were men who proclaimed that 'they had overcome the world, being in it but no longer of it, had realised 'a peace passing all understanding' and found 'strength to do all things' in the consciousness of an indwelling presence deeper than their self-consciousness-verily a state of evdaμovía in the highest sense; for the guiding 'genius' that inspired this new life was, they believed, divine'. And their lives confirmed their profession, whatever we may think of the mysterious and seemingly mystical source to which they appealed. They were superior to the weakness of the flesh, the fear of men and the temporal anxieties that hold so many in bondage, leading perhaps to the 'self-loathing and selfdespair' from which this new 'birth' is the deliverance. Thus, for these religious geniuses at any rate, 'the divided self' ceased to be, and the inner peace and unity they professed to have found, appeared in its stead. With a single eye and a single aim their whole being seemed full of light and joy. At one in mind and will with the ground of all reality and the source of all good, as they conceived it, what had they to fear, whoever might be against them? They stood fast, strenuously devoted through life and faithful in death to the widest, deepest and highest that they knew, or indeed-when all is said and done-that it has entered into the heart of man to conceive. Reaching by subjective selection to the supreme in the scale of values, we must regard them as so far attaining to the highest rank as personalities; their world was circumscribed by no selfish interests, since they loved God, in whom and by whom and for whom were all things. As regards unity, stability and originality there seems nothing beyond: no further crises, only progression. It detracts in no wise from this living by faith-we must emphatically maintainthat its so-called God-consciousness may be epistemologically unverifiable. We are for the present concerned exclusively with the psychological facts, and these seem to be beyond question. It is also pointless to rejoin, as some doubtless may be inclined to do: No, they are not facts, they are at the best only rare and beautiful ideals. But there are no more important psychological facts-especially when character is in question-than the ideals or values that determine conduct. Though the highest is the hardest to attain, yet the difficulties lie not in circumstances but
1 Cf. above, § 3, p. 450. On Eudaemonism and Personality, cf. Professor James Seth's Study of Ethical Principles, 1894, ch. iii.
in self, but just on that account is the religious genius the most instructive for us in studying personality1.
We have now, it is to be hoped, made clear, so far as our limits allow, that the development of personality is the central fact in the formation of character-a fact which brings characterology into line with general psychology. The concrete individual's character is reflected in his microcosm-' an objective differentiation progressing on subjectively determined lines,' in accordance, that is to say, with the individual's pragmatic valuation not with any colourless and impersonal contemplation. Many other topics essential to a complete characterology have been incidentally referred to; but a fuller discussion of these would carry us far beyond such an outline of psychological principle as is here attempted. Upon one point only it is needful to insist-all such topics must be regarded in the light of the one organic whole on which their meaning and their value depends, viz., the creative synthesis which reveals and must perfect personality.
Von der Gewalt, die alle Wesen bindet
Befreit der Mensch sich, der sich überwindet.
1 Cf. Spinoza's Ethics, Bk. v. prop. xlii.
Abstraction, 190 fin., 298, 300, 304, 305,
333 fin.
Accommodation, 84, 268, 278
Action, 20, 21, 51 ff.; 'secondarily auto-
matic,' 52, 244, 249; 'tonic,' 53; pur-
posive, 279 ff.; immanent and transeunt,
343; spontaneous and voluntary, 404;
see also Conation
Activity, 28, 344
Actuality, 161 f.
'After-images' or After-sensations, 174
Algedonic character, 89
Allocheiria, 148 n.
Altruism, 393 ff.
Analysis, general, of experience, ch. ii,
summary, 55-9; psychological and
psychical, distinguished, 105 n.; and
synthesis compared, 409 f.
Anlage, 427 fin.; its meaning, 428 f.; and
temperament, 435; and body, 440 n.,
Apathy, emotional, cases of, 274 f.; as
neutral state, 278 fin.
Apperception, 67, 68, 93 n., 308-12;
transcendental unity of, 377
Apperception-mass, 96, 97
Appetite, 279
Appreciation, 386 f.
ARISTOTLE, his De Anima, 2-6; his con-
ception of opуavov, 2 f.; of voûs, 4 f.;
his doctrine of the mean,' 89 n.; his
doctrine of feeling, 264
Assimilation, 82 f., 142 f., 183 f.; distinct
from association, 83; H. Spencer on, 83
Association, 69, 83, 168, 178, 191-8; its
relation to assimilation, 83, 185 f.; in-
separable A., 184; contiguous (see Con-
tiguity); of similars (see Similarity); not
regressive, 193, 197 n., 215; external
and internal, 195 f.; experiments con-
cerning, 230-5; mediate, experiments
concerning, 235-8; age and strength
of, 240 ff.
Associationism, see Presentationism
'Atomism,' see Psychology, atomistic
Attention, 49, 57, 61-73; non-voluntary
and voluntary, 57, 69, 222; not a pre-
sentation, 57 fin., 58; degrees of, 62-6;
Locke on, 64; Hamilton on, 64; in
relation to 'faculties,' 66; essential to
retentiveness and association, 69, 193 ff.;
6 movements' of, 71, 72 n., 140, 197,
204, 213, 214f.; different adjustments
of, for impressions and images, 173 f.;
prevenient, 211; connexion with feeling,
262 f.; connexion with conation, 262 n.
Attitude, subjective, 162, 372
Attribute, meaning of, 339 f.
Autantitypy, 163
Autonomy of self, 371, 379, 385, 404
Axiology, axiological, 315, 385, 467; see
Value
BAIN, A., his two worlds, 14; on conscious-
ness, 22; on diffused movement, 53 n.;
his doctrine of spontaneity,' 53 n.; on
attention, 63 n.; on relativity, 84 ff.;
his definition of sensation, 102; on
'feeling of exerted force,' 137; on as-
sociation, 194; his 'law of novelty,'
255n.; on belief, 353 fin., 354, 359; on
sensory discrimination and character,
445 f.
BATESON, W., quoted, 188
Beats, 128
Behaviour, meaning of, 385 n.
Belief, and knowledge, 347; objective
causes of, 348-53; subjective causes of,
354-7; and memory, 351f.; effect of,
353 f.; genesis of, 359 f.
BENEKE, F. E., on temperaments, 437 n.;
referred to, 445 n.
BERGSON, H., referred to, 219n., 418,
449, 463
BERKELEY, his standpoint, 27; his Theory
of Vision referred to, 153 f.; on 'real'
ideas, 161 n.; on abstract time, 219;
on number, 321 n.; on 'self,' 337,
363 n.
Black, perception of, 120 f.; no sensation
of, 121 ff.
Body, and Mind, their relation-according
to Aristotle, 3 f., 8—according to Des-
cartes, 7-11; 423 f., 441 ff.; Body as
the archetypal thing, 163; as the earliest
form of self, 165
BRADLEY, F. H., on feeling, 42 n.; on
activity, 344 n.
BRIDGMAN, LAURA, 289, 291
Categories, 32,315,316; formal, (a) mathe-
matical, 320-5, (6) logical, 325-34; real,
334-46; their origin, 334 ff.; axiologi-
cal, 385, their source, 386
Cause, category of, 340-5
Certainty, 347, 352 f.; subjective and
objective, 348; moral, 358 f.
Character, and circumstances, 406 f.; as
psychological term, 408; in genere,
410-17; two senses of, 460 f.; forma-
tion of as development of personality,
461-70; two factors in, 461; stability
of, 464 f.; strength of, 465 n.; origi-
nality in, 466; on the 'bad' character,
468, Shakespeare's Richard III as an
instance, 468 n.
Characteristics, and character distin-
guished, 421 n.
Characterology, 431; its method, 431 ff.;
its relation to general psychology, 434,
452 f., 470; comparison of, with bio-
logy, 461-4; its connexion with axio-
logy, 467 ff.
'Characters,' of things, 385
Choice, 398-404; two forms of, 399, 401,
402 ff.; involves valuation and moti-
vation, 399 f.; so-called 'contingent
choice,' 405
Coenaesthesis, General or Vital Sense,
41 fin., 110 f., 116, 135, 249
Colour, differentiation of, 123 f.; C. octa-
hedron, 126
Common Sense, the realism of, 30; its
view of sensation, 48
Comparison, and relativity, 86; and
judgment, 314 f., 325; is grounded not
given, 317 fin.; categories of, 327-34;
C. and disparateness, 330; the process
of sensible C. described, 330 ff.; C. of
complexes, 332
Complication, 168, 170, 186, 195, 196
Conation, 51-4; connexion with action,
51 ff.; connexion with feeling, 54, 266n.,
278; relation to attention, 262 n.
Conception, Concept, 199 "., 200, 302,
314; structure of a, 303 n., 307
Condillac's statue,' 77 f.
Conduct, its domain, 383-5; and be-
haviour distinguished, 385 n.
Conscience, 369, 395
Consciousness, ambiguity of the term, 21,
47, 61, 379; 'modes' of, 23; 'content
of, 23, 268; 'form' of, 23 f., 376 fin.,
381; unity of, 49; as receptive or re-
active, 67, 68; field of, 72, 90; 'narrow-
ness' of, 73, 300; implies change, 76 f.;
focus of, 90; threshold of, 91 f.
Consonance and Dissonance, 129-32
association by, 192-5;
(a) simultaneous, 193 f.; (b) successive,
193, 194 f.
Continua, sensory, 125 f., 126, 133;
motor, 137; ideational, 173; (a) me-
mory-train or 'thread,' 191-8; (b) idea-
tional C. or 'tissue,' 198-201; how
formed, 199
Continuity, Principle of, referred to or
illustrated, 29-31, 59, 72, 110, 184,
185 fin., 193, 198, 220, 288, 293, 294,
295, 301, 320, 321, 329, 334, 367, 368,
388, 402, 409, 441, 463 f.
Continuum objectivum, 30, 31, 76
Contrast, association by, 187 n.
Creatianism, 424
Credulity, primitive, 359
DARWIN, C., on language, 34, 292; on
emotional expression, 276f.; quoted,
411, 418, 448
Degeneration, 391 n., 463 n.
Deliberation, 385, 398, 399, 400
Depersonatisation, 364
DESCARTES, his Cogitatio, 6f.; his dual-
ism of res cogitans and res extensa, 8,
its two problems, 12; regarded animals
as automata, 9, 357; regarded presen-
tations as subjective modifications, 11;
his Cogito ergo sum, 379, 382
Desire, 281-5; vague use of the term, 281;
its relation to action, 282 f.; to feeling,
283 f.; habitual, 285
Difference, meaning of, 87; as category,
329 f.; the prerogative of,' 330
Differentiation, principle of progressive,
50; the process of, 75 ff.; and restric-
tion, 79; and ideation, 190
Diffusion, in movement, 52, 53 m., 79;
in sensation, 79; in ideation, 79, 173
Dispositions, meaning, 97; presentational
as functional, 97, 99, 285, 457, 459
Distance, the perception of, 154, 158 f.,
160; in time, 215, 216
DROBISCH, M. W., used the term 'assi-
milation,' 83 n.; on the implicit idea,
referred to, 184 n.
Dualism, of matter and mind, 8; of in-
ternal and external phenomena, 14
Duality, of subject and object, 13, 29, 378;
law of, 326 f.
Duration, 105, 212, 216-19; see Protensity
EBBINGHAUS, H., on sensation-complexes,
112; experiments on memorising, 222-7
Effort, 136, 137, 162, 163
Ego, and its Non-Ego, 31; two senses of,
35; and mind distinguished, 39; see
also Self
Egoism and Altruism, the problem of,
393
Ejects, ejective, 33, 34, 287
Emotion, its expression, 52 f., 270-9, fun-
damental contrast in, 276 f.; involves
more than feeling, 276
End, category of, 345 f.
Endophasia, 239
Epistemology, and psychology, 1, 17 f.,
26 f., 29-34, 144, 190 fin., 212, 217,
293, 307, 315, 316
ERDMANN, B., referred to, 46, 83
Erlebnis, 57 n., 59
Evaluation, 389
Evolution, influence of the theory of, 20;
evolution and involution of ideas, 96n.,
97, 100, 199; implies stability and pro-
gression, 415
Expectation, 209, 210
Experience, 2, 11, 14, 16, 17, 21, 180
'form' of, 24 f.; 'irreducible minimum
of, 29, 66; ultimate analysis of, 40 f.;
and time, 210; a differentiated unity,
31, 410
Extensity, 78 f., 116 f., 145 ff., 161n. ; in-
fluence of drugs on, 116 n.; of smells,
117; of auditory sensations, 127; and
ubiquity, 149
Extra-regarding,' 369, 396
Eye, the Cyclopean,' 158
Facility, 180 f., 181 f., 415, 425
Faith, 358 f., 469
Familiarity, 143 fin., 180, 415, 425
FECHNER, G. T., on the threshold of con-
sciousness, 91 f., 95 n.; on after-images,
175 n.; on aesthetical principles,
Feeling, its uniqueness, 19, 41, 42, 45;
various meanings of the term, 41; its
supposed priority examined, 41-5; its
causes, 43 fin., 44, ch. x; fundamental
contrast in, 245, 262; its effects, 54f.,
ch. xi; fundamental contrast in, 276 ff.;
not a presentation, 57 fin., 58, 245; and
intensity of presentations, 247, 248; and
quality of presentations, 247, 249-53;
organic, 249 f.; and the lower and
higher senses, 250-3; and duration and
frequency of presentations, 254; neutral
F. and excitement, 414n.
Feelings, 245; sensory, 247-55; lower
aesthetic, 247,255 ff.; intellectual, 257 f.;
higher aesthetic, 258 ff.; egoistic and
altruistic, 260 f.
Feeling-tone, 45, 249, 250, 251, 439
FERRIER, J. F., quoted, 58 fin.
FOSTER, SIR M., quoted, 53, 271
FOUILLÉE, A., 433 n., 437 n., 453 n.
Freedom, 404-7; spontaneous and volun-
tary, 404; 'internal' as self-determina-
tion, 405 ff.
Function and structure, 180 f., 412, 414,
425 fin., 426
GALTON, SIR F., his Hereditary Genius
referred to, 427 n., 449 n., 450 n.
Geddes and THOMSON'S Evolution of
Sex quoted, 34
Genius, 449-52; 'religious geniuses,' 468
GERARD, A., on genius, 450
Good, the, as clue to psychical develop-
ment, 410
GRANT, SIR A., quoted, 269 n.
GROTE, J., his Exploratio philosophica
referred to, 86 n.
Habit, 98, 180; law of, 457 n.
Hallucinations, 171, 174, 177
HAMILTON, SIR W., on mind and matter,
14 m.; on external perception, 32; on
psychological analysis, 40; definition of
sensation, 48; on consciousness, 61 n. 2;
on degrees of attention, 64 f.; his 'law
of limitation,' 65; his 'law of variety,'
84; on inverse relation of sensation and
perception, 250n.; on comparison, 314,
325
HARTLEY, D., on secondarily automatic
action, 52
HARTMANN, E. von, quoted, 279
Hedonism, its relation to value, 388 n. 2;
overlooks the duality of subject and
object, 392 n. 2
HEGEL, his 'general mind,' 75 m.; on in-
tellection, 304; on heterogeny of ends,
391 n.; on animality and spirituality,
462 f., 464, 467
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HENLE, J., 175, 270, 436, 437
HERBART, his absolute becoming,' 30;
his psychical mechanics, 56, 70 f.,
96 n.; his apperception-mass,' 96, 97 ;
his use of Reihe and Gewebe, 199 n. ;
his doctrine of apperception, 308 f.; on
number, 324 n.; on self-consciousness,
referred to, 379 n.
Heredity and the psychological indi-
vidual,' 74; and the concrete individual,
420-9; the psychological problem of,
422 ff.; biological and psychological
heredity compared, 423; the mnemic
theory of, 426 n.; heredity and genius,
450-2
Heterogony of Ends, 268 n.
HÖFFDING, H., on Kant's synthesizing
principle, 69 n. 3; on 'tied ideas,"
184 m., 185 m.; his Bekanntheitsquali-
tät, 185 n.; symbolized by y, 182 ff.;
on motivation, 400 fin.
HORWICZ, A., on the primacy of feeling,
HUME, DAV., on Berkeley, 27; his use
of idea, 46, 169; aware of the subcon-
scious, 96 n.; on liminal intensity, 115;
on the difference between impressions
and ideas, 169 ff.; on superior 'liveli-
ness' of impressions, 170; on memory,
206, and the continuity of time, 220;
on thought and language, 298; his sen-
sationalism, 317; on relations, 318; on
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