sufficiently to the point. The natural Latin for 'sons' in the accusative is filios: it is obvious that Juvenal could not use this word: so, where natos is inappropriate, iuvenes has to do the business as best it can. But when a poet refrains,

as Juvenal does, from using filio, or even filium, then various devices are necessary: apostrophe, the use of plural for singular and of diminutives which have no diminutive sense. Virgil uses elision, synizesis, and hiatus to force cretics into his verse, but Juvenal uses none of them for this purpose, the only exceptions being plurimum and quantulum, each used once by elision.

Some of the books which I have most frequently used without giving references to them, are as follows: the seven volumes of Smith's Dictionaries; Mommsen's History; Mommsen and Marquardt's Handbuch, especially Marquardt's Privatleben, a perfect model of what such a book should be; Friedländer's Sittengeschichte Roms; the same author's editions of Martial and the Cena Trimalchionis; Hirschfeld's Untersuchungen; Cagnat's Épigraphie Latine; Bouché-Leclercq's Institutions Romaines.

In matters of

syntax, and especially with regard to silver-age peculiarities, I have made constant use of Riemann's Syntaxe Latine and of the admirable Études sur Tite Live by the same author.

It remains to speak of works which deal specially with Juvenal. The chief of these is Professor J. E. B. Mayor's Commentary. I owe more to this than to all other sources put together; nor have I been able always to indicate, as clearly as I should wish, the amount of my obligation. For twenty years I have used his book constantly; and some years ago, when preparing a course of lectures on Juvenal, I wrote, together with other material, extracts from Professor Mayor's notes on the earlier Satires, in an interleaved Teubner text; this formed the nucleus of the presen

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commentary. I also owe much to Professor L. Friedländer's edition, but not more, I think, than to his other works mentioned above, especially the Sittengeschichte: the Indices, also, to his editions of Martial and Juvenal are a real boon. When his edition was published, I had prepared more than half my commentary for the Press; but from that time onward I constantly kept his book before me, and was also able to make some changes in the proofsheets of what I had already written. Weidner's edition, which I had been consulting before with little advantage, I discarded almost entirely when I had Friedländer before me. The only other edition which I have regularly used is that of the late J. D. Lewis: its great merits are good sense and power of apt quotation. I have studied the papers on Juvenal in Madvig's Opuscula and, in almost every case, accepted his conclusions. I must also mention a large number of articles and notes by different scholars in the philological Reviews, English and German-especially the series of papers by Bücheler in the Rheinisches Museum. My obligations to all these authorities are, I believe, acknowledged on any passage where I accept their views.

Finally, I owe a special debt of gratitude to Mr W. T. Lendrum, Fellow of Gonville and Caius College. He has read nearly the whole of the commentary in proof; and almost every page bears marks of his fine scholarship and exact knowledge of Roman institutions under the Empire.

J. D. DUFF.

TRINITY COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE.
September 12, 1898.

INTRODUCTION.

I. LIFE OF JUVENAL.

Of the life of Decimus Junius Juvenalis very little is certainly known. The materials for a biography are scanty and are mainly derived from sources of doubtful character. Again, when the source happens to be above suspicion, it is by no means certain that the information thus supplied really refers to Juvenal himself. We know that Juvenal was of Italian birth, lived at Rome, and wrote satire during the first thirty years of the second century. But when more precise detail is asked for, it is necessary to distinguish between ascertained fact and more or less plausible hypothesis.

Our knowledge of the lives of Latin authors, apart from the evidence of their own writings, and incidental notices in contemporary or later literature, is drawn from fragments of a lost work by Suetonius. This was a biographical history of Roman literature, entitled De Viris Illustribus. The excellent lives of Terence and Horace preserved in some of their manuscripts, are taken from this source; and the meagre notices of other writers, such as Lucretius, including little more than the name and dates of birth and death, are extracts from the same work, which were added by Jerome to his Latin translation of the Greek Chronicle of Eusebius. This Chronicle was compiled about 328 A.D. and translated fifty years later.

Juvenal lived too late to have Suetonius for his biographer.