116-120] CONCORDIA. TOGA, CALCEUS. DENSISSIMA. 143

plaudat crepitante ciconia rostro.

CONCORDIA

Oμovoía occurs in Apollon. Rh. II 718 and schol. Appian Mithr. 23 her temple in Tralles; Chariton III 2 another in Miletus; Paus. v 14 § 9 an altar in Elis. See Pape-Benseler. HSt. The principal temple of Concordia in Rome was at the entrance to the Capitol, overhanging the Forum, built by Camillus, Plut. 42 §§ 4, 7; here in Cicero's time (Phil. II § 19. III § 30. Sall. C. 46 § 5), and afterwards the senate often met. It was restored by Tiberius Ov. f. 1 637–648. Suet. Tib. 20. Dio LV 8 § 2. LVI 25 § 1. Becker 1 311-6. Bunsen III 1 53 seq. 263 seq.. For other temples see Becker 1 309, 409, 542. Concordia occurs often on coins and inscriptions Henzen. Rasche. Aug. civ. D. III 25. Preller 623-5.

117 SUMMUS HONOR the consul 100 n. Senators attended the levées of Seianus Tac. vI 8 libertis quoque ac ianitoribus eius notescere pro magnifico accipiebatur; even consuls Dio LVI 21 § 4. So the provincial senators used to receive one or two denarii at weddings and on other festive occasions Plin. et Trai. ep. 116-117. For honor see 110 and cf. the ceremonial use of grace, honour, majesty, reverence, excellency. 118 SPORTULA 95. Iuv. is alone in representing the rich and noble of both sexes as actually receiving the dole. Mart. speaks only (XII 26) of their going the round of morning visits Friedländer 13 354-5. 119 QUID FACIENT II 65-66 sed quid non facient alii, cum tu multicia sumas? Mart. x 10 1-4 Cum tu, laurigeris annum qui fascibus intras, mane salutator limina mille teras; hic ego quid faciam? quid nobis, Paulle, relinquis, | qui de plebe Numae densaque turba sumus? ......11, 12 quid faciet pauper, cui non licet esse clienti? | dimisit nostras purpura vestra togas.

COMITES 46. III 284 n. vII 44, 142. viii 127.

TOGA..

HINC from the sportula. Mart. III 30 1-4 sportula nulla datur; gratis conviva recumbis: | dic mihi, quid Romae, Gargiliane, facis? | unde tibi togula est et fuscae pensio cellae? | unde datur quadrans (for a bath)? CALCEUS III 149 n. worn together by the Romans when in full dress. Cic. Verr. v § 86. Phil. 11 § 76, contrasting himself with Antonius, you asked how I returned; in the first place in broad daylight, not in the dark; deinde cum calceis et toga. nullis nec Gallicis nec lacerna'. p. Cael. § 62 togatis hominibus calceati et ves

titi, where the inconvenience of both is spoken of. Plin. ep. vII 3 cited on III 172. Suet. Aug. 72. Artemid. Iv 72. So in Hadrian's time Gell. XIII 22. Tertull. de pall. 5 calceos.. proprium toga e tormentum. Cf. ȧμπexóνη and vπódeσis Heind. on Plat. Hipp. mai. § 25 p. 291 a. 120 FUMUS 134 ignis emendus. 111 249. Diphilus in Ath. 236 makes a parasite observe not the architecture of the house to which he is invited, but τοῦ μαγείρου τὸν καπνόν. if that rises vertically in a thick column, then he is transported with joy. The ancients had no chimneys vIII 8. Verg. ecl. vII 50. g. II 242; Beckmann hist. invent. 1 295-312 Bohn; and the smoke would fill the garret of the poor III 201 n. App. b. c. Iv 13 kαπvúdels vnwpopias. Apul. m. 1 21 of a miser in cuius hospitio nec fumi nec nidoris nebulam vererer. Clients could not aspire to acapna (Mart. XIV 15) or cocta ligna dig. xxx11 55 § 7.

DENSISSIMA LECTICA XIV 144 densa. . oliva. So the poets use the sing. with multus (IV 47. VIII 7) and plurimus (111 232. VIII 58). cf. 64 n. sexta cervice. Lucan VII 486 innumerum. . missile. Mühlmann innumerus quotes Ov. (bis), Tibull., Plin. h. n., Mart. CENTUM QUADRANTES=25 asses=64 sesterces. 95 n. Baiana mihi quadrantes sportula centum. 111 7 1 cited on 96. IV 68.

Mart. 1 59 60 1 dat

144

CENTUM QUADRANTES. SELLA. FUT. [I 120-126

VI 88 chancing to salute Caecilianus by his name, and not with domine, my freedom cost me c. q. vIII 42. x 70 13. 74 cited on 96. 75 11; sometimes we read of a sportula maior vIII 42. Ix 101 three denarii=12 sesterces. x 27 thirty sesterces as a birthday largess. XII 26 14 twenty sesterces. Lucian de merc. cond. 11 5 obols. The sesterce was worth at this time a little more than 23d.

121 QUADRANTES VI 447. VII 8. Matt. 5 26. Mark 12 42. The smallest copper coin, not coined after Trajan's time (?) Mommsen Gesch. d. röm. Münzwesens 761-2. Gaius I 122. LECTICA 64 n.

123 PETIT ABSENTI Uxori sportulam.

NOTA IAM CALLIDUS ARTE by this time an adept in the profession which he has mastered. See the lexicons callidus. 124

CLAUSAM 65 n. iv 21 n.

SELLAM VI 353. VII 142. properly a chair or sedan, from sedeo, while lectica is a couch. Mart. x 98 11, 12 lectica nec te tuta pelle veloque, | nec vindicabit sella saepius clausa. x 10 7 lecticam sellamve sequar? Suet. Claud. 25. Dom. 2. Sen. brev. vit. 12 §§ 6, 7. const. sap. 14 § 1 quid refert quam habeant [mulierem], quot lecticarios habentem, quam oneratas aures, quam laxam sellam? Nero Suet. 26 before he became reckless, used to be conveyed secretly, clam gestatoria sella delatus, into the theatre, and there to instigate riots. Otho Suet. 6 abditus propere muliebri sella in castra contendit. Vitellius in his fall Suet. 16 abstrusus gestatoria sella betook himself to his family house. Tac. a. XIV 4. h. 1 35. Sella seems however to be used loosely for lectica Suet. Aug. 53. Claudius, says Dio Lx 2 § 3, was the first Roman to use a sella δίφρῳ καταστέγῳ )( σκιμποδίῳ. Yet Dio himself mentions it earlier XLVII 23 § 3 conveyed him away privately, ὡς καὶ νοσοῦντά τινα ἐς δίφρον κατάστεγον ἐμβαλών. LVI 43 § 2 like a woman.' LVII 15 § 4 Reimar. Tiberius brought L. Scribonius Libo, in a mortal sickness, into the senate-house, in a lectica, such as senators' wives use. 17 §§ 6, 7 (Archelaos carried into the curia in a lectica). The elder Pliny, Plin. ep. 111 5 §§ 15, 16, always went about Rome in a sella, accompanied by a clerk to whom he dictated; and rebuked his nephew for wasting time in walking. Tert. pall. 4 1 941-2 Oehler nunc in semetipsas lenocinando, quo planius adeantur, ipsas quoque iam lecticas et sellas, quis in publico quoque domestice ac secrete habebantur, eieravere. On the materials of sellae see Lampr. Elagab. 4 senatus consulta ridicula de legibus matronalibus, quae sella veheretur et utrum pellicia an ossea an eborata an argentata. Marquardt v (2) 329. Becker Gallus 1113 5, 6. Friedländer 13 399. Lips. elect. I 19. 126 PROFER GALLA CAPUT schol. qui erogat, dicit, and so most; but the husband's effrontery is brought out more forcibly by assigning the words to him, with Jahn, Teuffel etc. Ov, rem, am. 663-6 forte aderam iuveni. dominam lectica tenebat. | he stormed and threatened divorce. | iamque vadaturus 'lectica prodeat' inquit. | prodierat. visa coniuge mutus erat. Jerome ep. 22 ad Eustoch. § 32 tells a tale of less successful imposture in St Peter's at Rome a very noble lady preceded by a crowd of eunuchs, used with her own hand, quo religiosior putaretur, to distribute money to the poor. A ragged old woman ran forward to receive a second dole: ad quam cum ordine pervenisset, pugnus porrigitur pro denario et tanti criminis reus sanguis effunditur. The moral is radix omnium malorum est avaritia. QUIESCET III 241-2. for the fut., which is also an Engl. idiom, K. Fr. Hermann compares Ter. Phorm. 801-2 Сн. cognatam comperi esse nobis. DE. quid? deliras. CH. sic erit [you will find it

:

...

....

126-1281

SPORTULA. MORNING VISITS.

145

is so]: non temere dico. Plaut. Pers. Iv 4 93. Add Faern., Bentl., Ruhnk. on Ter. eun. Iv 5 6.

127-146 The very day is chequered from hour to hour by engagement after engagement in fairest order. First the salutatio for the dole at the great man's door; then deductio in forum, attendance upon him to and in the courts, where stands Apollo grown lawyer and the statues of Rome's warriors, among whom there has dared to thrust his lying titles some Egyptian or other and Arabarch, whose image provokes insult, the grosser the more appropriate to his deserts. The lord's public labours ended, clients, after long years of service and a weary day, are turned adrift at the gate, and quit their prayers, though the one thing on earth, to which men cling with stubborn hope, is their dinner; poor souls, for a morsel of greens and fuel to boil it they must draw upon the dole. Meanwhile their king will devour the choicest that seas and forests yield, lolling alone on empty couches: for all his goodly, broad, antique tables are for show; on one alone he swallows entire estates. Soon no parasite will be left; their trade is gone: but who can brook this churlish luxury? what gulf of a throat is that for which boars, creatures born to furnish a crowded feast, are but a single dish? But be sure, glutton, vengeance tarries not, when surfeited you carry to the bath the undigested peacock. Hence apoplexy and intestate age; the news, no unwelcome news, is table-talk for all the town; the funeral procession marches out, to be clapped by disappointed friends. 127 DISTINGUITUR

the various officia are so many land-marks, so to say, so many prominent, salient, features, which relieve the day's uniformity. To dot, spangle, stud, is the primary signification. Plin. ep. III 1 § 1 n. ORDINE VI 474 seq. Plin. ẹp. 1x 36 § 1 quaeris quemadmodum in Tuscis diem aestate disponam. Suet. Tib. 11. Vesp. 21 Cas. Marcil. ordinem vitae fere hunc tenuit. 128 SPORTULA 95 n. III 127-130 n. Plin. ep. III 12 § 2 officia antelucana. Mart. Iv 8 1-6 gives the routine more in detail prima salutantes atque altera detinet hora; | exercet raucos tertia causidicos. | in quintam varios extendit Roma labores; | sexta quies lassis, septima finis erit. | sufficit in nonam nitidis octava palaestris;| imperat exstructos frangere nona toros. 1 55 56 6 et matutinum portat ineptus AVE. Galen meth. med. 1 1 x 2, 3 K. after saying that all the world is devoted to avarice, ambition or pleasure, and counts the votaries of truth mad: 'I too have been often reproved by some who appear to have an especial affection for me, as being immoderately in earnest about truth, and likely to be useless all my life long alike to myself and to them, if I should not slacken my excessive devotion to truth, προσαγορεύοιμι δὲ περιερχόμενος ἕωθεν, εἰς ἑσπέραν τε συνδειπνοῖμι τοῖς δυνατ μévos for these, they say, are the means, and not any special training, whereby artists win popularity and custom and confidence; for as regards special training, there does not exist a public capable of judging that, as they are all busy all day long, in the morning in salutations which are common to all, after which they disperse, some, and no small crowds, to the forum and to suits, other crowds more numerous still to the dancers and charioteers, while not a few others are occupied with gambling or amours or bathing or drinking and revelry, till in the evening they all meet again at feasts'; he then describes the excesses of the feasts, contests not of music or of song or of argument, but of the measure which each man can drink; the diseases ensuing, and the quack doctors who flatter their patient, ordering whatever he fancies. At the end of bk. I p. 76 Galen returns to the charge as most even of philo

146 MORNING LEVEES. FORUM. TRIUMPHALES. [I 128 129

sophers expect to be believed, without proof, how should we be astonished at physicians? who indeed have not even leisure to search for truth, being employed in the morning in salutations as they call them οὓς αὐτοὶ καλοῦ ow donaσuous and in the evening glutting themselves and drinking themselves drunk.' The true physicians of the schools of Kos and Knidos and the old Italian school c. 1 ad fin. p. 6 were of another type ovdels ToÚTWV οὔτε ἕωθεν ἐπὶ τὰς τῶν πλουσίων ἐφοίτα θύρας προσαγορεύσων αὐτοὺς οὔτε εἰς ἑσπέραν δειπνησόμενος. See more from Galen in Hemst. on Luc. Nigrin. 22. In Auson. ephem. after his prayer, in the egressio 5 the first business is dicendum amicis est AVE. In Iuv. here the dole is received in the morning; in Mart. x 70 13, 14 balnea post decimam lasso centumque petuntur quadrantes · fiet quando, Potite, liber? in the afternoon (the whole ep. is on the ordo rerum of a client). Cf. Iuv. III 249 seq.

FORUM XIII 158. Sen. de ir. II 7 § 3 haec tot milia ad forum prima luce properantia. Mart. vIII 44 3-8 at tu, miser Titulle, nec sonex vivis: sed omne limen conteris salutator | et mane sudas urbis osculis udus, foroque triplici sparsus ante equos omnes | aedemque Martis et colosson Augusti | curris. 67 3 cum modo distulerint raucae vadimonia quartae. The forum is that of Augustus, who says in the monum. Ancyr. PRIVATO SOLO..... MARTIS VLTORIS TEMPLVM FORVMQVE AVGVSTVм (feci). He had vowed the temple in the war against Brutus and Cassius, undertaken to avenge Caesar Ov. f. v 549-578; but it was not dedicated till 12 May B.C. 2 Dio LV 10 §§ 2-4. Vell. II 100 § 2. The long delay gave Augustus occasion for a pun Macrob. 11 4 § 9 vellem Cassius et meum forum accuset; many whom Severus C. accused were acquitted (absolvebantur); if he accused the forum, there might be some chance of its being completed (absolutum iri). cf. Suet. Aug. 56. The forum was built because the f. Romanum and f. Iulium were insufficient, and was therefore completed before the temple; it was specially devoted, Suet. Aug. 29 to publica iudicia et sortitiones iudicum. Mart. vII 51 4, 5 of Pompeius Auctus Ultoris prima Martis in aede sedet, | iure madens variaeque togae limatus in usu. He would be engaged in the courts till the 10th hour 11. Claudius Suet. 33 was sitting on the bench in this forum when he was suddenly called away by the savoury steam, ictus nidore, of a feast of the Salii. Trajan also often gave judgement here Dio LXVIII 10 § 2. Becker 1 370-3 and on the existing remains Niebuhr Beschreibung III 275–282. Bunsen III (2) 149-152. Coins with the temple of Mars in Rasche III (1) 317.

IURISQUE PERITUS

APOLLO Plin. VII § 183 Apollinem eboreum, qui est in foro Augusti. Apollo, from his long attendance on the courts, is learned in the law. Mart. 11 64 7, 8 of the statue of Marsyas (Hor. s. 1 6 120) fora litibus omnia fervent; | ipse potest fieri Marsya causidicus.

129 TRIUMPHALES VIII 143-4 statuamque parentis | ante triumphalem. x 38 n. The forum formed two semicircles one on each side of the temple, and in these two porticus Aug. set up statues of all the great Roman conquerors Suet. 31 statuas omnium triumphali effigie in utraque fori sui porticu dedicavit, declaring that he designed them as standards whereby the citizens might try him and his successors. Dio LV 10 §§ 3, 4. Gell. ix 11 § 10 cited on 108. Dio says they were of bronze, Lampr. Alex. Sev. 28 of marble summorum virorum statuas in foro suo e marmore collocavit additis gestis cf. Plin. xxxIII § 131. Tac. an. Iv 23 laureatae statuae. Agric. 43 inlustris statuae honorem. Nero Tac. xv 72 granted to Tigellinus and Nerva triumphales in forɔ imagines. Plin. ep. 17 § 1 yesterday on the motion of the emperor the senate

129-131]

AEGYPTIUS ARABARCHES. NON TANTUM.

147

decreed to Vestricius Spurinna a triumphal statue, non ita ut multis qui numquam in acie steterunt, numquam castra viderunt, numquam denique tubarum sonum nisi in spectaculis audierunt. Trebell. Poll. xxx tyr. 21 statuam inter triumphales. Becker 1 372. Marquardt 11 (2) 452 -4. Eckhel vi 113. 130 NESCIO QUis contemptuous. Prop. 1 11 7. Grang. sic nos Galli: un je ne sçay qui TITULOS OV. f. v 563—6 hinc videt Aenean oneratum pondere caro | et tot Iuleae nobilitatis avos: | hinc videt Iliaden umeris ducis arma ferentem | claraque dispositis acta subesse viris. Plin. XXII § 13 inscription on the statue of Scipio Aemilianus; Vell. II 39 § 2 that of Aug. himself Hispaniasque aliasque gentes quarum titulis forum eius praenitet. Plin. xxxvi § 102 ranks the forum Aug. among pulcherrima operum quae umquam vidit orbis.

AEGYPTIUS an upstart like Crispinus 25-6 n. See Philo's vivid picture of the Egyptians, Tovnрà σтéрμата, charged with the poison of their native crocodiles and serpents; Helikon in particular, leg. ad Gaium 26,30 11 570-6 M., who with Apelles of Ascalon counselled Caligula to set up a colossal statue of himself in the temple at Jerusalem.

ARABARCHES cf. 'nabob,' 'great mogul,' one of Cicero's nicknames for Pompeius ad Att. 11 17 § 3 velim e Theophane expiscere quonam in me animo sit Arabarches. Egypt was divided into three presidencies, Toтpaτnyiaι, Upper (Thebais), Middle (Heptanomis) and Lower Egypt (Delta); the Torpárnyo united in themselves all civil and military authority. As Egypt from the Nile to the Red Sea bore the name of Arabia, the governor of Thebais was also called 'Apaßáρxns on the analogy of Asiarch. An inscr. on Memnon's statue names Claudius Aemilius Arabarch and èπiσTρányos of Thebais Marquardt 11 (1) 212—3. Em. Kuhn Verfassung d. röm. Reichs 11 484. HSt. daßápxns. 'ApaBápxns. Pauly Arabarches. Ios. ant. XVIII 6 § 3. 8 § 1. xIx 5 § 1. xx 5 § 2 uniformly gives the title of Philo's brother [according to Ewald vi3 259 nephew] Alexander Lysimachus as alabarch. The Egyptian here meant is Tiberius Alexander, son of the above Alex. Lys., who became a pagan, was made procurator of Iudaea cir. 46 A.D., prefect of Egypt 66 or 67 a.D., was the first to proclaim Vespasian 1 July 69, and was general in chief under Titus at the siege of Jerusalem. See Tillemont 1 ind. Alexandre. Haakh in Pauly vi 1943-4 who has collected the evidence of Suet., Dio, and esp. Tac. and Ios., and supposes that Iuv. had transferred the title alaßápxns (?) from the father to the son (?). Ewald vr3 548-9, 661, 756, 763. That so important an adherent of the Flavian family, as this renegade, should be honoured with a triumphal statue, is not surprising; Josephus also, a man of very inferior military and civil claims, Eus. h. e. III 9 had a statue in Rome, and his works were deposited in a public library, so that his history of the war, as Lehmann has shewn, was read by both Suet. and Tac. 131 NON TANTUM Liv. X 14 § 18 non vero tantum metu terruere Samnitium animos, but also with imaginary terrors. Sen. de tranq. 11 § 8 cited on VIII 186. Plin. ep. III 14§1n.rem atrocem nec tantum epistula dignum, where supply sed etiam tragoedia. VII 24 § 2. Quintil. 1 1 § 6 Hortensiae.. oratio. . legitur. . non tantum in sexus honorem, but also for its intrinsic merits. Iv 2 § 43 sunt enim haec vitia non tantum brevitatis gratia refugienda. vI 3 § 19. Macr. 11 2 § 5. From Heinr. cf. Burm. on Phaedr. 1 pr. 6 ed. 4to. The clause suppressed in Iuv. may be supplied from the imprecation of Priapus Hor. s. 18 38-9 Kirchner in me veniat mictum atque cacatum | Iulius. Petron. 71. MEIERE VI 309, 310. anthol. 1312 M.