250

THRASEA HELVIDIUSQUE.

[V 35-37 phorae fumum bibere institutae | consule Tullo. Tibull. II 1 27 nunc mihi fumosos veteris proferte Falernos | consulis. Fumarium was the room in which the wines were stored, when the natural process of ripening was to be hastened by exposure to smoke Mart. x 36 1.

36 CORONATI XI 122 n.

THRASEA HELVIDIUSQUE joined together also by Antonin. 1 § 14 'from my brother Severus I learnt to love my relations, to love truth also and justice; he made me acquainted with Thrasea, Helvidius, Cato, Dion, Brutus, and gave me a conception of a free commonwealth.' P. Fannius Thrasea Paetus (for ten years a friend of Persius, who was related to his wife Arria Suet. reliq. 74 Reiff. see Mommsen in Keil Plin. ep. 410-411) and his son-in-law Helvidius Priscus were put to death, the former by Nero A.D. 66, at the same time as Barea Soranus III 116 n., and the latter by Vespasian (Arrian Epikt. 1 2 § 19. IV 1 § 123. DCass. LXVI 12. Suet. Vesp. 15), shortly after his accession viii 93 n. Brutus was their model, not only as a tyrannicide, but also as a Stoic Arrian Epikt. 1 1 § 26. Thrasea wrote a life of Cato the younger Plut. Cat. 37. Mart. 1 8 1-2 magni Thraseae consummatique Catonis | dogmata. Capito, Thrasea's accuser, in Tac. XVI 22 ut quondam C. Caesarem . . . et M. Catonem, ita nunc te, Nero, et Thrase am avida discordiarum civitas loquitur ... frustra Cassium amovisti, si gliscere et vigere Brutorum aemulos passurus es. Priscus also was a Stoic id. h. Iv 5 Helvidius Priscus... ingenium illustre altioribus studiis iuvenis admodum dedit : non ut plerique, ut nomine magnifico segne otium velaret, sed quo firmior adversus fortuita rempublicam capesseret: doctores sapientiae secutus est, qui sola bona quae honesta, mala tantum quae turpia, potentiam nobilitatem ceteraque extra animum neque bonis neque malis annumerant etc. An excellent account of Thrasea is given by W. A. Schmidt Gesch. d. Denk- u. Glaubensfreiheit 352-377. Tac. XVI 21 after the slaughter of so many eminent men, Nero at last virtutem ipsam exscindere concupivit, interfecto Thrase a Paeto et Barea Sorano. See also G. Joachim P. Valerii Paeti Thraseae vita. Lahr. 1858. H. J. Kämmel de Helvidiis Priscis libertatis defensoribus. Zittau, 1846. 4to. A. D. 93 Herennius Senecio was accused by Mettius Carus of high treason for writing a biography of Helvidius, and condemned to death Plin. ep. 1 5 § 3. II 11 § 3. vII 19 § 5. Tac. Agr. 2. 45. DCass. LXVII 13. Iunius Rusticus also was condemned Suet. Dom. 10 quod Paeti Thraseae et Helvidii Prisci laudes edidisset appellassetque eos sanctissimos viros. ef. Tac. XVI 26. The younger Helvidius was condemned A. D. 93 Plin. ep. III 11 § 3. Ix 13. Suet. Dom. 10. Tac. Agr. 45. A.D. 97 Pliny avenged him in the senate and by his writings Plin. ep. Iv 21 § 3. VII 30 § 4. Ix 13. 37 BRUTORUM ET CASSI NATALIBUS Tac. an. 1 10 sane Cassii et Brutorum exitus paternis inimicitiis datos. when Iunia, niece of Cato, wife of C. Cassius, sister of M. Brutus, was carried out to burial ib. II 76 praefulgebant Cassius atque Brutus eo ipso, quod effigies eorum non visebantur.

BRUTORUM of Decimus and Marcus Brutus. ib. IV 34 A.D. 25 Cremutius Cordus postulatur novo ac tum primum audito crimine, quod editis annalibus laudatoque M. Bruto C. Cassium Romanorum ultimum dixisset. Cremutius cited the authority of Livy and Asinius Pollio, who were never called to account for their commendation of Brutus and Cassius. Messala Corvinus imperatorem suum Cassium praedicabat. cf. ibid. 25. Suet. Tib. 61. DCass. LVII 24 § 3. id. LIX 29 § 3 Gaius (Caligula), being warned by an oracle to beware of Cassius, ordered

37-40]

BIRTHDAYS. HELIADUM CRUSTAS.

251 C. Cassius, governor of Asia, a descendant of Cassius the murderer of Caesar, to be sent home as a prisoner A. D. 41. On the celebration of the birthdays of the dead cf. Sen. ep. 64 § 8 quidni ego magnorum virorum et imagines habeam incitamenta animi et natales celebrem? Plin. ep. III 7 § 8 n. of Silius Italicus Vergilii.... natalem religiosius quam suum celebrabat. Mart. XII 67 3 seq. vIII 38 9 seq. sepulti | nomen non sinis interire Blaesi; et de munifica profusus arca | ad natalicium. diem colendum | scribarum memori piaeque turbae quod donas facis ipse Blaesianum. Stat. s. 11 7 (cf. praef.) on Lucan's birthday. Epicurus' birthday was observed by his sect DL. x § 18. Cic. fin. 1 § 101. Plin. XXXV § 5. comm. on DL. x § 18. those of Homer and Archilochus by others Antip. Thess. epigr. 45 ap. Brunck anal. I 120. Plut. quaest. conv. vIII 1 1 § 1. Suet. Dom. 10. Herod. Iv 26 § 3 Bähr (yevéria). Porphyr. vit. Plotin. § 2. Eus. praep. ev. x 3 § 1. Orelli inscr. 775. 4132. 4414 where money is given in trust to the decurions of a town, the interest to be spent on public feasts etc. on the birthday of a deceased friend. Becker Charikles II1 203. DCass. LVII 14. LIX 11.

CASSI DCass. LXII 27 § 1 one was executed under Nero for having in his possession a likeness of Cassius. 37 seq. Mart. IV 85 nos

bibimus vitro [infr. 48], tu murra, Pontice. quare? | prodat perspicuus ne duo vina calix. CAPACES the patron drinks from a large jewelled saucer, the client from a small glass calix 47. Lucian Saturnal. 22 cited 60 n. PHIALAS pateras, of gold also Plat.

Kritias 120. Mart. xiv 95. Marquardt v 2 246. 38 the only verse in Iuv. which ends with three spondees L. Müller de re metr. 145. HELIADUM Mart. 1x 14 6 gemma quod Heliadum pollice trita notet. The daughters of the Sun after the death of their brother Phaethon were changed into trees, from which Ov. m. 11 364-6 fluunt lacrimae stillataque sole rigescunt | de ramis electra novis, quae lucidus amnis | excipit et nuribus mittit gestanda Latinis. The locus classicus is Plin. XXXVII §§ 30-41 e. g. § 31 Phaethontis fulmine icti sorores luctu mutatas in arbores populos lacrimis electrum omnibus annis fundere iuxta Eridanum amnem quem Padum vocavimus, electrum appellatum quoniam sol vocitatus sit Elector, plurumi poetae dixere, primique, ut arbitror, Aeschylus, Philoxenus, Euripides, Satyrus, Nicander, quod esse. falsum Italiae testimonio patet. § 40 super omnis est Sophocles poeta tragicus... hic ultra Indiam fieri dixit e lacrimis meleagridum avium Meleagrum deflentium. § 41 a solemn refutation of this last fable, so unworthy of a man of birth and a statesman, who had commanded an army.' Serv. ecl. 6 62. On sucinum or electrum cf. Iuv. vi 573. XIV 307. Here it is amber. O. Müller Archäol. § 312 3. C. W. King the natural hist. of precious stones 1865 330-5. Haupt on Ov. m. II 324. CRUSTAS I 76 n. Sen. de ben. Iv 6 § 2. Tiberius, who was a great purist, would not allow the word emblema, though good enough for Lucil. and Cic., to be used in a decree of the senate; if no Latin word could be found, a periphrasis must be employed Suet. 71. DCass. LVII 15 § 1 with Reimar. embossed. 39 VIRRO the patron. AURUM X 27. Luc. IV 380. Lucian Saturn. 33. 40 Mart. XIV 108 quae non sollicitus teneat servetque mi. nister, sume Saguntino pocula ficta luto. id. XII 74 5. 7 nullum sollicitant haec [i. e. vitrea], Flacce, toreumata furem. | . .quid quod securo potat conviva ministro? Slaves ab argento, ab

INAEQUALES

252

JEWELLED CUPS. SULPURA.

[V 40-48 argento potorio, ad (or supra) argentum, ad arg. pot. are often mentioned in inscriptions Marquardt v 1 148 n. 833. Gruter p. 582 5 Philetaero Aug. lib. praepos (ito) ab auro gemmato. 41 GEMMAS 43 n. x 27 n. Ov. m. vIII 572. Luc. x 159-160 gemmaeque capaces excepere merum, where the cup is of solid murra. Sil. XIV 662. UNGUES OBSERVET ACUTOS Mart. vIII 59 5. 7 nunc tu convivam cautus servare memento. ... pocula solliciti perdunt ligulasque ministri. Jebb's Theophrastus p. 194. Cic. Verr. IV § 33 Verres, when already as good as condemned, could not refrain from inspecting the plate of L. Sisenna: pueri autem Sisennae, credo, qui audissent, quae in istum testimonia essent dicta, oculos de isto nusquam deicere neque ab argento digitum discedere.

42 Plut. Galb. 12 § 2 Vinius, afterwards the all-powerful adviser of Galba, dining with the emperor Claudius, stole a silver cup; the emperor invited him for the next day, but ordered earthenware to be set before him instead of plate. Tac. h. 1 48 and Suet. Claud. 32 say that the cup stolen was of gold.

PRAECLARA ILLIC LAUDATUR

IASPIS Cic. fin. III § 63 illa, quae in concha patula pina dicitur, i. e. the creature called pina, which is in the open shell.' 43 GEMMAS AD POCULA TRANSFERT A DIGITIS 1 68 n. x 27 n. Stat. s. 1 3 49 dignas digitis contingere gemmas. Prop. IV = 5 4. Marquardt v 2 297. Mart. XIV 109 gemmatum Scythicis ut luceat ignibus aurum,| aspice. quot digitos exuit iste calix! id. 1x 60 17 seq. xi 11 5. Plin. xxxIII § 5 turba gemmarum potamus et smaragdis teximus calices et temulentiae causa tenere Indiam iuvat et aurum iam accessio est. dig. XXXIV 2 19 (20) § 13 seq. 44 Verg. Aen. Iv

260 seq. Aenean . . . conspicit; atque illi stellatus iaspide fulva | ensis erat. Tert. de cult. fem. 17 cylindros vaginae suae solus gladius sub sinu novit. Capitol. Pertinax 8 § 3 armaque gladiatoria gemmis auroque composita. 45 ZELOTYPO IUVENIS

PRAELATUS IARBAE Ov. heroid. 7 (Dido Aeneae) 123 seq. mille procis placui, qui me coiere querentes | nescio quem thalamis praeposuisse suis. | quid dubitas vinctam Gaetulo tradere Iarbae? Aen. Iv 36 despectus Iarbas. ib. 196-218. 326. 46 Mart. XIV 96 vilia

sutoris calicem monumenta Vatini | accipe; sed nasus longior ille fuit. Tac. xv 34 ubi [i. e. at Beneventum A.D. 62] gladiatorium munus a Vatinio celebre edebatur. Vatinius inter foedissima eius aulae ostenta fuit, sutrinae tabernae alumnus, corpore detorto, facetiis scurrilibus primo in contumelias assumptus; dehinc optimi cuiusque criminatione eo usque valuit ut gratia pecunia vi nocendi etiam malos praemineret. id. h. I 37. dial. 11. DCass. LXIII 15 § 1.

NOMEN HABENTEM calices Vatinii Mart. x 3 3-4 quae sulpurato nolit empta ramento | Vatiniorum proxeneta fractorum; from their long spouts (nasi), since Vatinius schol. grandem nasum habuit. cf. Mart. supr. and lexx. in nasiterna. 47 SICCABIS Hor. c. 1 35 26-27 CALICEM KÚλIKα Macrob. NASORUM QUAT

cadis cum faece siccatis.

Sat. v 21 § 18. Marquardt v 2 227.
TUOR gen. qual. 111 4. 48.

48 RUPTO POSCENTEM SUL

PURA VITRO brimstone was a common cement, and brimstone ware was often exchanged for broken glass Mart. cited on 46. Mart. 1 41 3 seq. Transtiberinus ambulator, | qui pallentia sulpurata fractis | permutat vitreis. id. XIV 94 1 audacis plebeia toreumata vitri. Stat. s. 1 6 73— 74 quique comminutis | permutant vitreis gregale sulpur. Plin. xxxvi § 199 vitrum sulpuri concoctum ferruminatur in lapidem. A mixture

49-53]

DECOCTA. CURSOR GAETULUS.

253

of lime and the white of eggs was also used for repairing broken glass id. XXIX 11 fin. (3). Plin. ep. VIII 20 § 4 sulpuris odor saporque medicatus, vis qua fracta solidantur. 'Broken glass' was proverbial DCass. LX 17 § 6 Claudius made the freedom of the city so cheap that it was a common saying ὅτι κἂν ὑάλινά τις σκεύη συντετριμμένα δῷ τινι, πολίτης EoTal. Petron. 10. 50 GETICIS PRUINIS Mart. XI 3 3 in Geticis ad Martia signa pruinis. Ovid in his exile complains often of the severity of the frosts ep. 17 9 seq. iv 11 39 seq. 12 33. tr. 11 190 seq. 11 4 47 seq. 10 3 seq. 11 8. DECOCTA Ath. 111 125a seq. Simonides on a hot summer's day was at a feast, when the cupbearers served the other guests with snow to their wine, but passed him by; on which he broke forth into an epigram τῇ ῥά ποτ' Ουλύμποιο περὶ πλευρὰς ἐκάλυψεν | ὀξὺς ἀπὸ Θρῄτης ὀρνύμενος βορέης, | ἀνδρῶν δ' ἀχλαίνων ἔδακε φρένας, αὐτὰρ ἐθάφθη | ζωὴ Πιερίην γῆν ἐπιεσσαμένη, | ἔν τις ἐμοὶ καὶ τῆς χεέτω μέρος. οὐ γὰρ ἔοικεν | θερμὴν βαστάζειν ἀνδρὶ φίλῳ πρόποσιν. Plin. xxxi § 40 Neronis principis inventum est decoquere aquam vitroque demissam in nivis refrigerare. ita voluptas frigoris contingit sine vitiis nivis. omnem utique decoctam utiliorem esse convenit, item calefactam magis refrigerari, subtilissimo invento. Sen. n. q. iv 13 e. g. § 5 ubi quotidianis cruditatibus non temporibus aestus, sed suos sentit, ubi ebrietas continua visceribus insedit et praecordia bile, in quam vertitur, torret, aliquid necessario quaeritur, quo aestus ille frangatur, qui ipsis aquis incalescit, remediis incitat vitium. itaque non aestate tantum, sed et media hieme nivem hac causa bibunt. ib. §§ 8-9 the snow was covered with straw and its sale formed a regular branch of trade carried on by hucksters. id. de prov. 3 § 11 quibus gemma ministratur (supr. 43), quibus exoletus omnia pati doctus... suspensam auro nivem diluit. id. ep. 78 § 23. 95 § 25. 119 § 3. de ira II 25 §§ 1. 4. Mart. 11 85 1. XIV 103. 101. 116 Rader. 117. 118. Petron. 31 where aqua nivata is used for washing the hands cf. the notes p. 162 Burm. Sidon. ep. 11 2. Gellius XIX 5 was by a Peripatetic, who cited Aristotle's authority, weaned from this indulgence § 10 postea ego bellum et odium nivi indixi. Macrob. Sat. vII 12. In Nero's last extremity Suet. 48 aquam ex subiecta lacuna potaturus manu hausit et haec est' inquit Neronis decocta.' Marquardt v 1 343-4. 52 VOS ALIAM POTATIS AQUAM Plin. xix § 55 aquae quoque separantur et ipsa naturae elementa vi pecuniae discreta sunt. hi nives, illi glaciem potant,... decoquunt alii aquas etc. Sen. n. q. Iv 13 § 4.

CURSOR as sometimes amongst us the groom supplies a footman's place, so at Rome the poorer guests were served by a Moorish runner, while the patron was waited on by an Ionian page. Sen. ep. 87 § 9 o quam cuperem illi [Catoni] nunc occurrere aliquem ex his trossulis in via divitibus, cursores et Numidas et multum ante se pulveris agentem. ib. 123 § 7 omnes iam sic peregrinantur, ut illos Numidarum praecurrat equitatus, ut agmen cursorum antecedat. Petron. 28 lecticae impositus est, praecedentibus phaleratis cursoribus quattuor. Mart. III 47 13—14 nec feriatus ibat ante carrucam, sed tuta faeno cursor ova portabat. id. x 6 7. xII 24 6-7 when he rides in a covinus, non rector Libyci niger caballi, | succinctus neque cursor antecedit. Suet. Ner. 30. Marquardt v 1 155-6. They were employed to bear messages and letters Plin. ep. vir 12 § 6. Tac. Agric. 43. Suet. Ner. 49. Tit. 9. Mart. III 100 1. Apul. met. x 5. 53 GAETULUS XIV 278 n. On these African slaves cf. Ter. eun. 1 2 85. Verg. moret. 32. Tibull. 11 3 55. Petron. 102. Quintil. decl. 298 p. 575 alter [servus] emi

254

FOREIGN SLAVES. OMENS.

[V 53-59 tur, quia coloris alieni est. Mart. vI 39 6. vII 87 2. x 13 2. Tac. h. 11 40. Orelli 2877. Ethiopic slaves among the Jews Numb. 12 1. 2 Sam. 18 21. 31. 32. Jer. 38 7. cf. Is. 18 2. 54 Plut. Brut. 48 The Ethiopian became notorious, he who met the eagle-bearer as soon as the gate was opened, and was cut down with their swords by the soldiers, who considered it a bad omen.' cf. Flor. 11 17=IV 7 § 7. App. b. c. 1v 134. Demosth. c. Aristog. 794 5 öv oiwvioait' äv τις μάλλον ἰδών. Aristoph. ran. 196. Hermann gottesd. Alterth. § 38 15. Cic. in Vatin. § 39. Brod. miscell. IV 1 (Gruter lamp. II p. 509). Ov. Ibis 146 insequar et vultus ossea larva tuos. Sen. lud. in mort. Claud. 13 § 3 canem nigrum villosum, sane quem non velis tibi in tenebris occurrere. Claud. in Eutr. 1 121 seq. cum pallida nudis ossibus horrorem dominis praeberet imago, | decolor et macies Occursu laederet omnes ...procedentibus omen. Lucian pseudol. 8. 17. eun. 6. Blomf. gloss. Aeschyl. PV. 496. 55 CLIVOSAE Paullin. Nol. nat. ti Fel. 72 aspera montosae carpuntur strata Latinae. MONUMENTA I 171 n. add to the exceptional cases in which interment in the city was allowed Quintil. decl. 329 qui tyrannum occiderit, in foro sepeliatur. Varr. 1. 1. vi § 45 monumenta quae in sepulcris; et ideo secundum viam, quo praetereuntis admoneant et se fuisse et illos esse mortalis. LATINAE the Via Latina or Ausonia (Mart. Ix 102 2. cl. ib. 65 2) led from the Porta Capena Iuv. i 11 n. Strabo v p. 237 Latium is traversed by three great roads, the Appia, the Latina and the Valeria. The Latina lies between the other two, and falls into the Appia at Casilinum (so Kramer), a town distant 19 stadia from Capua. After leaving Rome, it diverges to the left from the Appia, and after crossing the Tusculan hill (hence clivosae), descends upon Algidum. Afterwards it passes by Ferentinum, Frusino, Fabrateria, Aquinum.' Becker 1 168. 56 FLOS ASIAE III 186 n. 1x 46 seq. Sen. ep. 47 § 7 vini minister in muliebrem modum ornatus. Mart. Ix 23 11-12. 60 3-6. 74 6. x1 56 11-12. Hor. s. II 8 10 Heind. 70. Greg. Naz. or. XIV=XVI § 17 παῖδας δὲ παρεστάναι, τοὺς μὲν ἐν κόσμῳ καὶ ἐφεξῆς ἀνέτους τὰς κόμας καὶ θηλυδρίας καὶ τῇ κατὰ πρόσωπον κουρᾷ περιειργασ μένους, πλεῖον ἢ ὅσον συμφέρει λίχνοις ὀφθαλμοῖς κεκοσμημέ νους· τοὺς δὲ τὰς κύλικας ἐπ' ἄκρων δακτύλων ἔχοντας ὡς οἷόν τε εὐπρεπέστατα ὁμοῦ καὶ ἀσφελέστατα. Marquardt v 1 152-3. 176. Iuv. XI 147 seq. PRETIO MAIORE PARATUS Mart. 1 58. ш 62 1 centenis quod emis pueros et saepe ducenis. x1 70 1. Caesar Suet. 47 bought servitia rectiora politioraque immenso pretio et cuius ipsum etiam puderet, sic ut rationibus vetaret inferri. Sen. ep. 27 § 5 seq. Varr. in Gell. xv 19. Antony when triumvir Plin. h.n. vii § 56 bought for 200,000 sesterces two eximios forma pueros alterum in Asia genitum, alterum trans Alpes. PARATUS III 224. 57 cf. XIV 159 seq.

TULLI PUGNACIS

Hor. c. Iv 7 15 dives Tullus et Ancus. Liv. 1 22. Verg. Aen. vi 814 seq. otia qui rumpet patriae residesque movebit Tullus in arma viros et iam desueta triumphis | agmina. Schwegler i 569 2. 581 2. ANCI Claud. bell. Gild. 108-9 utinam remeare liceret | ad veteres fines et moenia pauperis Anci. 58 NE TE TENEAM=quid te morer? III 183. On the alliteration cf. x 122 n. 59 FRIVOLA III 198 n. M. Sen. contr. 9 § 2 p. 117 25 ego illos in frivola invitavi nostra: qui illis meam promisi domum, suam eripiam? QUOD CUM ITA SIT quae cum ita sint is frequent in Cic. Prop. = 17 17 has quod quamvis