59-67]

CUPBEARERS. CALIDA. BREAD.

255

ita sit. Reisig-Haase 329. GANIMEDEM 56 n. XIII 43. the Moor is your Ganymede, a name often given to minions such as this fos Asiue Mart. VIII 39 4. Stat. s. 1 6 34. Mart. x 66 who was so stern a tyrant as to make of you, Theopompus, a cook? to soil that face with the kitchen's soot, that hair with a reeking fire? quis potius cyathos aut quis crystalla tenebit? | qua sapient melius mixta Falerna manu? si tam sidereos manet exitus iste ministros, | Iuppiter utatur iam Ganymede coco. ib. 98. Clem. Αl. paed. III 8 26.

60 seq. Lucian speaking of cupbearers Saturnal. 24 παῖδας δὲ αὐτῶν τοὺς ὡραίους καὶ κομήτας, οὓς Υακίνθους ἢ ̓Αχιλλέας ἢ Ναρκίσσους ὀνομάζουσι. ib. 32 ἀλλ ̓ οὐδὲ ἐς κύρον ὅμως φασὶ πίνειν. τοὺς γὰρ οινοχόους ὑμῶν ὥσπερ τοὺς Ὀδυσσέως ἑταίρους κηρῷ βεβύσθαι τὰ ὦτα. ib. 17 οἱ διάκονοι πρὸς χάριν μηδενὶ μηδέν, ἀλλὰ μηδὲ βραδυνέτωσαν etc. ib. 18 ὁ οἰνοχόος οξὺ δεδορκέτω ἐκ περιωπῆς ἐς ἕκαστον καὶ ἔλαττον ἐς τὸν δεσ πόνην καὶ ἐπ' ὀξύτερον ἀκουέτω. ib. 22 ὡς ἐπ ̓ ἴσης μετέχειν ἅπαντας καὶ μὴ τὸν μὲν ἐμφορεῖσθαι τῶν ὄψων καὶ τὸν οἰκέτην περιμένειν ἐστώτα ἔστ ̓ ἂν ἀπαγορεύσῃ ἐσθίων, ἐφ' ἡμᾶς δὲ ἐλθόντα, ἔτι παρασκευαζομένων ὡς ἐπιβάλοιμεν τὴν χεῖρα, παραμείβεσθαι δείξαντα μόνον τὴν λοπάδα ἢ ὅσον ἐστὶ τοῦ πλακοῦντος τὸ λοιπόν......προειπεῖν δὲ καὶ τοῖς οἰνοχόοις μὴ περιμένειν, ἔστ ̓ ἂν ἑπτάκις αἰτήσῃ πιεῖν ἡμῶν ἕκαστος, ἀλλὰ ἣν ἅπαξ κελεύσῃ, αὐτίκα ἐγχέαι καὶ ἀναδοῦναι μεγάλην κύλικα ἐμπλησαμένους ώσπερ τῷ δεσπότῃ. RESPICE Apul. m. x 17 sitiensque pocillatore respecto ciliis alterna connivens bibere flagitarem. 61 MISCERE 63 n. Mart. III 57 2. 62 DIGNA SUPERCILIO

τι 169. Holyday yet such a face and age do well agree | with such disdain.' 63 CALIDAE to mix with the wine Mart. 1 11 3-4 iam defecisset portantes calda ministros, si non potares, Caeciliane, merum. ib. VIII 67 7. ΧΙΙ 74 6. χιν 113 1. Sen. de ira II 25 § 1 parum agilis est puer aut tepidior aqua potui;...ad ista concitari, insania est. ib. I 12 § 4. Tac. xiii 16. Epikt. I 13 § 21. dig. XXXIII 7 18 § 3 nec multum refert inter caccabus et aenum, quod supra focum pendet, hic aqua ad potandum calefit, in illis pulmentarium coquitur. Apul. met. 1 16 arripit poculum ac desuper aqua calida iniecta porrigit ut bibam. How highly this beverage was esteemed appears from Mart. vI 86 5-6 possideat Libycas messes Hermumque Tagumque | et potet calidam......aquam. id. xiv 105 1 frigida non desit, non derit calda petenti. Hence the thermopolia, in which it was sold, were sometimes closed in times of mourning. DCass. LIX 11 speaking of Caligula, after Drusilla's death τὸν γὰρ πωλήσαντα θερμὸν ὕδωρ ἀπέκτεινεν, ὡς ἀσεβήσαντα. Claudius id. Lx 6 προσέταξε μήτε κρέας που ἑφθὸν μήθ ̓ ὕδωρ θερμὸν πιπράσκεσθαι· καί τινας ἐπὶ τούτῳ μὴ πειθαρ χήσαντας ἐκόλασεν. id. cited xiv 305 n. Ampelius, praef. urb. A.D. 369 Ammian. XXVIII 3 § 4 statuerat, ne taberna vinaria ante horam quartam aperiretur, neve aquam vulgarium calefaceret quisquam. Tiberius Claudius Nero was nicknamed Biberius Caldius Mero Suet. 42. Lips. elect. 1 4. Marquardt v 1 343. 64 QUIPPE 'you must know.' 65 POSCAS on 66 74 n. III The bread was handed Mart. vi 11 1-4 quod non sit Pylades hoc tempore, non sit Orestes, | miraris? Pylades, Marce, bibebat idem. [nec melior panis turdusve dabatur Oresti, sed par atque eadem cena duobus erat. id. ix 2 4 convivam pascit nigra farina tuum. ib. xi 56 8 nigropane. Sen. ep.

the construction cf. Madvig §§ 357. 397. 184 seq. n.

round in canistra 74.

VETERI I 132 n.

67 PORREXIT Ι 70 π.
PANEM 11 n.

256

WHITE BREAD. ARTOPTA. PERT SLAVES. [V 67-74

119 § 3 utrum hic panis sit plebeius an siligineus, ad naturam nihil pertinet. ib. 18 § 7 panis durus ac sordidus. Ter. eun. v 4 17 Donatus. Friedländer 13 304. Capitolin. Hadr. 17 § 4 ad deprehendendas obsonatorum fraudes.....fercula de aliis mensis etiam ultimis quibusque adponit. 68 VIX FRACTUM bread too hard to

be cut, which has with difficulty been broken into rough lumps. 69 Holyday the which a man may with his jaw-tooth rather grind than eat.' GENUINUM grinder.' Cic. n. d. 11 § 134 eorum intimi autem confici

[dentium] adversi acuti morsu dividunt escas, unt, qui genuini vocantur. AGITENT Madvig § 364 1. 70 NIVEUS Mart. 1x 3 3. Lucian de merc. cond. 17 οὐδ ̓ ὄναρ λευκοῦ ποτὲ ἄρτου ἐμφορηθείς. Sen. ep. 123 § 2 non habet panem meus pistor. sed habet vilicus, sed habet atriensis, sed habet colonus. 'malum panem' inquis. exspecta, bonus fiet: etiam illum tenerum tibi et siligineum fames reddet. ib. 119 § 3. Plin. XVIII §§ 85. 86 siliginem proprie dixerim tritici delicias candore, virtute, pondere.... e siligine lautissimus panis pistrinarumque opera laulatissima... .... Pisana candidior. ib. § 105. Columell. 11 9 § 13 nec nos tamquam optabilis agricolis fallat siligo: nam hoc tritici vitium est et quamvis candore praestet, pondere tamen vincitur.... omne triticum solo uliginoso post tertiam sationem convertitur in siliginem. ib. 6 § 1. The vilicus gave the slaves coarser bread than he ate himself ib. 1 8 § 12. Marquardt v 2 26-29. 71 DOMINO 92. 137.

MEMENTO VI 572. IX 93. 72 ARTOPTAE artopta from ἀρτόπτης. ef. charta xáprηs. paenula pawóλns. Plaut. Aul. 11 9 4 ego hinc artoptam ex proxumo utendam peto. which verse was suspected in Pliny's time XVIII § 107 where he seems to make art. i. q. pistor. Poll. x § 112 τὸ σκεῦος ᾧ τοὺς ἄρτους ἐνοπτῶσιν.... ὃν νῦν ἀρτόπτην καλοῦσι. Petron. 35 circumferebat Aegyptius puer clibano argenteo panem. The bread made in these moulds was called artopticius. Athen. II p. 113a ὁ ἀρτοπτίκινος ἄρτος καλούμενος κλιβανικίου καὶ φουρνικίου διαφέρει. ἐὰν δὲ καὶ σκληράς ζύμης ἐργάζῃ αὐτόν, ἔσται καὶ λαμπρὸς καὶ εὔβρωτος πρὸς ξηροφαγίαν· εἰ δ ̓ ἐξ ἀνειμένης, ἔσται μὲν ἐλαφρός, οὐ λαμπρὸς δέ. cf. Plin. 1. 1. Specimens both of the moulds themselves, and of the bread baked in them, have been found at Pompeii Rich companion artopta, artopticius. Forcellini 'verere artoptam in domini delicias velut in usum sacrum comparatam, neque audeas tangere panem in ea coctum: ubi praesertim Graecam appellationem Iuvenalis irridet more suo.' On this mocking use of Greek words, cf. 121. III 67. 68.

FINGE VIII 195 n. Quintil. III 6 § 100 finge solum natum nothum, cuius condicionis erit? 73 INPROBULUM IV 106 n. Sen. Med. 84 Gron. 340 inproba Argo. Flor. I 45 11 10 § 17 Duker inprobam classem. so inprobitas Quintil. VI 4 § 16 is ascribed to a turbidus et clamosus altercator. Hor. s. II 6 29. Stat. Ach. II 268. Mart. IV 1 10. XII 97 2.

74 on the licence allowed these slaves cf. 1x 10. Hor. s. 11 6 66. Sen. const. sap. 11 § 3 eadem causa est, cur nos mancipiorum nostrorum urbanitas in dominos contumeliosa delectet: quorum audacia ita demum sibi in convivas ius facit, si coepit a domino..... pueros quidam in hoc mercantur procaces et eorum impudentiam acuunt et sub magistro habent, qui probra meditate effundunt, nec has calumnias vocamus, sed argutias. id. de prov. 1 § 6 cogita filiorum nos modestia delectari, vernularum licentia: illos disciplina tristiori contineri, horum ali audaciam.

74-811

VIS TU? PAENULA.

257

VIS TU Hand Turs. Iv 82 'vis tu dicit, qui aliquem hortatur aut rogat aut evocat aut modeste iubet.' Cic. in Macr. vi 4 § 8. Sen. ep. 47 § 10 vis tu cogitare eum, quem servum tuum vocas, ex isdem seminibus ortum eodem frui caelo, aeque spirare? ib. 124 § 23 vis tu relictis, in quibus vinci te necesse est, dum in aliena niteris, ad bonum reverti tuum? Gron. on Sen. pp. 30. 204. 276. 381 Elz. esp. on n. q. iv pr. § 12. Mart. x 83 1. 9 raros colligis hinc et hinc capillos. J ....vis tu simplicius senem fateri? Bentl. ad Hor. s. 11 6 92. Plin. ep. 1x 17 § 2. Apul. m. 17 tu me vis in another sense. Hor. ep. II 2 79. Sen. tranq. 1 § 13. CANISTRIS Burm. on Phaedr. 1 13 3. 75 PANIS TUI COLOREM 67 n. 70 n. Suet. Caes. 48 of Caesar ut pistorem, alium quam sibi panem convivis subicientem, compedibus vinxerit. Plin. xix § 53 e frugibus quoque quendam halitum sibi excogitasse luxuriam ac medulla tantum earum superque pistrinarum operibus et caelaturis vivere alio pane procerum, alio vulgi, tot generibus usque ad infimam plebem descendente annona. 76 seq. 19 seq. it was for this, it seems (scilicet), mutters Trebius to himself, that I so often left my bed before dawn, and braved cold and hail, in my zeal to do honour to my lord.

FUERAT Ramshorn p. 602.

SAEVA GRANDINE cf. 1 5.

78 ESQUILIAS XI 50 n.

GRANDINE IV 87 n. Mart. x 82. Sen. n. q. iv 4 § 1 quaeritur autem, quare. vere, iam frigore infracto, grando cadat. 79 IUPPITER Plut. Cat. mai. 21.

....

PAENULA φαινόλης

(cf. artopta 72 n.) Rhinth. ap. Poll. vir § 61, a sleeveless cloak, worn in rainy weather DCass. LVII 13. Hadrian, when trib. pl., looked on it as a good omen, Spartian. 3 Salmas. quod paenulas amiserit, quibus uti tribuni plebis pluviae tempore solebant, imperatores autem numquam. Quintil. VI 3 § 66 Galba.. paenulam roganti respondit 'non pluit, non opus est tibi; si pluit, ipse utar.' cf. ib. § 64 supr. I 201 n. Varr. virg. div. ap. Non. s. v. non quaerenda est homini, qui habet virtutem, paenula in imbri? Sen. n. q. iv 6 § 2 hi cum signum dedissent adesse iam grandinem, quid exspectas, ut homines ad paenulas discurrerent aut ad scorteas? Lampr. Al. Sev. 27 paenulis frigoris causa ut senes [senatores, Becker] uterentur permisit, cum id vestimenti genus semper itinerarium aut pluviae fuisset. The paenula was generally worn in travelling (Cic. p. Mil. § 54. ad Att. XIII 33 5), by muleteers (id. p. Sest. § 82 mulionica), by the soldiery (Suet. Galb. 6. Sen. de ben. III 28 § 4. v 24 § 1. Mart. xiv 129), and by the company at the public spectacles in winter Tertull. apol. 6. Lamprid. Comm. 16. Suet. Galb. 6. cf. Hor. ep. 1 11 18. It fitted closely to the body (Cic. p. Mil. § 54 paenula irretitus. Tac. dial. 39 paenulis astricti et velut inclusi. Artemid. 11 3 p. 134-5 Reiff xλauvs dè OXîyiv κal σTEVOXwplav καὶ τοῖς δικαζομένας καταδίκην μαντεύεται διὰ τὸ ἐμπεριέχειν τὸ σῶμα. τὸ δὲ αὐτὸ καὶ ὁ λεγόμενος φαινόλης, καὶ εἴ τι ἄλλο τούτοις ὅμοιον), and was used by both sexes dig. XXXIV 2 23 § 2. Lamprid. Al. Sev. 27. Trebell. Poll. Quiet. 14 matronales. The material was gausape, a woollen frieze (Mart. vI 59. XIV 145. Plin. h. n. vIII § 190), or leather (scortea Mart. XIV 130 2 ad subitas numquam scortea desit aquas. Sen. n. q. iv 6 § 2), but Caligula appeared Suet. 52 depictas gemmatasque indutus paenulas. To run (75) in a dress so tight and so heavy (Tert. de cor. mil. 1 gravissimas p.) was an additional grievance. Marquardt v 2 170. LANCEM Marquardt v 2

80 IV 132.

250.

81 on courses at table see 1 94 n.

258

SQUILLA. ASPARAGUS. FERALIS CENA. [V 81-89

SQUILLA Weber supposes to have been a lobster. From Plin. ep. II 17 § 28 it seems that squillae were highly esteemed mare non sane pretiosis piscibus abundat: soleas tamen et squillas optimas suggerit. Apicius (supr. Iv 23 n.) spent much of his time at Minturnae Ath. I p. 7b kapidas [squillas schol. Hor. s. r 4 58] ἐσθίων πολυτελεῖς, αἳ γίγνονται αὐτόθι ὑπέρ γε τὰς ἐν Σμύρνῃ μέγισται. On hearing that the fish grew to a great size in Libya, he set sail for that coast. On his arrival the fishermen brought their finest fish, but he, not finding them superior to those of Minturnae, at once without disembarking returned to Italy. cf. Lucil. in Cic. fin. II § 24. Cic. fam. Ix 10 ingentium squillarum.

82 ASPARAGIS Plin. xix § 54 silvestres fecerat natura corrudas, ut quisque demeteret passim; ecce altiles spectantur asparagi, et Ravenna ternos libris rependit i. e. at Ravenna they grow to the weight of 1⁄2 lb. On their medicinal properties, cf. id. xx 42. DESPICIAT I 159.

longorum... Syrorum.

83 EXCELSI MINISTRI VI 351 84 Mart. of a frugal meal v 78 5 divisis cybium latebit ovis. id. x 48 11 secta coronabunt rutatos ova lacertos. Eggs are often found in tombs Raoul-Rochette in mém. de l'acad. des inscr. XIII (1838) 679.

CAMMARUS a kind of squilla Ath. p. 306d. It was little esteemed Mart. 11 43 11-2 immodici tibi flava tegunt chrysendeta mulli, | concolor in nostra, cammare, lance rubes. Apic. 11 1.

85 at the feriae novemdiales or novemdialia a meal consisting of pultes panis merum (Aug. conf. vi 2), or other simple fare, was laid on the grave nine days after the burial. Plut. Crass. 19 pakovs Kai äλas, â νομίζουσι ̔Ρωμαῖοι πένθιμα καὶ προτίθενται τοῖς νέκυσι. id. qu. Rom. 95 oopia. Plin. xx 40 (11) ambo [dicunt] neutrum [apii] genus ad cibos admittendum, immo omnino nefas; nam id defunctorum epulis feralibus dicatum esse. The milvus would never carry away food ex funerum ferculis! ib. x 12 (10). A physician, discovering signs of life in one for whom all funeral preparations had been made, ordered Apul. flor. Iv § 95 rogum demolirentur, cenam feralem a tumulo ad mensam referrent. Becker Gallus III 296. Tac. an. vI 5 Lips. Marquardt v 1 382. 86 VENAFRANO Venafrum, still called Venafro, an ancient town of Samnium on the banks of the Vulturnus, and on the borders of Campania (to which Pliny assigns it). Plin. xv 3 (2) principatum in hoc quoque bono [oleo] obtinuit Italia toto orbe, maxime agro Venafrano, eiusque parte quae Licinianum fundit oleum. ib. XVII 4 (3). Varr. r. r. 1 2 § 6 quod vinum [conferam] Falerno? quod oleum Venafro? Hor. c. 11 6 16. s. II 4 69. 8 45. Mart. XII 63 12. XIII 101 hoc tibi Campani sudavit baca Venafri | unguentum: quoties sumis, et istud olet. cf. olebit infr. 87. Strabo p. 238.

87 PALLIDUS Mart. XII 17 ne tibi pallentes moveant fastidia caules, | nitrata viridis brassica fiat aqua.

CAULIS I 134. Hor. s. 11 3 125 ungere si caules oleo meliore [coeperis]. ib. 2 59 cuius odorem olei nequeas perferre... cornu ipse bilibri caulibus instillat.

cf. ib. 4 50.

OLEBIT Madvig § 223 c n. 2. 88 LANTERNAM Hor. s. 16 123 seq. ungor olivo, | non quo fraudatis immundus Natta lucernis. Plin. xv § 24 of an Egyptian oil oleum... cibis foedum, lucernis exile. ALVEOLIS schol. vasis, in quibus vos manducatis. VII 73. Colum. vIII 5 § 13 totum ovorum numerum in alveolum ligneum conferat. Phaedr. 11 5 15 alveolo coepit ligneo conspergere humum aestuantem.

89 CANNA boats

89-94]

TAUROMENIUM. GULA SAEVIT.

259 of reeds plied on the Nile Plin. h. n. vII § 206 ex papyro et scirpo et harundine. Movers Phönizier 11 3 168 (citing a schol. here Probus exponit, cannam navem esse, quae gandeia dicatur, ut sit gandeia Micipsarum, id est Aphrorum, gandeiam enim soli Afri id est Zamaei, vel ut alii Bizazeni, ut alii Barcaei invenerunt) understands a merchant vessel armed with a brazen beak: he shews that Phoenician merchantmen carried catapults etc.

I 109 n.

Tiber to Rome.

MICIPSARUM Micipsa was king of

Numidia, son of Masinissa, uncle of Iugurtha, and father of Hiempsal and Adherbal Sall. Iug. 5 seq. Cless in Pauly v 3. The plur. is generic SUBVEXIT )( VII 121 'has brought up' the 90 PROPTER etc. Roth quia Boccar in balneis illo ungitur [111 263 n.]. nomen ipsum regis Mauritaniae Liv. XXIX 30: h.1. autem Numidae alicuius, Romae versantis, Iuvenalis aequalis. cf. infr. vII 130 Hor. s. 1 6 123 (supr. 88 n.) It is a characteristic of the δυσχερής, Theophr. char. 19 ἐλαίῳ σαπρῷ ἐν βαλανείῳ χρῆσθαι. Perfumes were used in the baths Sen. ep. 86 § 10 seq.

91 omitted in the best mss. The rankness of the oil with which they are anointed, secures the Numidian snake-charmers from harm. In Africa Plin. h. n. vII 2 gens Psyllorum fuit. ... horum corpori ingenitum fuit virus exitiale serpentibus, et cuius odore sopirent eas. ATRIS Verg. g. I 129 ille malum virus serpentibus addidit atris. 92 MULLUS 84 n. iv 15 n. Mart. II 43.

93 TAUROMENITANAE Naxus, an ancient city on the east coast of Sicily, was razed to the ground by Dionysius the elder B.c. 403 DS. XIV 15. The Naxians were scattered about in the island until, B.C. 358, Andromachus restored them to Tauromenium, ib. XVI 7, a town which, B. c. 396, the Sicels had founded upon and named from Mt. Taurus, near the site of Naxus ib. XIV 59. 87. Strab. vI p. 268. Tauromenium suffered greatly from the slaves under Eunus ib. p. 272: when it took part with Sextus Pompeius against Augustus (App. b. c. v 109. 116), the inhabitants were forced to abandon it to a Roman colony DS. XVI 7. It is now called Taormina, and has remains of a vast theatre.

RUPES Sen. n. q. 11 18 § 4 illa audiebamus, nihil esse melius saxatili mullo. Colum. vIII 17 § 8 et si quae sunt alia saxatilis notae, quorum pretia vigent. Those caught near shore were less esteemed Plin. h. n. ix § 65 nec litoralibus gratia. 94 DEFECIT, DUM SAEVIT III 10 n. GULA etc. I 135. IV 140. XI 14. Luc. x 154-170. Sen. ep. 89 § 22 quorum profunda et insatiabilis gula hinc maria scrutatur, hinc terras. id. de prov. 3 § 6 felicior esset, si in ventrem suum longinquilitoris pisces et peregrina aucupia congereret? si conchyliis superi atque inferi maris pigritiam stomachi nauseantis erigeret? si ingenti pomorum strue cingeret primae formae feras, captas multa caede venantium? id. ep. 95 § 19. ad Helv. 10 §§ 2-6. M. Sen. cited on I 144. id. contr. 9 § 11 p. 121 7. Varr. ap. Gell. vI-VII 16 who gives a list of fowls, fish and fruits imported; Gellius adds hanc autem peragrantis gulae et in sucos inquirentis industriam atque has undique vorsum indagines cuppediarum maiore detestatione dignas censebimus. Macrob. Sat. vII 5 fin. Plin. h. n. xIx 19 (4). Tac. h. 11 62 of Vitellius. cf. Suet. Vit. 13. DCass. LXv 3 § 1. Ambros. cited on IV 51. Petron. 119 33 seq. ingeniosa gula est. Siculo scarus aequore mersus ad mensam vivus perducitur, inque Lucrinis | eruta litoribus vendunt conchylia cenas, | ut renovent per damna famem; iam Phasidos unda orbata est avibus. id. 93. Stat. s. Iv 6 6 seq. Claud. Eutrop.