obolus, which, according to the Greek legend, was Charon's regular fare. The coin was always placed in the mouth of the corpse. 249-258. Respice nunc alia, &c. We have now a lively and faithful picture of the evils incident to the night, which will suit all large cities not sufficiently protected by a night-police.—Quod spatium, &c. "What a space it is from lofty roofs (to the ground).”—Testa. "The potsherd," i. e., some piece of broken pottery. Curta. "Chipped."-Quanto percussum, &c. "With what a weight they actually mark and indent the flinty pavement where stricken by them," i. c., wherever they strike. From the force with which they strike the flinty pavement, you may judge, a fortiori, of the little chance which your head would have.-Ignavus. "Remiss."-Ca sus. "Accident."-Adeo tot fata, & c. "So clear it is that there are just so many chances of death," &c.-Vigiles. "Wakeful," i. e., where the inmates are awake inside.-Patulas defundere pelves. "To pour down merely what the broad basins contain," i. e., and not to throw down the basins along with it. There is a title in the Digest (ix., 3), "De his qui effuderint vel dejecerint." 259-266. Ebrius ac petulans, &c. A vivid picture is now presented of the wanton insults to which the poor were exposed from the midnight frolics of drunken rakes and bullies. Nero was one of the first of these disturbers of the public quiet. Under shelter of his example, private persons took the opportunity of annoying passengers in the streets by night.-Qui nullum forte cecidit. "Who has chanced as yet to give no one a beating.”—Dat pœnas. "Suffers the penalty for this," i. e., by not being able to sleep. He accounts it a sad night's sport unless he has given some one a threshing, and therefore cannot sleep for pure vexation.—Amicum. Patroclus.— Ergo non aliter, &c. This must be regarded as a question on the part of the poet, not of Umbritius. But the whole line is probably spurious, and might be omitted without any injury to the sense.— Improbus. "Reckless."-Coccina lana, &c. The scarlet cloak, the long train of attendants bearing torches, and the lamps, probably of Corinthian brass, carried immediately before him, all mark the rich nobleman, and teach the midnight brawler discretion.—Multum præterea flammarum. "Many a blazing torch too." - · Aënea. A quadrisyllable, as required by the metre, unless we read atque ænea. 267-276. Deducere. "To escort on my way." The technical word for the clients' attendance on their patrons.-Candela. The candle consists of a rope dipped in wax or pitch.-Dispenso et tempero. "I parcel out and economize." Only a certain portion of the wick, and that a very small one, is to be allowed for going a certain distance.-Proœmia. "The prelude,” i. e., the way in which it begins. Stat contra. "He takes his station full in front."-Fortior. "Stronger than yourself."-Aceto. "Vinegar," i. e., sour wine.-Conche. Beans boiled in the shell, a common dish among the poorer people, and which was very filling.-Sectile porrum. Chopped leek." There were two kinds of leek, the sectile and capitatum, of which the former was the coarser sort.-Vervecis. Sheep's heads were among the parts given away to the poor at the Saturnalia and other festivals. 66 277-281. Ede, ubi consistas. "Tell me where you take your stand." Implying that he was one of the regular fraternity of beggars.-In qua proseucha. "In what Jewish praying-house." This is said contemptuously, as if the poor man were not only a beggar, but (what was worse) a vagabond Jew. The proseuchæ (πрoσενxaí) were Jewish oratories, or houses of prayer, usually built without the walls of a city, by the river or sea side.-Si tentes. For sive tentes. -Tantundem est. ""Tis all one."-Pariter. "Equally in either event."-Vadimonia faciunt. "Make you give bail for the assault." They pretend to be the party aggrieved, and insist on your finding bail for the alleged assault. Consult, as regards vadimonia, the note on line 159.-Pugnis concisus. "Cut up with fisticuffs."-Adorat. "Supplicates." 283-288. Nec tamen hæc tantum metuas. Now come the dangers from robbers.-Deerit. To be pronounced as a dissyllable.—Clausis domibus, &c. All the houses being shut up, and the shops closed, there is no help to be had.-Omnis ubique, &c. "Every fastening of the chained shop has every where become fixed and silent." Literally, "every fixed fastening, &c., has become silent." The shutters were fastened by a strong iron chain running through each.Agit rem. "Does your business."-Armato quoties, &c. When the banditti became so numerous in any spot as to render travelling dangerous, it was usual to detach a party of military from the capital to scour their retreats, the inevitable consequence of which was that they escaped in vast numbers to Rome, where they continued to exercise their old trade with probably more security than before. -Pomtina palus. "The Pontine marshes." This was the name of a low marshy plain on the coast of Latium, between Circeii and Terracina, said to have been so called from an ancient town Pontia, which disappeared at an early period. The plain is about 24 miles long, and from 8 to 10 miles in breadth. The marshes are formed chiefly by the rivers Nymphæus, Ufens, Amasenus, and some smaller streams, which, instead of finding their way to the sca, spread over this plain. Hence the plain is converted into a vast number of marshes, the miasma arising from which is exceedingly unwholesome in summer. Gallinaria pinus. "The Gallinarian pine forest." A forest on the coast of Campania, occupying the sandy shore which extends from the mouth of the Vulturnus toward Cuma. It was a favourite resort of banditti, and was, in consequence, often guarded by bands of soldiery. Strabo speaks of it as a forest of brushwood, but, from Juvenal's language, it is evident that there was also a wood of tall pine-trees, such as grow luxuriantly on many of the sandy shores of Italy.-Tanquam ad vivaria. "As unto some vast preserve." Ob serve here the force of the plural. Vivarium is a very general term for any place in which beasts, fowls, fish, or any kind of animals were kept alive, either for the purposes of gain or pleasure. 66 290-295. Qua fornace graves, &c. Though there is no forge or anvil but rings with the clank of chains, yet all is ineffectual for the suppression of crime. The regular prose order would be, Qua fornace, qua incude, non graves catena?-Catena. Supply conficiuntur or fabricantur.-Modus. Quantity." Supply consumitur.-Marræ et sarcula. "Mattocks and hoes." The former of these words still exists in both Italian and Spanish; and in French, marre denotes the hoe used in vineyards. From sarculum comes, through the French, the English verb "sarcle," to weed corn.—Proavorum atavos. "Our forefathers of early times." The order is, Pater, avus, proavus, abavus, atavus, tritavus. He means, therefore, eight generations back at least.-Tribunis. The military tribunes with consular power were first appointed B.C. 444, sixty-five years after the abolition of the regal government; and the tribunes of the commons sixteen years after the same event.-Uno carcere. This prison was built by Ancus Martius (Liv., i., 33). dungeon, called from him Tullianum. Servius Tullius added the The next prison was built by Appius Claudius the Decemvir. (Liv., iii., 57.) 296-303. His alias poteram, &c. "To these I might have subjoined other and more numerous reasons (for leaving Rome)." Observe the employment of poteram here in the imperfect indicative, to denote what might have been done, but is not done (Madvig, § 348, Obs. 1).—Sed jumenta vocant. The wagon, as soon as it was loaded, set out and overtook Umbritius; and now it was waiting to depart.-Nam mihi commota, &c. "For the muleteer has long since been giving me a hint by smacking his whip.”—Tuo Aquino. “To thy native Aquinum." Aquinum, Juvenal's native place, was situate in the territory of the Volsci, on the Via Latina, between Fabra 2 Romans flad ng nam. teria and Casinum, and about four miles from the left bank of the Liris. Ceres and Diana were especially worshipped here.-Helvi"The Helvine." Ceres was so called, from the "yellow (helvus) colour" of the ears of corn. Helvus is akin to gilvus, "dun,” in etymology and signification. Compare the German gelb, "yellow," and the Sanscrit gaur.-Ni pudet illas. "Unless they are ashamed (of my poor aid)." Supply, with Ruperti, auxilii mei.— Caligatus. "Fully equipped," i. e., for a campaign against the vices of the city. Caligatus literally means "wearing soldiers' shoes." Compare note on line 229.-Gelidos agros. Aquinum was rendered "cool" by its hills, woods, and streams. SATIRE IV. ARGUMENT. No vicious man can be happy, least of all the profligate Crispinus, though his wealth be such that he can lavish the price of an estate upon a fish, an instance of self-indulgence in the parasite which prepares us for any extravagance on the part of the monarch his patron. In Domitian's reign, a rhombus of very large size, fully equalling the Byzantine, was taken off Ancona. As such a prize would else be seized by the informers, who swarmed even on the coast, the fisherman destines it for Cæsar, and, though the season is winter, hurries with it, as though afraid it may become tainted. At the Alban villa he finds ready admission. He begs the emperor to accept the fish as one reserved for his times, and eager for the honour of being served up at his table. Gross as this flattery is, Domitian welcomes it. But where find a dish capacious enough to contain the fish? This is a point for a council of state to determine. A, council is accordingly summoned. The individuals called to consultation are then described, and the farce ends with the advice of Montanus being followed, who recommends that a dish be made for the purpose, since it were a dishonour to such a fish not to be served up whole. The council is then dismissed, having been convoked in as headlong haste as though some war had broken out. Yet it had been well for Rome if, engrossed by such follies, Domitian had wanted time for the murder of her nobles, whom, moreover, he might have destroyed with impunity if he had not alarmed also men of ignoble origin for their own safety From the concluding verses, we learn that this satire was composed after the death of Domitian, September 18, A.D. 96. (Mayor.) 1-9. Ecce iterum Crispinus. "See! Crispinus again makes his appearance." Supply adest. He has already been mentioned in Sat. i., 25.-Ad partes. "To play his part." A metaphor borrowed from the stage, where the actor is called when it is his turn to appear.-Nulla virtute. "By not a single virtue." Nulla for ne ulla quidem.-Eger, solaque, &c. "Enfeebled (by debauchery) in body and mind, and strong in libidinous desire alone.—Quantis porticibus. "Beneath how large porticoes." The luxurious Romans built long covered ways in their grounds, that they might not be deprived of their exercise in bad weather.—Quanta nemorum, &c. The allusion is now to the being borne along in a lectica through shady groves.-Vicina foro. Land in the immediate vicinity of the forum was of course exorbitantly dear.-Edes. "Houses in the same quarter." Supply, mentally, vicinas foro.-Corruptor et idem incestus. “A seducer and one guilty at the same time of incest." Such was the respect for religion, that the seducer of a Vestal virgin was considered guilty of incest.-Vittata. Priests and priestesses wore fillets around the head.-Jacebat. "Forgot her vow.”Sanguine adhuc vivo. "With the blood still living in her veins." A Vestal who forgot her vow was buried alive in the Campus Sceleratus, just within the city walls, close to the Colline gate. Whether the Vestal alluded to in the text actually suffered is doubtful, but Domitian did put Cornelia and some others to death in this way. 10-13. Sed nunc, &c. "But now we are dealing with lighter acts of delinquency." Supply agimus.-Caderet sub judice morum. "He would have fallen under the cognizance of the judge of public morals," i. e., he would have been punished by an imperial censor. The emperors were the Magistri Morum, or superintendents of public morals, discharging in this respect the functions of the earlier censors. Domitian is here meant as the judex morum.-Titio Seioque. "A Titius and Seius, for instance." Titius and Seius (Lucius Titus, Caius Seius) were fictitious personages, like our "John Doe and Richard Roe," and, like them, inserted in all law processes. Compare Plutarch, Quæst. Rom., 30.-Quid agas. "What are you to do with such a fellow ?"-Persona. "His very person." The idea appears to be this: What signifies satirizing such a wretch as |