370

PALLADIUM.

VENALITY OF ROME. III 137

cf. Cic. p. SRosc. § 43 fin. firmissimis et sanctissimis testimoniis virorum optimorum causa... communita. § 44 witnesses worthy of trust, ordine.. senatores, aetate grandes natu, natura sanctos et religiosos, copiis rei familiaris locupletes et pecuniosos.

III 137 138 HOSPES NUMINIS IDAEI Plin. h. n. vII § 120 vir optimus semel a condito aevo iudicatus est Scipio Nasica a iurato senatu. Pauly i 666 n. 11. 138 NUMINIS IDAEI Preller-Jordan röm. Myth. 113 54-60. PROCEDAT Cic. p. Cael. § 66 fin. testes... exspecto. § 67 qui se numquam profecto, si in istum locum processerint, explicabunt. p. Flacco § 11 Graecus testis cum ea voluntate processit ut laedat, non iuris iurandi, sed laedendi verba meditatur. anth. lat. 787 3 R. NUMA who introduced

the worship of Fides 1 115 n. Liv. 1 21 § 4. DH. 11 75. Plut. Num. 16 § 1. Clem. Al. str. v § 8. esp. Amm. xvi 7 § 4.

139 SERVAVIT TREPIDAM FLAGRANTI EX AEDE MINERVAM on the Palladium see Preller-Jordan röm. Myth. 13 299. 113 169. Marquardt StV. Î1 242. Ov. tr. II 1 29. Luc. 1 592-3. Ix 991-2. Argos also (Paus. II 23 § 5 rebukes the Argive claim: τὸ μὲν δὴ Παλλάδιον, καλεῖται γὰρ οὕτω, δῆλόν ἐστιν ἐς Ἰταλίαν κομισθὲν ὑπὸ Αἰνείου), Lavinium, Luceria, Ilium, Siris, all shewed the genuine Palladium of Troy (Schwegler 1 332--4). Profane eyes first beheld it after the fire of A.D. 191 (Hdn. 1 14 §§ 4 5. cf. v 6 § 3). Constantine, si credimus, imbedded it in the basis of the still existing porphyry monolith, set up in the forum of Constantinople. The Byzantine Christians, regarding it as the fatal pledge of the city's safety, kindled tapers and incense there (Lasaulx Untergang des Hellenismus 49 50). On the fire of B.C. 241 see Oros. Iv 11 § 9 (ignis) cum omnia in circuitu fori popularetur, aedem Vestae corripuit, et ne sibi quidem dis subvenientibus ignem illum, qui aeternus putabatur, temporarius ignis oppressit; unde etiam Metellus, dum arsuros deos eripit, vix bracchio semiustulatus aufugit. Sidon. c. 9 (=1 Baret) 195-7. cf. Firm. Matern. 15 § 3 Troy was burnt by the Greeks, Rome by the Gauls, et ex utroque incendio Palladium reservatum est, sed reservatum non propriis virtutibus, sed humano praesidio: ab utroque enim loco homines liberarunt et translatum est ne humano flagraret incendio cet. cf. 16 § 2 seq. where the emperors are adjured to burn it. Aug. c. D. 1 2. A very high character of Metellus, by his son Q. Metellus Macedonicus, with Pliny's criticism h. n. vII §§ 139-141. Pauly 11 22 n. 2. Sen. exc. contr. Iv 2. Heyne exc. Ix on Aen. II. Klausen Aeneas 276 n. 1.

140 cf. 183 184. VII 138. Sall. Catil. 10 § 4. Iug. 8 § 1 (=20 § 1) Romae omnia venalia. cf. 28 § 1. 35 § 5 Iugurtha, leaving Rome, fertur saepe eo tacitus respiciens postremo dixisse: o urbem venalem et mature perituram, si emptorem invenerit. Freinsheim on Flor. I 1 § 18. 5 § 18. 9 § 3. Ov. f. 1 209-218. App. Mithr. 56 f. Petron. 14 quid faciant leges, ubi sola pecunia regnat, aut ubi paupertas vincere nulla potest? cet. 119 ver. 39-44. See the terrible indictment against the mystic Babylon apocal. 18 with the Tây Tâv πâv of ver. 12, and the climax 'souls of men' in ver. 13. Countless proverbs and protests in every style of composition attest that Rome has never washed away this hereditary taint. Wander deutsches Sprichwörter-Lex. v 1685 n. 114 (in Rome the 10 commandments consist in the 10 letters da pecuniam). PROTINUS AD CENSUM, DE MORIBUS ULTIMA FIET QUAESTIO Phokylides (cf. Plat. rep. 407a) in Diogenian. Iv 39 diceσlai Biorhy, ȧperǹv d'Orav Bios. Contrary to the rule of ethics Cic. off. 11 § 69 cum in hominibus iuvandis mores spectari aut fortuna solet, dictu quidem est proclive itaque volgo loquuntur, se in beneficiis collocandis mores homi

-144

SLAVES. MONEY MAKES THE MAN.

371

num, non fortunam sequi. § 71 sitque omne iudicium non, quam locuples, sed qualis quisque sit.

III 141 QUOT PASCIT SERVOS Sen. tranq. 8 §§ 6 8. Apuleius (apol. 17—23) had gone, so his enemies affirmed, to Oea c. 17 uno servo comite; and had manumitted three slaves: 'supposing I had, cur potius tres servos inopiae signum putares, quam tres libertos opulentiae? Know that not philosophers only, verum etiam imperatores populi Romani paucitate servorum gloriatos; that M. Antonius, a consular, solos octo servos domi habuisse; Carbo had only seven; that Manius Curius had only two calones in camp, counting more triumphs than slaves. M. Cato, when he went as consul to Spain, tres servos solos ex urbe duxisse; when he found that more were required, he bought two more from the market; eos quinque in Hispaniam duxisse.' c. 21 will you accuse me, not of any vice, sed quod vivo gracili lare, quod pauciores ego habeo, parcius pasco, levius vestio? He ends with a tu quoque c. 23 never again taunt any one with poverty, for you yourself alone, with a single ass, ploughed the one little field, your sole inheritance.' Scipio Africanus took five slaves on his campaign, Iulius Caesar three to Britain (Ath. 273ab). Sil. XI 274-7. XII 357-360. Petron. 37 f. 47 Burm. (400 cooks). 53 seventy slave children born in a day on the Cumanum praedium of Trimalchio. 117 familiam quidem tam magnam per agros Numidiae esse sparsam, ut possit vel Carthaginem capere. The freedman C. Caecilius Claudius Isidorus had 4116 slaves (Plin. xxxIII § 135). Luc. navig. 22 f. maîdas @palous boov dioxiλious. Wallon п 71-159. Becker-Marquardt III 2 100. Marquardt Privatleben 189. See Catull. (cited 231 n.) L. and S. adovλos (with Ruhnken and Madvig there cited), ¿dovλla. Add for adovλos DH. VIII 41. Georg. Pis. hexaëm. 1842: also the verb ȧdovλéw Strabo 712 fin. 141 142 AGRI IUGERA Mart. x 58 9 dura suburbani dum iugera pascimus agri. 142 QUAM MULTA MAGNAQUE sing. as I 120 n. Pacat. 47 f. quam multo circumdabor auditore! Merguet lex. Cic. Iv 24 b 25 b 27 b shews that quam multi is as usual as quot. In such a passage as Cic. Lael. § 86 honores vero...quam multi ita contemnunt! the bare quot (without homines) would scarcely be allowed.

PAROPSIDE Suet. Galba 12. Becker Gallus 113 279. Mart. x1 31 18. Prud. hamart. 532 Dressel. epilog. 18 (p. 487 Dr.). Wetstein on Matt. 23 25. HSt. Sidon. ep. 11 9 (with Savaro p. 106). Isid. xx 4 § 10. Charis. 1 82, Migne patrol. CVI 1150a. 1474°.

143 144 Hor. s. II 3 94-99. ep. 11 3 31-40 esp. 36 fidem. Apul. apol. 23 tu vero, Aemiliane, et id genus homines, uti tu es, inculti et agrestes, tanti revera estis, quantum habetis. Aug. enarr. in ps. 51 9 § 14 quantum habebis, tantus eris. proverbium avarorum rapacium, innocentes opprimentium, res alienas invadentium, commendata negantium. quale hoc proverbium quantum habebis, tantus eris? id est, quantum habueris pecuniae, quantum acquisieris, tanto plus poteris. The proverb is cited also Aug. de discipl. Christiana §§ 9 pr. 12 (VI 983a, 986 Gaume). In the former passage there is a riming proverb unnoticed by Erasmus: quid illi in aures insusurrabis, homo avare, nisi 'Fili, aut frater aut pater, bonum est nobis ut cum hic vivimus bene sit nobis? quantum habebis, tantus eris. frange lunam, et fac fortunam.'

143 ARCA XI 26 n.

144 TANTUM HABET ET FIDEI Sall. Iug. 24 § 4 iam ante expertus sum parum fidei miseris esse. Menand. monost. 512 Tŵv yàp πEVÝTWV

372 SAMOTHRACUM ARAE.

PERJURY SECURE.

ΠΙ 144

εἰσὶν οἱ λόγοι κενοί. id. fr. inc. 277 Mein, πένης λέγων τἀληθὲς οὐ πιστεύεται. id. in Stob. f. 96 5 εὐκαταφρόνητόν ἐστι, Γοργία, πένης, | κἂν πάνυ λέγῃ δίκαια.

III 144 SAMOTHRACUM Hertzberg Gesch. Griechenl. п 485 65. Plut. Pomp. 24 § 3. Roman devotees CIL 1 578-581. Plut. Lucull. 13 § 2. Tac. an. 1 54 of Germanicus illum in regressu sacra Samothracum visere nitentem obvii aquilones depulere. The island a sanctuary in which Perseus took refuge (Liv. XLIV 45 § 15. 46 § 10. esp. XLV 5 § 1—6 $10. Vell. 19 § 4. Flor. n 12 §§ 9 10); Atticus (Nep. Att. 11 § 2) sent thither fugitives from Philippi. The Samothrakian mysteries (of the Cabiri, Attius tr. 526 R) are in later times often coupled with the Eleusinian (Ov. a. a. II 601-2. Tert. apol. 7. Aristid. panathen. 1 308 Dind. 189 Jebb, 329 fin. Canter. Galen in 576. IV 361 K). Welcker griech. Götterlehre 1 776 In DS. the Samothrakians regard their flood (that of Dardanus), subsequent in Nonnus (1 215) to those of Ogyges and Deukalion, as the earliest, and account for it by the Euxine bursting its banks, which accords with the view of the natural philosopher Stratou (Strabo 49). Altars on the heights, whereon they still sacrificed, were pointed to as evidence that their fathers were before the flood, having found refuge there (DS. v 47 § 5). These altars, as the most sacred and peculiar to them, must be meant by Iuv. They remind us of the commemoration of the flood at Athens and Hierapolis. The thank-offering presented to the Most High by Noah in the best known story of the deluge, gave occasion to the altars of the Samothrakians.' Cassius Heminą (fr. 6 in Peter hist. Rom. fragm. Leipz. 1883 p. 69 from Serv. Aen. 1 378 and Macr. Sat. III 4 § 9) Samothracas deos eosdemque Romanorum penates proprie dici beoùs peɣáλous (cf. Aen. III 12. Varro 1. 1. vi § 88). Atticus fr. 1 (ib. p. 216 from schol. Veron. on Aen. II 717) the penates were brought from Samothrace to Rome. Varro (in Macr. Sat. I 4 § 7. Serv. Aen. I 378. ш 148) the penates were conveyed by Dardanus from Samothrace to Troy, by Aeneas from Troy to Italy. Elsewhere (Aug. c. D. VII 28. cf. DH. 11 66 fin. Plut. Cam. 26 § 7. Tert. spect. 8. Arn. III 40. Serv. Aen. II 296. Macrob. Sat. 111 4 § 8) Varro identifies the penates with the Capitoline triad (Iuv. XII 3-6 n.). See Klausen Aeneas u. d. Penaten 159. 326-340. Preller-Jordan röm. Myth. 113 175. Preller griech. Myth. 11 660-671.

144 145 IURES ARAS VIII 155-6 iurat Eponam. On the acc. see Drakenb. on Sil. v 105.

145 CONTEMNERE FULMINA Vulcat. Avid. Cass. 3 § 4 saepe religiosus, alias contemptor sacrorum. So contemptor divom, superum, deum (Aen. vIII 6). FULMINA XIII 78 n. 91 n. 223-6 nn. Aristoph. nub. 395-402 (cf. Demetr. de eloc. 150). Lucr. vi 379-422 Munro. Aen. XII 200 audiat haec genitor, qui fulmine foedera sancit. Hor. c. 1 34 5 seq. II 5 1. Pers. II 17-30. Sen. n. q. II 42 (the thunderbolt not an instrument of vengeance). Minuc. Fel. 5 § 9. Zeller Philos. d. Gr. ш3 (1) 337.

146 DIS IGNOSCENTIBUS IPSIS a like immunity for perjured lovers Ov. a. a. 1 631-658 esp. 632-6 pollicito testes quoslibet adde deos. | Iuppiter ex alto periuria ridet amantum | et iubet Aeolios irrita ferre Notos. | per Styga Iunoni falsum iurare solebat | Iuppiter: exemplo nunc favet ipse suo. id. amor. II 8 19 20. III 3 (esp. 1 2, 11 12, 20). Publil. Syr. 22 amantis iusiurandum poenam non habet. paroem. gr. i 53, 379 Leutsch. 147-151 imitated from Hor. ep. 1 1 94-97 (where see Torrentius) si curatus inaequali tonsore capillos | occurri, rides; si forte subucula

-155

INQUIT. SI PUDOR EST. LEX ROSCIA.

373

MATE

pexae | trita subest tunicae vel si toga dissidet impar, | rides. RIAM PRAEBET IOCORUM x 47 n. Sen. const. sap. 18 g 1 ipse materia risus benignissima. id. vit. beat. 27 § 2 (Sokrates is speaking) praebui ego aliquando Aristophani materiam iocorum. Quintil. v 10 § 31.

III 148 LACERNA Suet. Aug. 40 f. etiam habitum vestitumque pristinum reducere studuit, ac visa quondam pro contione pullatorum turba indignabundus et clamitans: 'en Romanos rerum dominos gentemque togatam!' negotium aedilibus dedit, ne quem postea paterentur in foro nisi positis lacernis togatum consistere. See Rich companion. Marquardt Privatleben 551.

149 TOGA...CALCEUS when a prisoner declared that he was a Roman, the pirates struck their thighs in feigned alarm, crying him mercy; afterwards, that he might be recognised another time, they put on him toga and calceus (Plut. Pomp. 24 § 5 οἱ μὲν ὑπέδουν τοῖς καλτίοις αὐτόν, οἱ δὲ THBEVVOV TEрiéßaλλov). When tired of the game, they drowned him. The Greeks wore the iuáriov (pallium) and кρηπides (soleae) DCass. LX 6 § 2. ib. LIX 7 § 7 A.D. 37 ¿¿ñv kaì ávvτodýτois Deáлaolaι, some iudices in summer sitting barefoot ἀπὸ τοῦ πάνυ ἀρχαίου.

,,,, SORDIDULA only one other ex. cited.

149 150 RUPTA CALCEUS ALTER PELLE PATET Mart. XII 26 9 rupta cum pes vagus exit aluta.

99

152 153 Hor. ep. 1 18 24 Obbar. Sen. cons. Helv. 13 § 1 paupertas tolerabilis est, si ignominia absit, quae vel sola opprimere animos solet. 153 INQUIT Cic. acad. 11 § 60, 133. cf. Reid ib. § 79. Sen. ben. III 11 § 1. ep. 94 §§ 22, 34, 37, 48. Gron. on Liv. xxxiv 3 § 9. Dräger hist. Synt. 12 100-1. Aug. civ. D. x 5 (1 409 12 Dombart). xv 8 (11 97 15). Vict. Vit. II § 92. So ait Iuv. Ix 63. Pers. 1 40 Jahn. Ellendt on Cic. de or. 1 § 30.

XIV 7 (11 40 5). Hor. ep. I 19 43.

Mart. II 37 10

154 SI PUDOR EST Prop. 1 9 33. Ov. amor. III 2 24. ullus si pudor est. I 74 5. 87 4. x 90 9. Verg. ecl. 7 44 si quis pudor. VM. II 9 § 1 si quis est pudor.

PULVINO OV. a. a. I 160. DCass. LIX 7 § 8 A.D. 39 the senators for the first time allowed cushions (προσκεφάλαια) ἵνα μὴ ἐπὶ γυμνῶν τῶν σανίδων καθίζωνται. SURGAT Mart. cited on 153.

155 LEGI XIV 323 n. Suet. Iul. 33. 39. Plin. ep. 1 19 § 2. DCass. XXXVI 42 (25) § 1. Macrob. Sat. I 3 § 10. VII 3 § 8. Heitland on Cic. Mur. § 40. Sen. ben. vII 12 §§ 3-5. Arnob. cited on 1 113. Sen. contr. 9 § 17 census equitem Romanum a plebe discernit. Augustus (Suet. 44) indignant that a senator could find no seat at crowded games at Puteoli, procured a decree of the senate ut, quotiens quid spectaculi usquam publice ederetur, primus subselliorum ordo vacaret senatoribus, Romae legatos liberarum sociarumque gentium vetuit in orchestra sedere, cum quosdam etiam libertini generis mitti deprehendisset, where Aug. has the same dislike to upstart freedmen as Iuv. expresses here. A.D. 58 Frisian ambassadors in Rome were taken, among other sights, to the theatre of Pompeius (Tac. XIII 54), quo magnitudinem populi viserent. illic per otium (neque enim ludicris ignari oblectabantur) dum consessum caveae, discrimina ordinum, quis eques, ubi senatus percontantur, advertere quosdam cultu externo in sedibus senatorum. On learning that the distinction belonged to envoys of nations eminent in valour and friendship to Rome, exclaiming that no nation excelled the Germans in arms and loyalty they took up their seats among the senators, who bore the intrusion in good part. So Suet. Nero 25 where observe the expressions in orchestra sedere... in popularia deducti... sedentes in senatu. A.D. 107 Trajan

374 LEX ROSCIA.

FORNIX. IN CONSILIO.

III 155allowed envoys of kings (DCass. LXVIII 15 § 2) to sit év T Bouλevtikų. A.D. 5 (DCass. LV 22 § 4 Reimar) separate places were for the first time assigned to senators and knights also in the circus. Suet. Claud. 21.. DCass. LX 7 § 4. Plin. h. n. VIII § 21. Quintil. III 6 §§ 18 19 qui artem ludicram exercuerit in quattuordecim primis ordinibus ne sedeat cet. Pauly IV 996-7. Becker Handb. II 1 280-4. Friedländer in Marquardt StV. ш1 513-4. From the first (B. c. 194 Liv. xxxiv 54 §§ 4-8. VM. п 4 § 3) the privilege had been invidious; Hor. Iuv. cet. inveigh against it as a symbol of the supremacy of wealth. In municipia the Augustales had reserved seats (Orelli 4046); at Nîmes the nautae (Boissieu inscr. de Lyon p. 396).

III 156 LENONUM PUERI QUOCUMQUE E FORNICE NATI Sen. prov. 5 § 2 non sunt divitiae bonum: itaque habeat illas et Aelius leno, ut homines pecuniam, cum in templis consecraverint, videant et in fornice. DH. Iv 24 speaks as strongly as Iuv. of the arts by which slaves rose in his day: oi μὲν ἀπὸ λῃστείας καὶ τοιχωρυχίας καὶ πορνείας καὶ παντὸς ἄλλου πονηροῦ πόρου χρηματισάμενοι, τούτων ὠνοῦνται τῶν χρημάτων τὴν ἐλευθερίαν καὶ εὐθύς εἰσι Ρωμαῖοι· οἱ δὲ συνίστορες καὶ συνεργοὶ τοῖς δεσπόταις γενόμενοι φαρμακειῶν καὶ ἀνδροφονιῶν καὶ τῶν εἰς θεοὺς ἢ τὸ κοινὸν ἀδικημάτων, ταύτας φέρονται παρ' αὐτῶν τὰς χάριτας.

FORNICE O. Jahn Abh. d. K. S. Gesellsch. d. Wissensch. XII (1868) 271, commenting on a draper's shop under an archway. True, fornices seem only to occur as the residence of meretrices (Sen. contr. 1 2 § 21. Petron. 7. Iuv. x 239 n.); but no doubt this is purely accidental and vaults were employed also as shops.'

157 NITIDI PRAECONIS FILIUS Markland ms. no doubt rightly 'mallem nitidus p. f., ut cultos iuvenes pinnirapi.' So Gifford 'the crier's spruce son.'

158 PINNIRAPI CULTOS IUVENES IUVENESQUE LANISTAE on the repetition cf. VI 66 attendit Thymele; Thymele tunc rustica discit. Aen. vIII 649 illum indignanti similem similemque minanti. Ov. her. 1 41. am. 11 4 39. 19 5. a. a. 1 63. 545. P. 11 3 87 inter confessum dubie dubieque negantem. Fritzsche has Gr. and Lat. exx. on Hor. s. 1 7 23 laudat Brutum laudatque cohortem.

LANISTAE Sen. ep. 87 § 15 cited on x1 8. Tac. an. Iv 62. Mart. xI 66 1 et delator es.. 3 4 et lanista. miror, | quare non habeas, Vacerra, nummos. Friedländer 112 231-2=115 334.

160 QUIS GENER HIC PLACUIT CENSU MINOR? Plin. ep. 1 14 § 9 nescio an adiciam esse patri eius amplas facultates. nam cum imaginor vos, quibus quaerimus generum, silendum de facultatibus puto: cum publicos mores atque etiam leges civitatis intueor, quae vel in primis census hominum spectandos arbitrantur, ne id quidem praetereundum videtur. Themistokles in Cic. off. 11 § 71. Hor. ep. 1 6 36 37 scilicet uxorem cum dote fidemque et amicos | et genus et formam regina Pecunia donat.

160-163 Ov. am. 111 8 55-60.

161 SARCINULIS add to lexx. Petr. 99 (ib. sarcinis). QUIS PAUPER SCRIBITUR HERES? Cic. Verr. 11 § 36. Mil. § 48. Hor. s. II 5 48 49 ut et scribare secundus | heres. Tac. XIV 31 pr. Mart. v1 63 3 4. x 97 4. Gai. II 149. Ulp. fr. 28 5 and 13. Dirksen manuale 'heres' § 3.

162 IN CONSILIO EST AEDILIBUS Cic. oratt. many exx. (Merguet 1 648 a). r. p. III § 28 cum vos mihi essetis in consilio. Lael. § 37. Nep. Eum. 1 § 6. Sen. clem. 1 15 § 7 memor non de quo censeret, sed cui in consilio esset. Suet. Tib. 33 fin. Torr. Plin. ep. 1 20 § 12 (cf. § 23 in