supported that system. For valuable suggestions regarding the process of reasoning, particular acknowledgments are due to Mr. Herbert Spencer, who, in his Principles of Psychology,' has given an admirable exposition of the nature of the reasoning process. The author has no intention to deprecate criticism of any of the doctrines which he has attempted to establish. The only consideration which he wishes to urge upon the critic is that the book has been written with considerable haste, in order to secure its publication within a certain limited time. And, therefore, there are probably many details which would be altered if a somewhat longer time had been allowed before giving the work a final revision previous to publication. THE ELEMENTS OF THE PSYCHOLOGY OF COGNITION. CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION. SECTION I. SOURCES AND ARRANGEMENT. § 1. THE Psychology of Cognition forms an important part of the philosophy of the human mind, cognition being one of the three great classes of phenomena which, according to the generally accepted division, constitute the mind. The remaining two classes may be designated the Feelings and the Voluntary Activities. These, however, will not come under our special consideration, except in so far as they are involved in the first class of phenomena. Cognition is a general name which we may apply to all those mental states in which there is made known in consciousness either some affection or activity of the mind itself, or some external quality or object. The B CHAP. I. Classificacharacter of cognition. tion and CHAP. I. SECT. I. No actual Psychology of Cognition analyses knowledge into its primary elements, and seeks to ascertain the nature and laws of the processes through which all our knowledge passes in progressing from its simplest to its most elaborate condition. It is necessary for separation scientific purposes to classify mental phenomena, of mental phenomena but it must be borne in mind that in actual conpossible. sciousness there is no possibility of separating the one from the other, and it is frequently difficult to determine to what class a particular phenomenon belongs. In the earliest or simplest stage of knowledge it is perhaps difficult to say whether the phenomenon should be classed as a Feeling or a Cognition; and, consequently, it will be necessary in this treatise to consider all those primary elements, of whatever character, which enter as constituent parts into our matured knowledge. Sources of knowledge § 2. The materials which we shall require in the regarding systematic exposition of our subject are drawn from various sources, but especially the following: the mind. Conscious ness. Physical It a. Examination and analysis of consciousness. This is the power which every individual possesses of becoming aware of the various feelings and other phenomena which are experienced in his mind. is the only power by which these phenomena can be directly known or studied, and, consequently, in every system of philosophy it must be appealed to as an authoritative revelation of mental facts. b. The anatomy and physiology of the physical organism. organism. Without entering into disputed questions, it is universally admitted that the powers of the |