embroidered stuff of which the || body, was esteemed a defilement, ephod was made, having a front and required a ceremonial abluand a lining, and forming a kind tion? of purse or bag, in which, according to the rabbins, the Urim and Thummim were enclosed. The front of it was set with twelve precious stones, on each of which was engraved the name of one of the tribes. They were placed in four rows, and divided from each other by the little golden squares or partitions in which they were set.

BRIDE and BRIDEGROOM, see MARRIAGE and CANTICLES. BRIGANDINE, a coat of mail. Jer. 46:4. 51:3.

BROTHER is used in Scripture in a very wide sense, for a kinsman or any near relative. So Lot is called Abraham's brother, although he was strictly his nephew. Gen. 14:14,16. Comp. verse 12. So in very many instances.

There was nothing determined particularly in the law as to the place of burying the dead. There were sepulchres in town and country, by the highways, in gardens and on mountains; those belonging to the kings of Judah were in Jerusalem and the king's gardens. Ezekiel intimates that they were dug under the mountain upon which the temple stood; since God says, that in future this holy mountain should not be polluted with the dead bodies of their kings. The sepulchre which Joseph of Arimathea had provided for himself, and in which he placed our Saviour's body, was in his garden; that of Rachel was adjacent to the highway from Jerusalem to Bethlehem. See SEPULCHRE and EMBALM

ING.

BURIAL. The Hebrews were Another mode of burial was in at all times very careful in the a separate house, or small buildburial of their dead: to be de-ing, erected for the dead of a prived of burial was thought one of single family or household. Dr. the greatest marks of dishonor, or Jowett says, "While walking causes of unhappiness, that could out one evening, near Deir el befall any man, Ecc. 6:3, being Kamr, with the son of my host, denied to none, not even to ene- to see a detached garden belongmies; but it was withheld from ing to his father, he pointed out self-murderers till after sunset, to me, near it, a small, solid stone and the souls of such persons building, apparently a house were believed to be plunged into very solemnly adding, 'Kabbar hell. Good men made it a part beity, the sepulchre of my famof their devotion to inter the ily." It had neither door nor dead. Indeed, how shocking window. He then directed my must the sight of unburied corpses attention to a considerable numhave been to the Jews?-when ber of similar buildings at a disto have no burial was reckoned tance; which to the eye are among the greatest calamities; exactly like houses, but which when their land was thought to are, in fact, family mansions for be polluted, in which the dead the dead. They have a most (even criminals) were in any melancholy appearance, which manner exposed to view; and to made him shudder while he exwhom the very touch of a dead plained their use. They seem, body, or part of it, or of any by their dead walls, which must thing that had touched a dead be opened at each several inter

CAB, a Hebrew measure, according to the rabbins, the sixth part of a seah, or satum, and the eighteenth part of an ephah. A cab contained three pints and one third of our wine measure, or two pints and five sixths of our corn measure. 2 K. 6:25.

CÆSAR, originally the surname of the Julian family at Rome. After being dignified in the person of Julius Caesar, it became the usual appellation of those of his family who ascended the throne. The last of these was Nero; but the name was still retained by his successors, as a sort of title belonging to the imperial dignity. The emperors mentioned or alluded to by this title in the N. T. are Augustus, Luke 2:1; Tiberius, Luke 3:1. 20:22; Claudius, Acts 11:28; and Nero, Acts 25:8. Phil. 4:22. Caligula, who succeeded Tiberius, is not mentioned.

CESAREA, the name of two cities in Palestine, viz.

C.

sour or curdled milk. This last is a favorite beverage in the East to the present day. Burckhardt, when crossing the desert from the country south of the Dead sea to Egypt, says, "Besides flour, I carried some butter and dried leben, (sour milk,) which, when dissolved in water, forms not only a refreshing beverage, but is much to be recommended as a preservative of health when travelling in summer."

ed the Tower of Strato, but was rebuilt with great splendor, and strongly fortified by Herod the Great, and named Cæsarea in honor of Augustus. It was inhabited chiefly by Greeks, and Herod established in it quinquennial games in honor of the emperor. This city was the capital of Judea during the reign of Herod the Great and of Herod Agrippa I. and was also the seat of the Roman power, while Judea was governed as a province of the empire. It was subject to frequent commotions between the Greeks, Romans and Jews, so that, on one occasion, 20,000 persons are said to have fallen in one day. Acts 8:40. 9:30, &c. It is now a heap of ruins.

2. Caesarea Philippi, a city of Upper Gaulonitis, situated near the sources of the Jordan, at the foot of mount Hermon or Paneas, at its junction with mount Lebanon; and hence formerly called Paneas. It was rebuilt 1. Cæsarea of Palestine, or and enlarged by Philip the tesimply Cæsarea, situated on the trarch, and named Cæsarea in coast of the Mediterranean sea, honor of Tiberius. The younger between Joppa and Tyre. It Agrippa afterwards called it Newas anciently a small place, call-Ironias in honor of Nero. It is

generally supposed to occupy the site of the ancient city called Laish, Judg. 18:28, and Dan. Judg. 18:2. Others suppose the ancient city to have stood a little farther west. The place is now a poor village of 150 houses, called Banius. Matt. 16:13. Mark 8:27.

CAIAPHAS, high-priest of the Jews; see ANNAS.

CALAMUS, see CANE. CALF. The expression "calves of our lips," in Hos. 14:2, means sacrifices of prayer, praise, &c.

burdens or to be ridden; and a third kind, leaner and smaller, are called dromedaries, because o their swiftness; and are generally used by men of quality to ride on. The only difference, however, between, the heavy camel and dromedary, is, that the latter is lighter built and more active than the former; they differ like our heavy dray horses, and our lighter and more sprightly saddle horses. Those with two hunches are rare.

Niebuhr speaks thus of riding upon a dromedary, from Cairo to CALVARY, or GOLGOTHA, Suez:-"I chose from curiosity a that is, the place of a skull, a dromedary, and found myself little hill north-west of Jerusalem, very well off, although I feared and so called, it is supposed, at first I should not be able to from its skull-like form, or else ride comfortably upon so high because it was a place of ex- a beast. The dromedary lies ecution. It formerly stood out-down, like the camel, in order to side of the walls of Jerusalem, and was the spot upon which our Saviour was crucified. Adrian, having taken Jerusalem, entirely destroyed the city, and settled a Roman colony there, calling it Elia Capitolina. The new city was not built exactly on the ruins of the old, but farther north; so that Calvary became almost the centre of the city of Elia. Adrian profaned the mount, and particularly the place where Jesus had been crucified, and his body buried; but the empress Helena, the mother of Constantine the Great, erected over the spot a stately church, which is still in being.

CAMEL, an animal common in the East, and placed by Moses among unclean creatures, Deut. 14:7. We may distinguish three sorts of camels. Some are large and full of flesh, fit only to carry burdens; (it is said, 1000 pounds weight;) others, which have two hunches on the back, like a natural saddle, are fit either to carry

let his rider mount. In getting up, he rises upon his hind legs first, so that the rider must take care not to fall down over his head; he has also the same pace as the camels, while horses have to go sometimes faster, sometimes slower, in order to keep along with the caravan When on the march, he must not be stopped even to mount; and to avoid the need of this, he is taught on a certain signal to lower his head to the ground, so that his rider can set his foot upon his neck; and when he again raises his head, it requires but little practice to be able easily to place one's self upon the saddle. The saddle of the camels that carry heavy loads, is open on the top, and the load hangs down on each side, in order that the hump of fat upon the back of the animal may not be subjected to pressure. riding saddle for a camel or dromedary is not very different from the common saddle, and

A

his back."

consequently covers the hump on || prus-flower, as it is sometimes called, the Alhenna of the Arabs, a whitish fragrant flower, hanging in clusters, like grapes. Oriental ladies make use of the dried leaves to give their nails and hands a reddish tinge; they also color their eyelids black; but this is done with another substance. (See EYELIDS.) The flowers of the Alhenna are exquisitely fragrant; and being disposed in clusters, the females of Egypt are fond of carrying it in their bosoms.

The hardiness of the camel, and the slender and coarse fare with which he is contented, during long and severe journeys, are truly surprising. Burckhardt, in his route from the country south of the Dead sea directly across the desert to Egypt, was with a party of Bedouins, who made forced marches for nearly ten days. "During the whole of this journey," he says, "the camels had no other provender than the withered shrubs of the desert." Similar to this is the account given by Messrs. Fisk and King, during their journey from Cairo to Palestine, under date of April 10, 1823: "When the caravan stops, the camels are turned out to feed on the thistles, weeds and grass which the desert produces. At sunset they are assembled, and made to lie down around the encampment." (Miss. Her. 1824,|| p. 35.)

CAMELS' HAIR, an article of clothing. John the Baptist was habited in raiment of camels' hair, and such garments are worn by the modern dervishes. There is a coarse cloth manufactured of camels' hair in the East, which is used for making the coats of shepherds and cameldrivers, and also for the covering of tents. It was, doubtless, this coarse kind which was adopted by John. By this he was distinguished from those residents in royal palaces who wore soft raiment. Elijah is said in the Eng. Bible to have been "a hairy man," 2 K. 1:8; but it should be " a man dressed in hair;" that is, camels' hair.

CANA, the city in which our Lord performed his first miracle, was in Galilee, and pertained to the tribe of Zebulun. The village now bearing the name, and supposed to occupy the site of the ancient town, is pleasantly situated on the descent of a hill, about sixteen miles north-west of Tiberias, and six north-east of Nazareth.

CANAAN, the name of the land peopled by Canaan and his posterity, and afterwards given to the Hebrews. This country has, at different periods, been called by various names, either from its inhabitants or some circumstances connected with its history.-(1.) The Land of Canaan, from Canaan, the son of Ham, who divided it among his eleven sons, each of whom became the head of a numerous tribe, and ultimately of a distinct people. Gen. 10:15.-(2.) The Land of Promise, Heb. 11:9, from the promise given to Abraham, that his posterity should possess it. Gen. 12:7. 13:15. These being termed Hebrews, the region in which they dwelt was called(3.) The Land of the Hebrews. Gen. 40:15.-(4.) The Land of CAMPHIRE, in Cant. 1:14. Israel, from the Israelites, or pos4:13, is not the gum camphor of terity of Jacob, having settled our apothecaries, but the Cy-themselves there. This name is

of frequent occurrence in the | Deserta, the lands of the AmO. T. In its larger acceptation, monites, and the Dead sea, and it comprehends all that tract of south by the Dead sea, the desert ground on each side of Jordan, of Zin, and perhaps of Paran, which God gave for an inherit- which stretches away towards ance to the children of Israel.- Egypt. Near mount Lebanon (5.) The Land of Judah. Understood the city of Dan, and near this appellation was at first com- the southern extremity of the prised only that part of the region land, Beersheba; and hence the which was allotted to the tribe expression "from Dan to Beerof Judah; but in subsequent sheba," to denote the whole times, when their tribe excelled length of the land of Canaan. the others in dignity, it was ap- Its extreme length was about 170 plied to the whole land. After miles, and its width about 80. the separation of the ten tribes, that portion of the land which belonged to Judah and Benjamin, who formed a separate kingdom, was distinguished by the appellation of the land of Judah," or Judea; which latter name the whole country retained during the existence of the second temple, and under the dominion of the Romans.-(6.) The Holy Land. This name does not appear to have been used by the Hebrews themselves till after the Babylonish captivity, when it is applied to the land by the prophet Zechariah, 2:12.-(7.) Palestine, by which name the whole land appears to have been called in the time of Moses, Exod. 15:14, is derived from the Philistines, a people who migrated from Egypt, and, having expelled the aboriginal inhabitants, settled on the borders of the Mediterranean, where they became so considerable, as to give their name to the whole country, though they in fact possessed only a small part of it. By heathen writers, the Holy Land has been variously termed, Syrian Palestine, Syria, and Phoenicia.

Canaan was bounded on the west by the Mediterranean sea, north by the mountains of Lebanon and Syria, east by Arabia

The land of Canaan has been variously divided. Under Joshua it was apportioned out to the twelve tribes; under Solomon it was distributed into twelve provinces, 1 K. 4:7-19; and upon the accession of Rehoboam to the throne, it was divided into the two kingdoms of Israel and Judah. After this period, it fell into the hands of the Babylonians, the Greeks, the Syrians and the Romans. During the time of our Saviour, it was under the dominion of the last-mentioned people, and was divided into five provinces, viz. Galilee, Samaria, Judea, Peræa and Idumea. Perea was again divided into seven cantons, viz. Abilene, Trachonitis, Iturea, Gaulonitis, Batanæa, Peræa, and Decapolis.

The surface of the land of Canaan is beautifully diversified with mountains and plains, rivers and valleys. The principal mountains are Lebanon, Carmel, Tabor, the mountains of Israel, Gilead, and Hermon, the mount of Olives, &c. The plain of the Mediterranean, of Esdraelon, and the region round about Jordan, are celebrated as the scenes of many important events. The chief streams are the Jordan, the Arnon, the Sihor, the Jabbok, the Kishon, the Kedron; the lakes are the Asphaltites, or