est. 34. Hæ talpæ sunt surda. 35. Regina est bona. 36. Magni regis filius cæcus est. 37. Bonarum mulierum matres fuerant beatæ. 38. Regina erit beata. 39. Tu es rex. 40. Puer est beatus. 41. Parva puella est cæca. 42. Esne surdus? 43. Fuerimus. 44. Fuerimus.* VIII. 1. When a sentence has a passive verb in it, the person by whom, or the living agent by which, the action is done, is expressed by an ablative case preceded by the preposition a or ab: the thing by which, or the instrument with ichich, the action is done, is put in the ablative, without a preposition. 2. The perfect passive, and the tenses formed from it, are called compound tenses. They are composed, or made up, of the perfect participle passive, and certain parts of the, verb esse. Thus, amatus essem, the pluperfect subjunctive passive of amare, is made up of the perfect participle amatus, and essem the imperfect subjunctive of esse. 3. When a compound tense occurs, the participial portion of it, which is declined as an adjective,-agrees with the nominative case to the verb in gender and number. Dare (do, dedi, datum), 1. to give. Bene, well. Fabula (G. fabulæ), 1. f. a tale, Nomen (G. nominis), 3. n. a name. Color (G. coloris), 3. m. colour. Male narrare (to relate badly), to Bene narrare, to give good news, 1. Tempora mutantur. 2. Nomen mutatur. 3. Fabula de te narrabitur. 4. Pueri boni laudabuntur. 5. Malæ In most Grammars the penultimate of the first and second persons plural is represented as long in the future perfect of the indicative (sometimes called future subjunctive), and as short in the perfect subjunctive. The probability is that the penultimate is common in both, and oftener long than short in both. † When, however, the future participle passive (participle in dus) is employed, the agent is put in the dative. With other parts of the passive verb, also, the dative is sometimes found, puellæ culpabantur. 6. Fabula! (Stories! A Latin mode of expressing what we mean when we say, "That's all stuff," Nonsense," &c.) 7. Male narras de meo filio. 8. Fabula a filio tuo narrata esset. 9. Color avis mutatus est. 10. Quis fabulam narrabit? 11. Nemo colorem suum mutat. 12. Mali culpantur; laudantur boni. 13. Quis a te laudabitur? 14. Quis te laudabit ? 15. Amicus meus male narravit de agricolæ filio. 16. Bonæ mulieris filius bene de ́nautæ filiâ narraverat. 17. Via monstrabitur a virgine parvâ. 18. Bona virgo a patre suo esset laudata. 19. Nemo culpator. 20. Quis tibi hunc magnum librum dedit? 21. Tu mihi de meâ filiâ male narravisti. 22. Tempora mutabuntur, et nos mutabimur in illis. 23. A quo fabula de nobis narrabatur ? 24. Milite. (This is the answer to the question in 23.) 25. A quo monstrata est via? 26. Nani filio.* 27. Ut nautæ laudarentur. 28. Ut mali milites culparentur. 29. Filius tuus a nobis culpatus esset. 30. A quo laudata erat bona virgo? 31. Matre suâ. 32. De quo hæc fabula narrata est? 33. De filio meo. 34. Non culpati erimus. 35. Via monstrator. 36. Bonæ puellæ laudantor. 37. Culpamini. 38. Libri dantor. IX. 1. There cannot be a sentence without a verb, expressed or understood, and every verb must have a nominative case, expressed or understood. 2. But, in English, there may be a nominative without a verb in agreement, although there cannot be a verb without a nominative. Each of the following sentences contains an instance of this:-Our lesson being ended, we went out to play. Their commander being slain, the soldiers took to flight. In the first of these sentences, the word lesson, and in the second, the word commander, is each of them nominative case, but not to any verb. Such a nominative is called a nominative absolute; and, with its participle in agreement, generally constitutes a clause, being preceded and followed by commas, or other stops. From the 24th and 26th sentences it may be seen that it is not usual in Latin to repeat the preposition a or ab in the answer to a question. With the other prepositions, however, the repetition is necessary, as is exemplified in the case of de in the 33rd sentence, 3. A substantive, with a participle in agreement, whose case depends upon no other word, is put in the nominative absolute in English, but in the ABLATIVE ABSOLUTE in Latin. In the first of the foregoing examples, the clause "Our lesson being ended," would be in the ablative absolute; and in the second example, "Their commander having been slain," would be ablative absolute. Mutato nomine, de te fabula narratur. The name being changed, the story is told of you. 4. It will often give better English if, instead of translating literally, we render an ablative absolute by a clause containing a verb, and beginning with some such word as if, when, because, &c. (Beginners, however, should translate literally first.) Mord-ere (eo, momordi, morsum), 2. to bite. Misc-ere (eo, ui, mixtum and mis- Aqua (G. aquæ), 1. f. water. Caro (G. carnis), 3. f. flesh. 1. Puellâ culpatâ, mater flet. 2. Puero laudato, pater ridet. 3. Filii mei a patre tuo docebuntur. 4. Filiæ tuæ a matre meâ doctæ sunt. 5. Puella a cane morsa est. 6. Mordebimini. 7. Agri ab agricolis fessis non arabuntur. 8. Mures visi sunt a talpis. 9. Aqua lacte mista est. 10. Lac aquâ mistum erat. 11. Caro tosta est. 12. Ut caro cruda torreretur. 13. Mulieres morsæ essent. 14. Tauri pingues a macris canibus morsi erant. 15. Cæcæ talpæ a bonis canibus non mordebuntur. 16. Carone torrebitur ? 17. Quis ab asino morsus est? 18. Aquila videbitur a passeribus. 19. Boni agricolæ filia ab hirudinibus morsa erat. 20. Quis a te morsus est? 21. Me a canibus morso, mater mea clamavit. 22. Scriptis epistolis, puellæ flebant. 23. Caro torretor. 24. Tu docere. 25. Vinum miscetor. X. 1. The Latin preposition in governs the accusative when it means into, and the ablative when it means in. 2. The possessive pronouns are frequently understood in tion, you must put first the meaning of puer, then the meaning of amat, and then the meaning of puellam. Puer (the boy) puellam (the girl) amat (loves). The meaning of this sentence would have been just the same, had the Latin words been arranged in any other order; as, for instance, Puellam puer amat. Am-are, 1. to love. Clam-are, 1. to shout, cry out. Vit-are, 1. to shun, try to avoid. Bal-are, 1. to bleat (as a sheep). Quis, quæ, quid? (interrog. pro- Ovis (G. ovis), 3. f.† a sheep. Passer (G. passeris), 3. m. a spar row. Aquila (G. aquilæ), 1. f. an eagle. Ut, that (a conjunction). Homo (G. hominis), 3. m. a man. 1. Puella puerum amat. 2. Puella amat puerum. 3. Pueri puellas amabunt. 4. Passer aquilam vitavit. 5. Homo clamabat. 6. Aves volant. 7. Ego non clamabo (I will not shout). 8. Canis non latrabit. 9. Vos non aravistis. 10. Ego te non amo. 11. Pueri orabunt. 12. Nos tela vitaveramus. 13. Homo clamato. 14. Quis clamavisset. 15. Oves balant. 16. Canes latranto. 17. Ego oravero. 18. Nos clamaverimus. 19. Canis non latraverit. 20. Passeres aquilam non amant. 21. Tu oravisti. 22. Mulier clamavisset. 23. Nemo me vitet. 24. Ut ego te vitem. 25. Aquila volaverunt. 26. Ut mulieres tela vitarent. 27. Quis vitabat canem? 28. Ama puellam. 29. Pueri aranto. 30. Oremus. 31. Oves balanto. 32. Quis ovem vitaverat? 33. Vos tela vitabatis. * The genitive and ablative cases of nemo are not common in the best Latin writers: instead of them we find nullius and nullo, the genitive and ablative of nullus. Nemo is generally masculine, but it is sometimes found in conjunction with a feminine noun. There were no doubt male sheep in Italy, as there are now in England. To speak particularly of males we should in Latin join the word mares (the plural of mas) to oves. When a noun of one gender only is used indifferently of both sexes, it is called epicene. When the gender of the noun varies according to the sex spoken of, it is called common. III. 1. When the nominative case to a Latin verb is a personal pronoun, it is very often left out. It is then said to be understood. By observing the ending of the verb, and considering what person it is of, you can at once discover which is the proper pronoun to supply as a nominative. If the verb is of the first person singular, supply ego, if of the second person singular, tu, &c., always choosing the pronoun which is of the same number and person as the verb. Thus, I love may be amo, or egɔ amo. We love may be nos amamus, or, amamus. (When the verb is of the third person singular, the context will guide us as to the gender of the personal pronoun to be supplied: in short detached sentences, where no such guide exists, it is generally immaterial which we supply.) 2. The word ne, when joined on to the first word of a sentence, shows that the sentence is a question. Thus: Canes latrant means dogs bark, but canesne latrant means do dogs bark? Mon-ĕre (eo, ui, itum), 2. to warn. Fl-ere (eo, evi, etum), 2. to weep. Man-ere (eo, si, sum), 2. to remain. Hirundo (G. hirundinis), 3. f. a Hirudo (G. hirudinis), 3. f. a leech. ?) 1. Tu me vides. 2. Tune me vides? (Do you 3. Tune me vidisti? 4. Spes manet. 5. Mater spem habet. 6. Pater puellam docuerat. 7. Talpa hirudines non videt. 8. Fur vocem non timuit. 9. Spem habuissent. 10. Ego filiam docui. 11. Mulierne spem habet? 12. Pueros docueris. 13. Passer hirundines non terruerat. 14. Passerne aquilam timebit? 15. Fur canem vidisset. 16. Spesne manet? 17. Ut fures terrerem. 18. Nemo flebat. 19. Telane vides? 20. Ut canes furem terreant. 21. Filia rideto. 22. Filius fleto. 23. Quis flevit? 24. Nemo flebit. 25. Fleverasne? 26. Risistis. 27. Tun' me vidisti? (Did you . . .? Observe the e of the interrogative |