1040-1043. Their Conquest of Apulia, 1049-1054. League of the Pope and the two Empires, 1053. Expedition of Pope Leo IX. against the Normans,. Origin of the Papal Investitures to the Normans, 1054-1080. His Ambition and Success,.. 1060. Duke of Apulia,.................. His Italian Conquests, School of Salerno,... Trade of Amalphi, 1060-1090. Conquest of Sicily by Count Roger, 1081. Robert invades the Eastern Empire, Siege of Durazzo,· ....... ...... The Army and March of the Emperor Alexius,. 1082. Durazzo taken,. Return of Robert, and Actions of Bohemond, Flies before Robert,. 1084. Second Expedition of Robert into Greece,. .... 1148, 1149. The Emperor Manuel repulses the Normans, ...... ....... 1155-1174. His Design of acquiring Italy and the Western Empire.. 49 THE RKS OF THE HOUSE OF SELJUK.. THEIR REVOLT AGAINST MAHMUD .... 1038-1063. Reign and Character of Togrul Beg, ....... 997-1028. Mahmud the Gaznevide, His twelve Expeditions into Hindostan, 980-1028. Manners and Emigration of the Turks, or Turkmans,....505 1038. They defeat the Gaznevides, and subdue Persia,. 1050. The Turks invade the Roman Empire, 1063-1072. Reign of Alp Arslan,...... 1065-1068. Conquest of Armenia and Georgia, 1068-1071. The Emperor Romanus Diogenes, Captivity and Deliverance of the Emperor, 072. Death of Alp Arslan, Division of the Seljukian Empire, The Seljukian Kingdom of Roum, 638-1099. State and Pilgrimage of Jerusalem, 1096, 1097. March of the Princes to Constantinople,. Policy of the Emperor Alexius Comnenus, March through the Lesser Asia,. THE HISTORY OF THE DECLINE AND FALL OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. CHAPTER XLIX. INTRODUCTION, WORSHIP, AND PERSECUTION REVOLT OF ITALY AND ROME. OF IMAGES. TEMPORAL DOMINION OF CONQUEST OF ITALY BY THE FRANKS. ES THE POPES. OF CHARLEMAGNE. -- CHARACTER AND CORONATION RESTORATION AND DECAY OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE IN THE WEST. — INDEPENDENCE OF ITALY. CONSTITUTION OF THE GERMANIC BODY. IN the connection of the church and state, I have considered the former as subservient only, and relative, to the latter; a salutary maxim, if in fact, as well as in narrative, it had ever been held sacred. The Oriental philosophy of the Gnostics, the dark abyss of predestination and grace, and the strange transformation of the Eucharist from the sign to the substance of Christ's body, I have purposely abandoned to the curiosity of speculative divines. But I have reviewed, with diligence and pleasure, the objects of ecclesiastical history, by which 66 The learned Selden has given the history of transubstantiation in a comprehensive and pithy sentence: This opinion is only rhetoric turned into logic," (his Works, vol. iii. p. 2073, in his Table-Talk.) 1 VOL. V. the decline and fall of the Roman empire were malerially affected, the propagation of Christianity, the constitution of the Catholic church, the ruin of Paganism, and the sects that arose from the mysterious controversies concerning the Trinity and incarnation. At the head of this class, we may justly rank the worship of images, so fiercely disputed in the eighth and ninth centuries; since a question of popular superstition produced the revolt of Italy, the temporal power of the popes, and the restoration of the Roman empire in the West. The primitive Christians were possessed with an unconquerable repugnance to the use and abuse of images; and this aversion may be ascribed to their descent from the Jews, and their enmity to the Greeks. The Mosaic law had severely proscribed all representations of the Deity; and that precept was firmly established in the principles and practice of the chosen people. The wit of the Christian apologists was pointed against the foolish idolaters, who bowed before the workmanship of their own hands; the images of brass and marble, which, had they been endowed with sense and motion, should have started rather from the pedestal to adore the creative powers of the artist.2 Perhaps some recent and imperfect converts of the Gnostic tribe might crown the statues of Christ and St. Paul with the profane honors which they paid to those of Aristotle and Pythagoras; 3 but the public religion of the Catholics was uniformly simple and spiritual; and the first notice of the use of pictures is in the censure of the council of Illiberis, three hundred years after the Christian æra. der the successors of Constantine, in the peace and luxury of the triumphant church, the more prudent bishops condescended to indulge a visible superstition, for the benefit of the multitude, and, after the ruin of Paganism, they were no longer restrained by the apprehension of an odious parallel. The first introduction of a symbolic worship was in the veneration of the cross, and of relics. The saints and martyrs, whose inter Un 'Nec intelligunt homines ineptissimi, quôd si sentire simulacra et moveri possent, adoratura hominem fuissent à quo sunt expolita. (Divin. Institut. 1. ii. c. 2.) Lactantius is the last, as well as the most eloquent, of the Latin apologists. Their raillery of idols attacks not only the object, but the form and matter. See Irenæus, Epiphanius, and Augustin, (Basnage, Hist. des Eglises Reformées, tom. ii. p. 1313.) This Gnostic practice has a singular affinity with the private worship of Alexander Severus, (Lam.pridius, 29. Lardrer, Heathen Testimonies, vol. iii. p. 34.) |