shoulders." Cervix is properly the back part of the neck merely, but here, from the force of the plural, it stands for the neck and shoulders combined.-Antæum. Antæus, son of earth, was invincible so long as he remained in contact with his mother earth. Hercules, discovering the source of his strength, lifted him up into the air, and crushed him while thus separated from his parent.

mas.

89-100. Sed illis creditur. "But credence is given to those fellows alone." Supply tantum.—Nec tamen Antiochus, &c. Antiochus, Stratocles, Demetrius, and Hæmus were all celebrated actors of the day, and natives of Greece. But, though famous at Rome, they would be nothing in their own country, since the whole Grecian nation is one pack of actors, and the representing of assumed characters is nothing new for them.-Illic. "There (in their own land)."-Natio comoda est. "The whole nation belongs to comedy," i. e., it is all one broad farce; the people are all actors, without a particle of truth or sincerity in their nature.-Rides. What would have been the protasis if this had been expressed as a conditional sentence, is stated as a fact; and what would have been the apodosis is added as an independent clause.—Meliore. "Far more hearty.”—Lacry"A tear or two."-Nec dolet. "And yet he feels no real sorrow."-Accipit endromidem. "He puts on his great-coat." The endromis, as already remarked, was a thick, coarse cloak, worn after gymnastic exercises, and also in the winter, to prevent catching cold.-Pares. "Fairly matched."-Melior. "He is a better hand at the business," i. e., of flattering.-A facie. We have adopted here the reading of one of the best MSS., as recommended by Markland, and given by Jahn. The parasite is represented as regulating his every expression of countenance by that of his patron. Athenæus (vi., 12, § 54, p. 249, A) makes mention of one Cleisophus, who used to make a wry face whenever Philip tasted any pungent dish. Plutarch compares such a flatterer to a polypus, or to a mirror which reflects all images from without. (Plut., de Ad. et Am., 8, p. 53, A.) The common text reads alienum, placing a comma after vultum, and connects A facie with jactare manus. The reference will then be to what we call kissing the hand, and will denote respect and obsequious reverence. The superiority of the other reading, however, is manifest at first view. Jactare manus is "to throw up the hands in admiration." (Mayor, ad loc.)-Laudare. "To praise the other's every act."-Scire volunt, &c. This line is a feeble one, and regarded as spurious by some editors. Others consider it out of place.

101-106. Transi gymnasia. "Pass over to their very schools of

philosophy." Some render this, "Pass by their gymnasia,” i. e., let us say nothing of their schools of exercise, and of the ordinary herd of Greeks, whom these may be said to represent, but let us turn to a graver crime. This explanation, however, has very little, if any thing, to recommend it.-Facinus majoris abollæ. "A crime of the larger cloak," i. e., a crime committed by one of their philosophers himself. The ordinary abolla was a kind of short cloak, not differing materially from the sagum, and fastened by a brooch under the neck or upon the top of the shoulder. It was originally worn by the military, but subsequently by all classes. The major abolla, however, was a species of large cloak, or wrapper, worn more especially by philosophers, and hence is here taken figuratively for the philosopher himself, the garment for the person who wore it.-Stoicus. P. Egnatius Celer is meant, a follower of the Stoic sect in the time of Nero, who gave false evidence against Bareas Soranus, a most exemplary man, upon which the latter was capitally convicted. Egnatius received large rewards from the emperor. What made the conduct of Egnatius the more atrocious was, that he belonged to a sect which prided itself on its strict code of morals, and that he had been the client, and intimate friend, and philosophic teacher of his victim.-Occidit. "Killed," i. e., by his false accusations. — Discipulumque. Ritter (Philologus, v. 567, seq.) conjectures Discipulamque, making the reference to be, not to Soranus, but to his daughter Servilia, who was put to death with her parent.— Ripa nutritus in illa, &c. "Though reared on that bank," &c., i. e., though reared in the philosophic schools of Tarsus. The allusion is to the bank of the River Cydnus, in Cilicia, where stood the city of Tarsus, famed for its schools of philosophy. According to the legend, the winged horse Pegasus lost a hoof (rapσós) here, whence the name of the city. Juvenal, following a different account from the ordinary one, makes Pegasus to have dropped here a "wing-feather" merely. Commentators find a great difficulty here, because Dio Cassius makes Egnatius to have been a native of Berytus, in Phonicia, not of Tarsus; and hence, in order to reconcile Juvenal's account with that of the legend respecting the origin of this latter city, they make ripa in the text embrace the idea of the whole coast of southern Asia Minor and Phoenicia! Others, again, suppose the poet to be speaking, not of Tarsus, but of Thebes or of Corinth. The whole difficulty disappears, however, if we only bear in mind that nutritus does not necessarily imply natus, and that Egnatius, though born at Berytus, might very well have been reared and educated at Tarsus.

Gorgonei caballi. The winged horse Pegasus sprang from Medusa after her head had been struck off by Perseus. His sire was Neptune, who had appeared unto the Gorgon in the form of a horse or a bird. Juvenal shows his contempt for every thing Grecian by applying the term caballus, which properly means a pack-horse, to the winged steed of the Muses.

107-112. Protogenes, &c. These names are most probably fictitious. The common text gives the third one as Erimarchus, for which we have substituted Hermarchus, with the best recent editions, as a more genuine Greek form. The name Hermarchus occurs in Cicero, where the old editions, less correctly, give Hermachus. -Gentis vitio. "From the inherent vice of his race."-Solus habet. "Keeps him entirely to himself.”—Facilem. "Too ready."-De veneno. The employment here of de veneno for the genitive veneni is meant to imply an abundant stock of venom, from which a portion is taken.-Submoveor. "I am gradually dislodged." Observe the force of sub in composition.-Tempora. "The recompenses." Put for fructus temporum, as Heinrich remarks.-Serviti. A very graphic term for the toilsome and ill-requited attendance of the client upon his haughty patron.-Nusquam. Supply quam Roma.— Minor. "Of less account." The loss is soon supplied by some flattering Greek.

113-117. Quod porro officium, &c. "Besides, not to flatter ourselves, what service or what merit can come from the poor man here, even though he make it his earnest care," &c., i. e., to tell the plain and humiliating truth, what service can the poor man render, what merit can he plead, even though he be zealous enough, &c.— Nocte. "While it is still dark,” i. e., even before the break of day. The levees of the rich and powerful were held early in the morning. Togatus. The clients were expected to wait upon their patron in full attire, of which the toga formed the most conspicuous part.-Cum Prætor, &c. The poor man stands no chance of being noticed, when even the higher magistrates are hastening on the same errand, and are treading, as it were, on the heels of the lictor, who cannot go fast enough to please them. The Prætor Urbanus, or City Prætor, is meant, and by collega, farther on, the Prætor Peregrinus.-Lictorem. The prætor originally had six lictors, but subsequently he was attended by two lictors within the city, and by six without.-Dudum vigilantibus orbis. "Childless matrons having long since been awake," i. e., having long since been up and expecting morning calls.-Ne prior Albinam, &c. The contest between these two worthies is, which shall have the better chance of being named in the wills of these rich dowagers.

118-120. Da testem Romæ. "Produce me a witness at Rome." We have here a new ground of complaint on the part of Umbritius. The truth of a man's testimony is estimated at Rome, not by the goodness of his character, but by the amount of his wealth.-Hospes numinis Idæi. "The host of the Idæan divinity," i. e., of Cybele, who is here called "Idæan," from Mount Ida, an early seat of her worship. The individual meant is P. Scipio Nasica. When the Romans, during the second Punic war, brought the image of Cybele from Pessinus to Rome, the oracle at Delphi directed them to place the goddess in the hands of the most virtuous man (optimus vir) in the state; or, to adopt Livy's language (xxix., 11), “Ut eam, qui vir optimus Romæ esset, hospitio exciperet." The Senate thereupon decided that Nasica was the most virtuous citizen in the state, and he was therefore sent, along with the Roman matrons, to Ostia, where the vessel lay that had conveyed the image to Italy. Scipio, having received the statue from the priests who had charge of it, conveyed it to the land, where it was placed in the hands of the matrons, who brought it to Rome, and placed it in the temple of Victory on the Palatine Hill. (Liv., xxix., 14).—Vel qui servavit, &c. L. Cæcilius Metellus, who, in B.C. 241, rescued the Palladium when the temple of Vesta was in flames, but lost his sight in consequence. Trepidam. Trembling, not at the approach of the flames, but at the defiling contact of mortal hands.

In

121-127. Protenus ad censum. "The question is first asked as to his income." Supply quæritur. -Jugera. Commonly rendered "acres," and this version will answer for ordinary purposes. strictness, however, the jugerum was less than two thirds of an English acre.-Paropside. "A side-dish." The paropsis was employed for serving up the smaller and more exquisite portions of a meal, like the French entrée. Hence the inquiry in the text is the same, in fact, as "What sort of table does he keep?"- Fidei. "Credit as regards his oath."-Samothracum et nostrorum. the Samothracian and our own country's gods." The Samothracian divinities were the Cabiri. Samothrace was a small island in the northern part of the Ægean Sea, opposite the mouth of the Hebrus, in Thrace.-Dis ignoscentibus ipsis. The gods, instead of punishing his perjury, excuse him on account of the temptations to which he is exposed by his destitute condition. "His

"Of

129-140. Hic idem. This same poor fellow."-Lacerna. cloak." The lacerna was a loose kind of cloak or mantle, open in front, and fastened by a buckle or brooch under the throat. It was, moreover, sufficiently ample to be worn over the toga or any other

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garment, and had a hood, which could be raised over the head so as to conceal the features, or avoid the sight of any unpleasant object. Sordidula. "Is somewhat soiled." Rupta pelle patet. "Gapes with its upper leather burst."-Vel si consuto, &c. The poet's language here is humorously metaphorical. By vulnere is meant the rupture of the shoe, and by cicatrix the awkward "seam" on the cobbled patch, exhibiting to view the coarse thread in the new-made stitches. - Inquit. "Exclaims the superintendent of seats." Supply designator. This functionary was somewhat like the modern door-keeper of a theatre. Every seat was numbered, the space allotted to each being marked by a line drawn on each side of it, and the billet of admission (tessera theatralis) specified the number of the seat which the person was to occupy, and which was shown to him by the designator when he entered the theatre.— Pulvino equestri. In B.C. 68, the tribune L. Roscius Otho carried a law which regulated the places in the theatre to be occupied by the different classes of Roman citizens, and which enacted, in particular, that fourteen rows of benches should be assigned to the equestrian order.— Cujus res legi, &c. The amount of an equestrian fortune was 400,000 sesterces, and a person not having this was excluded from the fourteen rows. Bankrupts lost their seats. Many persons, moreover, belonging to the equites, whose estates were impaired, feared to take their seats, until Augustus ordained that no eques, whose father or himself had at any time possessed 400,000 sesterces, should be liable to the penalties of the law. (Suet., Aug., 14.)—Et sedeant hic. The designator's speech is taken up by Umbritius, and continued with indignant irony.

Lenonum pueri, &c. Men of the vilest origin or character now take the equestrian seats, if they have but the requisite sum to constitute an equestrian fortune.-Nitidi præconis. "Of some spruce crier."-Inter pinnirapi cultos juvenes, &c. "Amid the smartly-dressed youths of some feather-snatcher, and the scions of some lanista." The term pinnirapus properly means any gladiator matched with a Samnite or Thracian, each of whom wore feathers (pinnæ) in their helmets, which it was the object of their opponent to "snatch away." Hence the name given them, from pinna and rapio.—Lanistæ. The lanista was the keeper of a gladiatorial school.—Sic libitum vano, &c. According to Umbritius, the law of Otho was prompted by mere caprice on the part of a vain and frivolous man.—Qui nos distinxit. "Who made distinctions between us."

141-144. Quis gener hic placuit, &c. Another evil attendant upon poverty at Rome, the disadvantages, namely, under which men of

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