrie bramble in wine to the thirds.

Holland Plinie, b. ii. c. 13.

lize.

The juice of the stem is like the chyle in an animal body, not sufficiently concocted by circulation, and is commonly sub-acid in all plants.—Arbuthnot. Of Aliments, c. 3.

SUB-ACT, v. I Lat. Sub-igere, subactum, }(sub and ayer, to sunker SUB-A'CTION.

cause to be under, or inferior, or lower. To bring down, to beat down; to reduce, to rebate.

Tangible bodies have no pleasure in the consort of air, but endeavour to subact it into a more dense body. Bacon. Naturall Historie, § 27.

In that long interval there was a powerful Agent subacting, disposing and influencing the massa chaotica, expressed by the Spirit of God moving upon the face of the waters.-Hale. Origin. of Mankind, p. 308.

For the meek spirit is incurious; and so thoroughly subacted, that he takes his load from God (as the camel from his master) upon his knees. Bp. Hall. Of Contentation, § 19. There are of concoction two periods; the one assimilation, or absolute conversion and subaction; the other maturation.-Bacon. Naturall Historie, § 838.

wise.

The care whereof did kindly appertain to those who being suballern magistrates and officers of the crown, were to be employed, as from the prince, so for the people. Sidney. Arcadia, b. iii.

When al Christianitie in the counsell of Constance was diuided into nations, Anglicana Natio was one of the principal) and no subalterne.-Camden. Remaines. Britaine.

The second [question] admitting the duplicity of officers should be continued, yet whether there should not be a difference, that one should not be the principal officer, and Bacon. On the Union of England & Scotland. the other to be but special and subaltern?

Among the dry [materials] I esteem the more principal, and solid, to be the oak, elme, beech, ash, chess-nut, wallnut, &c. the less principal, the service, maple, lime-tree, horn-beam, quick-beam, birch, hasel, &c. together with all their sub-alternate and several kinds.

Evelyn. Sylva, § 3. Introd.

So that woman being created for man's sake to bee his helper, in regard of the end before mentioned, namely, the hauing and bringing vp of children, whereunto it was not possible they could concurre, vnlesse there were subalternation betweene them, which subalternation is naturally grounded vpon inequalitie, because things equall in euery respect are neuer willingly directed one by another. Hooker Ecclesiasticall Politie, b. v. §73.

Love's subalterns, a duteous band,
Like watchmen, round their chief appear:
Each had his lantern in his hand;

And Venus mask'd brought up the rear.

Prior. The Dove.

Both particular and universal propositions which agree in quality, are called subaltern, though these are not properly opposite; as A-Every vine is a tree. I-Some vine is a tree. Or thus: E-No vine is a tree. 0-Some vine is not a tree. Watts. Logic, pt. ii. c. 2. § 3.

A stronger proof cannot be given of the skill and vigilance of our subaltern officers, to whom this share of merit almost entirely belongs.-Cook. Third Voyage, b. vi. c. 11.

By placing Cowley in the first rank of poets, he has in effect degraded him from the subaltern station which he had else preserved unmolested.-Knox. Ess. No. 169.

SUB-A'QUEOUS. Being, lying, under water, (sub aquam.)

The northern naturalists will perhaps say, that this assembly met for the purpose of plunging into their subaqueous winter quarters; but was that the case, they would never escape discovery in a river perpetually fished as the Thames; some of thein must inevitably be brought up in the nets that harass that water.

Pennant. British Zoology. Swallows.

The first who broached this opinion, was Olaus Magnus, Archbishop of Upsal, who very gravely informs us, that these birds are often found in clustered masses at the bottom of the northern lakes, mouth to mouth, wing to wing, foot to foot; and that they creep down the reeds in autumn, to their subaqueous retreats.-Id. Ib.

SUB-ARRA'TION. Low Lat. Sub-arrare. Arrabone, (i. e. vadimonio,) uxorem sibi desponsare, (Du Cange.) See the quotation.

In the old manual for the use of Salisbury, before the minister proceeds to the marriage, he is directed to ask the woman's dowry, viz. the tokens of spousage; and by these

SUB-AIDING. Giving secret or private aid tokens of spousage are to be understood rings, on money, or

or assistance.

And when he had dispos'd in some good train
His home affairs; he counsels how t' advance
His foreign correspondence, with the chain
Of some alliance that might countenance

His greatness, and his quiet entertain.

Which was thought fittest with some match of France,
To hold that kingdom from sub-aiding such,
Who else could not subsist, nor hope so much.
Daniel. Civil War, b. viii.

SUB-AUDITION. Fr. Subaudition; Lat. of the Lower Ages Sub-auditio, subaudire; (Lat. Sub. and audire, to hear.) Cotgrave calls it

"Part of a man's meaning expressed, and the rest understood:" more correctly,-that which is understood or implied from that which is expressed.

F. Will it (manner of explaining right, &c ] enable us to account for what is called Abstraction, and for abstract ideas, whose existence you deny ? H.-I think it will. and, if it must have a name, it should rather be called subaudition than abstraction, though I mean not to quarrel about a title Tooke. Diversions of Purley, pt. ii. c. 2 Being under the heavens, or heavenly things, (sub cœlestia.)

SUB-CELESTIAL.

If there can bee found any decay in the heavens, it will in the course of nature, and discourse of reason consequently follow, that there must of necessity ensue a decay in all those which depend vpon the heavens as likewise on the other side, if there be found no decay in the heavens, the presumption will be strong, that there is no such decay (as is supposed) in these subcaelestiall bodies. Hakewell. Apologie, b. ii. c. 1.

Even he [Solomon] passeth the same sentence of vanity, vexation, and unprofitableness, upon this, as upon all other subcelestial things.-Barrow, vol. iii. Ser. 14.

SUB-CLAVIAN. Fr. Susclavier. Upon the kannel bone, whence, veine susclavière. The second main ascendent branch of the hollow vein, (Cotgrave.) See CLAVICLE.

The liver, though seated on the right side, yet by the subclavian division doth equidistantly communicate its activity unto either arm.-Brown. Vulgar Errours, b. iv. c. 5.

Concerning the difference of matter, in which the subclacian and carotid arteries, upon the different sides of the body, separate themselves from the aorta, Cheselden seems to have thought, that the advantage which the left gain by going off at an angle much more acute than the right, is made up to the right by their going off together in one branch. Paley. Natural Theology, c. 11. SUB-COMMITTEE. A committee under or inferior to another.

Yet by their sequestrators and sub-committees abroad. men for the most part of insatiable hands, and noted disloyalty, those orders were commonly disobeyed. Millon. History of England, b. iii. An inferior or

SUB-CONSTELLATION.

less constellation.

We will not controvert the picture of the seven stars; although if thereby be meant the Pleiades, or subconstellation upon the back of Taurus, with what congruity they are described, either in site or magnitude, in a clear night an ordinary eye may discover, from July unto April.

Brown. Vulgar Errours, b. v. c. 19.
Contracted under,

SUB-CONTRACTED.
or by any one under-a previous contract.
For your claime, faire sisters,

I bare it in the interest of my wife,
'Tis she is sub-contracted to this lord,
And I her husband contradict your banes.
Shakespeare. K. Lear, Act v. sc. 3.

SUB-CONTRARY. That which is contrary in a lower or inferior degree.

The other [number] which surmounteth, and is surmounted by the same part of their extremities, is named Hypenantia, that is to say, sub-contrary.

Holland. Plutarch, p. 850. If they differ in quality and agree in quantity then they are called contrary, or subcontrary. Contrary when they are universal, as, every man is an animal; No man is an animal. Subcontrary, when they are particular, as, some man is an animal; some man is not an animal. Port Royal Logic, pt. ii. c. 4.

If two particular propositions differ in quality they are subcontraries; as,

I-Some vine is a tree. O-Some vine is not a tree. These may be both true together, but they can never be both false.-Watts. Logic, pt. ii. c. 2. § 3.

You come to be promoted here to the holye order of sub- ! deaconrie.-Martin. Marriage of Priests, (1550,) O 2.

Our elders or ministers and deacons (for subdeacons and the other inferiour orders, sometime vsed in popish church we haue not) are made according to a certeine forme of consecration concluded vpon in the time of king Edward the sixt, by the cleargie of England.

Holinshed. Description of England, b. ii. c. 1.

In that employment he was made prebendary of York, and then of Rippon, the dean of which church made him his sub-dean.-Bp. Taylor, vol. iii. Ser. 7.

Being sub-dean, an office to which belongs much of the scholastick government of the college, and soon proved to be the whole, he undertook the entire management of all affairs-Fell. Life of Hammond.

The subdeanery of York, founded anno 1229, has the impropriation of Preston in Holderness. Bacon. Lib. Regis, p. 1102. In like manner he [Gregory] altered the old book in the rubrick, prescribing subdeacons to wear surplices when the litany was sung in processions. Comber. Companion to the Temple, c. 7. § 12. SUB-DERISO'RIOUS. Derisory in a lower or less degree.

This subderisorious mirth is far from giving any offence to us; it is rather a pleasant condiment of our conversation. More. SUB-DIALECT. A lower or inferior dialect; or one descending from another dialect.

There is, besides these sub-dialects of the Italians, Spanish and French, another speech that hath a great stroke in Greece and Turkey, call'd Franco, which may be said to be compos'd of all the three-Howell, b. ii. Let. 69.

SUB-DIVERSIFY, v. To diversify; to make a lower or inferior diversification; descending from one already made.

Take the same wool, for instance, one man felts it into a hat, another weaves it into cloth, another weaves it into kersey or serge, another weaves it into arras; and possibly these variously subdiversified according to the phantasy of the artificer.-Hale. Origin. of Mankind, p. 157. SUB-DIVIDE, v. Į Fr. Sub-diviser; It. SubSUBDIVISION. dividere; Lat. of the Lower

Ages, Sub-dividere.

To divide (sc. any division or part) into lower, less or smaller parts.

For of these manner of rulings by one, by the fewer part, and by the multitude or greater nüber, they which haue more methodically, and more distinctly & perfitly written vpon them, doe make a subdiuision.

Smith. Commonwealth, b. i. c. 1.

If for vast tuns of currants, and of figs,
Of medicinal and aromatic twigs,
Thy leaves a better method do provide,
Divide to pounds, and ounces subdivide.

Donne. Upon Mr. Thos. Coryat's Crudilies. Amongst some men a sect is sufficiently thought to be reproved, if it subdivides and breaks into little fractions, or changes its own opinions.-Bp. Taylor, vol. ii. Ser. 22.

He [Stephen Langton] was the first that divided the whole Bible into chapters, as Robert Stephens, a French-man, that curious critick and painful printer, some six score years since, first subdivided into verses -Fuller. Worthies. Kent.

The Manicheans professed themselves not to have derived this opinion from the Pagans, nor to be a subdivision under them, or schism from them, but a quite different sect by themselves -Cudworth. Intellectual System, p. 223.

It might not be amiss, for the sake of clear and distinct conception, to subdivide literal into its two main branches, as I have here done, into historical and doctrinal. Waterland. Works, vol. vi. p. 4.

In every other art and manufacture, the effects of the division of labour are similar to what they are in this very trifling one, though, in many of them, the labour can neither be so much subdivided, nor reduced to so great a simplicity of operation-Smith. Wealth of Nations, b. i. c. 1.

With respect to myself, as I consist of two parts, a body and a mind, my duty to myself again separates itself into two correspondent subdivisions.-Knox, Ess. 80.

SUB-DO'LOUS. Lat. Sub-dolus, (sub and dolus,) used as equivalent to dolosus,

Cunning, crafty, sly, deceitful.

They are the subtilest, I will not say the most subdolous dealers.-Howell, b. i. Let. 41.

people upon earth.-Id Let. 14. They are accounted the subtilest and most subdolows

As he doth not affect my poor base ends, so he will not defile his fair intentions by sordid means of compassing them; such as are illusive simulations and subdolous artifices, treacherous collusions, &c.-Barrow, vol. i. Ser. 5.

SUBDUCE, v. SUBDUCT, V. SUBDUCTION.

}

Lat. Sub-ducere, sub-ductum, to lead away, to withdraw.

To withdraw; to take away; to subtract. How well might you have thought, our master is not subduced, but risen; had hee beene taken away by others hands, this fine linnen had not beene left behinde.

Bp. Hall. Cont. The Resurrection. For never was the earth so peevish as to forbid the sun when it would shine on it, or to slink away, or subduce itself from its rayes.-Hammond, vol. iv. Ser. 14.

If out of that supposed infinite multitude of antecedent generation, we should by the operation of the understanding

subduce ten, whether we subduct that number of ten out of
the last generations of men, or out of generations a thou-
sand years since, or indeterminately out of the whole col-
lection, certainly the residue must needs be less by ten
than it was before that subduction made.
Hale. Origin, of Mankind, p. 10.

Or nature faild in mee, and left some part
Not proof enough much object to sustain,
Or from my side subducling, took perhaps
More than enough.

Milton. Paradise Lost, b. viii.

Oh that we were not more capable of distrust, then thine omnipotent hand is of weariness and subduction Bp. Hall. Occasional Meditations, § 66.

When God promised Moses, that an angel should go before Israel; and yet, withal, threatened the subduction of his own presence; I marvel not, if the holy man were no less troubled, than if they had been left destitute and guardless.-Id. The Invisible World, b. i. § 4.

For subducting either the benefits commonly indulged to mankind, or those which accrue from the welfare of public society, what possibility will remain of subsistence, of safety, of content unto us? what but confusion, want, violence, and disquiet!-Barrow, vol. i. Ser. 9.

I went to this clandestine lodging, and found, to my amazement, all the ornaments of a fine gentleman, which I know not whether he has taken upon credit, or purchased with money subducted from the shop.-Idler, No. 95.

The Chinese physicians never prescribe bleeding, but allay the heat of the blood by abstinence, diet, and cooling herbs; saying, that, if the pot boil too fast, it is better to subduct the fuel, than lade out the water.

SUBDUE, v.
SUBDU'ABLE.

SUBDU'AL.
SUBDU'ER.
SUBDU'ING, n.

Horne. Essays & Thoughts, No. 18.

Skinner derives from the Lat. Subdere. It may be a corruption of the Fr. Subjuger, to subjugate.

To put, to bring under (sc. SUBDUE'MENT. power, dominion); to bring, or reduce to obedience; to overpower or overcome ; to vanquish; to subjugate, to subject.

[He] woulde make the world wene, that heretikes wer here so many and so strong, that the ordinaries might not nowe dooe theyr dueties in subduyng heresies, withoute greate daunger.-Sir T. More. Workes, p. 962.

Here may ye clerely see, good christen reader, that the holy and blessed apostle Paule with mani other mo, dyd not fast in this place for the subduyng of ye flesh and taming of bodily lustes.-Id. Ib. p. 371.

He was a man of rare redoubted might,
Famous throughout the world for warlike prayse,
And glorious spoiles, purchast in perilous fight;
Full many doughtie knightes he in his dayes
Had doen to death, subdewde in equall frayes.

Spenser. Faerie Queene, b. ii. c. 5.

degree.

Surely, no more can our minds conceive of you, [Spirits] than our eyes can see you: only, since he, that made you, hath given us some little glimpse of your subdivine natures, properties, operations, let us weakly as we may, recount them to his glory in yours. Bp. Hall. Invisible World, b. i. s. 2.

More. Philosophical Writings, Pref. Gen. And I haue seen thee As hot as Perseus, spurre thy Phrygian steed, And seene thee scorning forfeits and subduments, When thou hast hung thy aduanced sword i' th' syre. Shakespeare. Troyl. & Cres. Act iv. sc. 5.