143-149] MOVING EPILOGUES. GAUL AND AFRICA. 305 Theophr. char. 22 τῇ γυναικὶ . . . μὴ πρίασθαι θεράπαιναν, ἀλλὰ μισθούς σθαι εἰς τὰς ἐξόδους παιδίον συνακολουθῆσον. see Jebb ad 1. p. 246. PAUL. GALL. BAS. poor pleaders of the day. 144 SARDONYCHE VI 382. XIII 139. Pers. 1 16. Plin. XXXVII § 85 primus autem Romanorum sardonyche usus est Africanus prior, et inde Romanis gemmae huius auctoritas. 145 BASILO x 222. RARA IN TENUI FACUNDIA PANNO Petron. 83 fin. sola pruinosis horret facundia pannis. cf. Caecil. ap. Cic. Tusc. III § 56 saepe est etiam sub palliolo sordido sapientia. Plin. ep. 11 14 § 6 ternis denariis ad laudandum trahebantur. tanti constat, ut sis disertissimus. IN Hand Turs. III 260.

TENUI PANNO τρίβωνι.

146 xv 135 seq. when has Basilus an important case, in which he can work on the jurors' feelings by introducing into court a mother interceding for her son? cf. Aristoph. vesp. 568 seq. Tà παιδάρι ̓ εὐθὺς ἀνέλκει | τὰς θηλείας καὶ τοὺς υἱεῖς τῆς χειρός, ἐγὼ δ ̓ ἀκροῶμαι· [τὰ δὲ συγκύπτονθ ̓ ἁμ βληχᾶται κἀπειθ ̓ ὁ πα τὴρ ὑπὲρ αὐτῶν | ὥσπερ θεὸν ἀντιβολεί με τρέμων τῆς εὐθύνης ἀπολῦσαι. [ εἰ μὲν χαίρεις αρνὸς φωνῇ, παιδὸς φωνὴν ἐλεήσαις. Plat. apol. 34c. On the Roman custom cf. Cic. de or. 1 § 228. p. Sull. § 89 Halm. p. Sest. §§ 6. 10. p. Font. § 36 seq. Verr. 1 § 93 seq. Quintil. vi 1 § 30 seq. non solum autem dicendo sed etiam faciendo quaedam lacrimas movemus: unde et producere ipsos qui periclitentur squalidos atque deformes et liberos eorum ac parentes institutum etc. ib. §§ 39-42. 46-47. It was in the epilogue that these moving scenes occurred. Salvian. ep. 4 p. 201 ed. 1669 utamur illorum more et exemplo, qui ultimo causarum loco aliqua nonnumquam ad commovendam iudicum misericordiam proferebant laturis sententiam disceptatoribus, aut lamentantes matres familias aut sordidatos senes aut plorantes parvulos ingerentes. ib. pp. 203-4. Marquardt v I 58. Volkmann die Rhetorik der Griechen u. Römer, Berl. 1872, 232-3. 147 who would not resent it as presumption, if Basilus should plead a cause with eloquence? 148 GALLIA 214. 1 44 n. xv 111 n. Charis. Ir p. 120 Lind. M. Cato Originum secundo: pleraque Gallia duas res industriosissime persequitur, rem militarem et argute loqui. Auson. Mosell. 383 aemula te [Mosellam] Latiae decorat facundia linguae. Bernhardy Grundr. d. Röm. Lit. ed. 1850, pp. 71-72. 87. 306. Westermann Gesch. d. röm. Beredtsamkeit § 90. Rutil. it. I 209-210. Symm. ep. Ix 83 p. 242, Paris 1580 Gallicanae facundiae haustus requiro; non quod his septem montibus eloquentia Latiaris excessit. ib. 1 15. 94. III 50. Tac. dial. 10 cited 31 n. Claud. IV cons. Honor. 582. Hieron. c. Vigilant. 1 11 387a Vall. Gallia... viris semper fortibus et eloquentissimis abundavit. NUTRICULA Pacuv. ap. Varr. 1 1. VII § 18 Calydonia altrix terra exsuperantum virum. 149 AFRICA how greatly rhetoric flourished in Africa under the empire we know from the works of Tertullian Cyprian Arnobius Lactantius Augustine and Apuleius. Lyd. de mag. 111 § 73 ǹžiov περινοῆσαί τινα πρὸς διδασκαλίαν αὐτῷ τῆς Ἰταλίδος φωνῆς, Λιβὺν ἐπιζητῶν· αὐτὸς γὰρ ἔφασκεν ἐγνωκέναι στο μυλωτέρως παρὰ τοὺς Ἰταλοὺς διαλέγεσθαι. Salvian. de gubern. D. vII 170 ed. 1669 of Carthage illic enim omnia officiorum publicorum instrumenta, illic artium liberalium scholae, illic philosophorum officinae, cuncta denique vel linguarum gymnasia vel morum. Meyer anthol. 290 30. See esp. on the

306

DECLAMATIONS ON TYRANTS.

[VII 149-151 schools of Carthage Aug. conf. I-III. id. epist. 118 § 9 duae tantae urbes, Latinarum litterarum artifices, Roma atque Carthago. cf. ib. § 3. Vopisc. Saturnin. 10 in Africa rhetoricae operam dederat, Romae frequentaverat pergulas magistrales. Apul. fl. Iv 18 pr. 20 fin. PONERE Hor. s. II 3 23 callidus huic signo ponebam milia centum. ['it is easy to conceive that mercedEM IMponere should be changed by P to merc. ponere: em absorbing im.' H. A. J. M.] 150 seq. I 16 n. Gräfenhan Gesch. DECLAMARE DOCES? are

d. Philol. Iv § 269. you a rhetor The word in this sense, of a rhetorical exercise, first came into vogue in Cicero's time Brut. § 310 commentabar declamitans (sic enim nunc loquuntur) saepe cum M. Pisone et cum Q. Pompeio aut cum aliquo cotidie, idque faciebam multum etiam Latine, sed Graece saepius. id. Tusc. 1 § 7. fam. xvi 21 § 9. M. Sen. contr. 1 pr. § 12 declamabat autem Cicero non quales nunc controversias dicimus .... ipsa declamatio apud nullum antiquum auctorem ante Ciceronem et Calvum inveniri potest, qui declamationem distinguit; ait enim ‘declamare est domi non mediocriter dicere.' See Bonnell de mutata sub primis Caesaribus eloquentiae Romanae condicione, impr. de rhetorum scholis. Berl. 1836.-Kloes de praeceptoribus in rhetorum scholis apud Romanos. Traiect. 1840. Hieron. c. Rufin. 1 30 II 486b et quo magis stupeas, nunc cano et recalvo capite saepe mihi videor in somnis comatulus et sumpta toga ante rhetorem controversiolam declamare; cumque experrectus fuero, gratulor me dicendi periculo liberatum. Quintil. 11 5 § 16 an vero declamabit quidem praeceptor, ut sit exemplo suis auditoribus: non plus contulerint lecti Cicero aut Demosthenes? corrigetur palam, si quid in declamando discipulus erraverit? FERREA 'patient.' supr. 1 31. M. Sen. contr. 25 § 23 p. 258 10 nec ulli alii contigisse scio, quam. apud Romanos Latroni, ut discipuli non audiri desiderarent, sed contenti essent audire... hoc erat non patientiam suam, sed eloquentiam vendere. VETTIUS a rhetorician of the day. 151 CLASSIS Quintil.

...

x 5 § 21 cited 160 n. Quintilian's teachers 1 2 § 23 seq. cum pueros in classes distribuerant, ordinem dicendi secundum vires ingenii dabant: et ita superiore loco quisque declamabat, ut praecedere profectu videbatur. huius rei iudicia praebebantur; ea nobis ingens palmae contentio: ducere vero classem multo pulcherrimum.

NUMEROSA X 105 n. on the overgrown classes in the rhetorical schools see Quintil. x 5 §§ 21-2.

TYRANNOS Tac. dial. 32 sequitur autem ut materiae abhorrenti a veritate declamatio quoque adhibeatur: sic fit ut tyrannicidarum praemia aut vitiatarum electiones aut pestilentiae remedia aut incesta matrum aut quidquid in schola quotidie agitur, in foro vel raro vel numquam, ingentibus verbis persequantur. Quintil. vII 3 § 7 an, qui tyrannum in mortem compulit, tyrannicida? ib. § 10. 4 § 21 seq. § 44 an Thrasybulo triginta praemia debeantur ? Bonnell lex. Quintil. tyrannicida, tyrannis, tyrannus. Caligula banished the rhetorician Carrinas Secundus DCass. LIx 20 § 6 ὅτι λόγον τινὰ ἐν γυμνασίᾳ κατὰ τυράννων εἶπε. So Domitian ib. LXVII 12 § 5 Μάτερνον δὲ τὸν σοφιστήν, ὅτι κατὰ τυράννων εἶπε τι ἀσκῶν, ἀπέκτεινε. Lucian bis acc. 32 if I had no other reason for abandoning rhetoric for philosophical dialogue, yet at my time of life, being hard upon 40, it became me well to fly from the din of lawsuits, to leave the judges in peace, τυράννων κατηγορίας καὶ ἀριστέων ÉTαÍVOUS ÉKPUYÓvтa. cf. schol. ib. Philostr. soph. pr. § 3. 11 31 § 3 Phi

151-154]

PERFERO. CANTO. CRAMBE.

307 lostratus of Lemnos found Aelian, a Roman sophist, with a book in his hands, which he read with much passion and emphasis. On being asked what he was about, 'I have composed' he said an accusation against Gynnis; for so I call the tyrant lately slain, since he disgraced the Roman name by the utmost profligacy.' 'If you had accused him living' said Ph. 'I would have admired you.' For a man was needed to smite a living tyrant, but any one could trample on his corpse. Sozom. h. e. vi 2 § 1 the slayer of Julian may have been a Christian, as Libanius hints. It is not unlikely that some one then serving in the army may have remembered how the Greeks and all men to this day τοὺς πάλαι τυραννο κτόνους ἐπαινοῦσιν. Several of the controversies of Sen. Quintil. and Calpurn. relate to tyrannicides. Sidon. ep. VIII 11 nunc flammant saturae et tyrannicarum | declamatio controversiarum. Aphthon. rhet. 7 KOLOS TÓTOS Kатà тuρávνov. Philo de spec. leg. 30 11 326 fin. M. fragm. II 641 fin. M. in Eus. praep. ev. VIII 13. The class kills the tyrants when it recites a declamation accusing them, or when it praises tyrannicides. 152 STANS the rhetor sat on his cathedra

or Opovos, the class sat on benches (Bálpa Liban. ep. 968) or stood Zon. XIII 19.

153 PERFERET will rehearse from beginning to end vI 261. 391-2 dictataque verba | perferet. Apul. met. vII 10 sic ille latronum fisci advocatus nostram causam pertulerat. ib. Iv 30 fin. tota illa perlata de formositatis aemulatione fabula. Symm. or. p. patr. pr. p. 42 Nieb. dicendi munus et gratulationis verba pertulerim. Quintil. see Bonnell.

EADEM etc. Cic. de or. II § 162 ego autem, siquem nunc plane rudem institui ad dicendum velim, his potius tradam assiduis uno opere eandem incudem diem noctemque tundentibus, qui omnes tenuissimas particulas atque omnia minima mansa, ut nutrices infantibus pueris, in os inserant. Complaints of the dilatoriness of the teachers, who keep back the whole class for the sake of the dullards Liban. or. 11 273. Themist. XXIII 289a they worry some little book and spend more time on it than the Greeks on Troy.' CANTABIT IV 35 n. 'harp upon the same string:' at the same time the hum-drum sing-song tone is denoted. cf. Hor. ep. 1 1 55 haec recinunt iuvenes dictata senesque. Cic. de or. 1 § 105 ex scholis cantilenam. Ter. Phorm. III 2 10 cantilenam eandem canis. Cic. fin. Iv § 10 isdem de rebus semper quasi dictata decantare. O. Jahn in Hermes II 422 cites Macrob. Sat. 1 24 § 6 videris enim mihi ita adhuc Vergilianos habere versus qualiter eos pueri magistris praelegentibus canebamus. Hence cantari comes to be used of that which is in every one's mouth, though here the sense celebrate, praise, is also prominent. exx. from Ov. Mart. Terent. Maur. Plut. de fort. Alex. 5 p. 328d кal Пeрσŵv kal Zovocavŵv καὶ Γεδρωσίων παῖδες τὰς Εὐριπίδου καὶ Σοφοκλέους τραγῳδίας ᾔδον. VERSIBUS lines, here of prose, as in Hor. s. 11 5 52—3 quid prima secundo | cera velit versu. Quintil. x 1 § 38 1. 33 n.

154 CRAMBE prov. ap. Suid. dis кρáμßŋ Odvaros. Quintil. 11 4 § 28 seq. nam quid hi possint in causis, quarum varia ac nova semper est facies, proprium invenire?.. necesse est his, cum eadem iudiciis pluribus dicunt, aut fastidium moveant velut frigidi et repositi cibi. Philostr. soph. 11 8 § 3 Philagros had published in Asia a declamation, those who decline the aid of unbidden allies.' The pupils of Herodes, hearing that it was his habit to discourse extempore on the first subjects proposed, but afterwards to repeat some stale declamation, rds

308

COLOR IN RHETORIC.

[VII 154 155 δὲ καὶ δεύτερον οὐκέτι [αὐτοσχεδιάζοι], ἀλλ ̓ ἕωλα μελετῴη καὶ ἑαυτῷ προειρημένα, set him as a subject τοὺς ἀκλήτους, and checked his supposed improvisation by the written copy. The audience burst into a roar of laughter, and Ph. stormed, ws deivà đáoxoi tŵv éavtoû elpyóμevos.

155 COLOR=Xpŵμа. VI 279 seq. sed iacet in servi complexibus aut equitis. dic, dic aliquem, sodes, hic, Quintiliane, colorem.'|' haeremus, dic ipsa.' 'olim convenerat' inquit ut faceres tu quod velles, nec non ego possem | indulgere mihi.' Colorare then will mean to gloss over, to give a false colouring to. a technical expression in the schools. Quintil. IV 2 § 88 sunt quaedam et falsae expositiones, quarum in foro duplex genus est: alterum, quod instrumentis adiuvatur [as when Clodius by perjured witnesses proved an alibi].... alterum quod est tuendum dicentis ingenio. id interim ad solam verecundiam pertinet, unde etiam mihi videtur dici color; interim ad quaestionem. ib. § 94 somniorum et superstitionum colores [pleas, excuses. Spald. cum quis nocturno visu incitatus vel aliqua religione constrictus aliquid fecisse vult videri.'] ipsa iam facilitate auctoritatem perdiderunt. cf. § 95 seq. Among the declamations of Quintilian forty-three are distinguished from the rest as coloratae; in the controversiae of Seneca the color regularly follows the divisio. E. g. controv. 25 thema Flaminius praetor inter cenam a meretrice rogatus, quae aiebat se numquam decollari hominem vidisse, unum ex damnatis occidit. accusatur maiestatis. On this it was observed quaedam controversiae sunt, in quibus factum defendi non potest, excusari potest: ex quibus est et haec. In mitigation it was urged, quam multa populus Romanus in suis imperatoribus tulerit: in Gurgite luxuriam, in Manlio impotentiam, etc....obiciunt quod damnatus perierit meretrici: postulant, praetorem perire damnato. ... ebrium fuisse, nescisse quid fecerit . . . . non putavit ad rem pertinere, ubi aut quando periret, qui perire deberet. In aggravation of the crime the following colores amongst others were used percussurus lictor ad praetorem respexit, praetor ad meretricem . . . . lictori, quia bene percusserat propinatum est. Serv. Aen. Ix 130. Color is not used by Cic. or Cornif. ad Herenn. in M. Sen. Quintil. and Iuv. it denotes the varnish, gloss or colour by which the accused endeavours to palliate, the accuser to aggravate, the allowed facts of the case; see Spalding on Quintil. Iv 2 § 88. Ernesti lex. rhet. xpŵμa. color. R. Volkmann die Rhetorik der Gr. u. Römer 78-9. A desperate case, which admits of no excuse, is Planud. schol. Hermog. in Walz v 250 Tò ȧxρúμатov ȧvажоλóynтov. Fortunat. 1 3 p. 83 20 H quae est achromos? cum color facti non invenitur, ut: 'decem milites belli tempore pollices sibi amputaverunt; rei sunt laesae rei publicae.' The proper place for the color is in the probatio, among the argumenta Asin. Poll. in Sen. exc. cont. Iv 3 § 5 p. 382. It was distinct from defensio Sen. contr. 21 § 17 p. 225 a parte patris magis defensione opus esse dicebat Latro quam colore. Specimens of colores, where the case seems desperate ib. 33 § 15 seq. where one is accused of mutilating foundlings and sending them out to beg: men will be less forward to expose their infants: he was compassionate, he wished to save them; he was forced to sacrifice a part of their body to save the life of the rest' etc. ib. 7 § 18 my secretary, writing from dictation, happened to omit a non. See more in Koerber über den rhetor Seneca, Cassel 1864, 40-42. Otho Iunius published four books of colores Sen. contr. 3 § 11 p. 82. exc. contr. 1 1 § 7 p. 350 quos belle Gallio noster Antiphontis libros vocat: tantum in illis somniorum est.

SUMMA QUAESTIO the main point, the gist.

Quintil. v 13 § 55 videndum

155-158]

INCOME OF RHETORICIANS.

309

praecipue utrique parti, ubi sit rei summa: nam fere accidit, ut in causis multa dicantur. 156 DIVERSAE FORTE XIII 136 n. SAGITTAE i.e. arguments cf. 173 pugna. 157-160 cited by Ioan. Sarisb. metalog. 11 6. 158 MERCEDEM 228. Philodemi rhet. ed. Gros, Par. 1840, 210-216. 235 argues that money spent on sophists is thrown away, that their training does not fit men for the bar or for addressing a public assembly. p. 223 the wealth acquired by some rhetoricians as ill-gotten as that of informers or courtesans. Cic. Phil. 11 §§ 42. 43. 84 fin. M. Sen. exc. contr. 1x 3 § 4 p. 437 14 in Sabinum Clodium uno die et Graece et Latine declamantem multa urbane dicta sunt. dixit Haterius quibusdam querentibus quod pusillas mercedes acciperet, cum duas res doceret, numquam magnas mercedes accipere eos qui hermeneumata docent. Suet. gr. 9 L. Orbilius Pupillus taught maiore fama quam emolumento

librum etiam cui est titulus Tepiaλyns edidit continentem querellas de iniuriis, quas professores neglegentia aut ambitione parentum acciperent. Aug. conf. v §22 sedulo ergo agere coeperam, ut docerem Romae artem rhetoricam, et prius domi congregare aliquos, quibus et per quos innotescere coeperam; et ecce cognosco alia Romae fieri, quae non patiebar in Africa.....‘subito' inquiunt 'ne mercedem magistro reddant, conspirant multi adulescentes et transferunt se ad alium;' desertores fidei et quibus prae pecuniae caritate iustitia vilis est etc. Sievers Libanius 31-2 sometimes the rhetorician entreats the fathers to send his pupils money (Liban. ep. 22. 23. 78), or institutes inquiries in a young man's home after his negligent relatives (ib. 1212). Sometimes poorer pupils came (ib. 175. 1327); the father of one gave his son an ass, the sale of which was to defray the cost of his subsistence ib. 1452,' Sievers 35 the pupils spend the money received from their fathers for their education on driving, gambling or worse excesses Liban. or. I 198 R.' Sievers 38 after speaking of the public salary of rhetoricians: "the second item of income was the honorarium received from their pupils for the lectures (molós or duoißal or. I 197. II 267; Libanius wrote an oration repi uoloû ep. 34). Themistius (or. xxIII p. 288c) received no fee. Here all depended on the number of pupils. In Constantinople Libanius was promised forty pupils, but really had eighty (or. 1 24. 29); as private tutor in Antioch he began with fifteen, but afterwards had forty or fifty (ib. 70. ep. 47), and later, as he says perhaps with some exaggeration, so many, that it was not possible to go through them all before sunset (or. I 73. cf. ep. 277). Chrestus as private tutor had 100 paying pupils' Philostr. soph. II 11 § 1 μσo dкpоaтaí. The higher a teacher stood in favour with the authorities, the greater was the number of his audience Liban. or. 1 73; so Alexander, probably as consular of Syria A.D. 363, exerted himself in behalf of Libanius ep. 758. The amount of the fee was settled at the beginning of the course; it was paid on Jan. 1, at any rate that day is called the rhetorician's harvest, and on that day the scholars gave gold staters into the rhetoricians' hands and the paedagogi laid silver at their feet Liban. or. 1 259. Arsenius had supposed that the festival brought in to Libanius a large sum ep. 343. The amount of the fee probably varied greatly (Proklus received 100 drachmae for the whole course Philostr. soph. 11 21 § 3. Damianus paid 10,000 drachmae to Aristides and to Hadrian ib. 23 § 2: according to Diocletian's edict 17 71 3000 denarii a year is the maximum); yet it seems to have been sufficient (80 scholars sufficed to maintain Libanius in Antioch or. I 29); at least the poorer folk in Antioch thought so, and Libanius allows that it was so,