was so independent that he frequently incurred the displeasure of the leaders of his party. With Disraeli, however; he became firm friends, and he was wont to take long walks with the great Tory leader about Sandringham. Lord Charles says: "I remember how, in the pauses of the conversation, he would stand still, and, glass in eye, dreamily, surveying the landscape, would make some such observation as, 'The air is balmy and serene !' or The foliage is stunted but productive!' with the most weighty

and measured emphasis, as though these were prophetic utterances. I was quite bewildered

-for I did not then know whether he were serious or were indulging a recondite wit. He was a visionary, dwelling much in a world of his own; and I know now that he was perfectly natural and serious on these occasions."

After playing a conspicuous part in the gallant but futile expedition for the relief of "Chinese "Gordon at Khartum in 1884-5, which he describes in a vivid narrative, Lord Charles was again prominent in Parliament in 1887 as an advocate of naval expansion. Tiring of vainly striving against the guile of the politicians and the stupidity of the people, he visited Berlin and saw the great Bismarck, who invited him to lunch.

Familiar Quotations. By John Bartlett. Tenth Edition. Little, Brown & Co., Boston. $3. This, the tenth, edition of one of the most valued books of quotation is in a sense the second edition, for now for the first time the revision includes a considerable amount of new matter. To revise "Bartlett" in this way was a delicate and difficult task, for what gave the book its peculiar value was the emphasis on the "Familiar " in the title; we loved it for what it left out as well as for what it put in. But when one looks in a former edition in vain (as happened in the Outlook office the very day the new edition arrived) for Matthew Arnold's "There is a power outside ourselves, not ourselves," etc., and for Henley's "I am the captain of my soul" (by the way, the former is not in the new edition either), and later finds that the earlier edition has nothing from Swinburne, Stevenson, Kipling, or Walt Whitman, the need of a real revision is seen. The work of revision

tone was most friendly towards the English. He very kindly presented me with his signed photograph. I stayed with him for two hours, and we drank much beer; and all the time his gigantic boarhound, lying beside him, stared fixedly at me with a red and lurid eye."

Lord Charles Beresford saw the navy change from sails to steam, from wooden ships to iron ones, and then again to vessels of steel. To the skill of the seaman of sail. ing days he has added the knowledge gained in the transition period, and to that again the wisdom of the Admiral of the new navy. In most of the changes he has had his hand. He was one of the first to urge the twoPower standard for the English navy, and many practices now in vogue were suggested by him, among others the use of North Sea trawlers to sweep for mines, a shift that is proving its value in the war to-day.

These memoirs have their faults-they are rather voluminous, and the style frequently becomes rambling, disjointed, and episodic. On the other hand, even when he rambles the author is interesting, and his work is full of color, dry Irish humor, and his own bighearted humanity. As a reference book on the development of modern navies and naval strategy during the half-century (18591909) in which Lord Charles Beresford was in active service, this work will be much sought after by naval men and military experts generally, while as a story of human experiences it will appeal to all who love tales of action and adventure in the open air afloat and ashore.

and addition has been done by Mr. Nathan . Haskell Dole with discrimination. Quotations from nearly two hundred new" writers are added; in all we have fourteen hundred pages of quotations from one thousand authors.

It is trite but true to say that this reference book is indispensable.

War's Aftermath. By David Starr Jordan and Harvey Ernest Jordan. Houghton Mifflin Company,

This booklet, which, as noted below, refers only in its Introduction to the present European conflict, being mainly concerned with the American Civil War, embodies the results of a questionnaire replied to by some fifty-five ex-Confederate officers and other representative Southern men. The thirty questions so answered were based on the results of a study of typical counties in Virginia, North Carolina, and Georgia concerning the eugenic loss caused by the Civil

War. The conclusion reached is that it "seriously impoverished the country of its best human values" by the destruction of nearly a million young men, largely of superior type. After completing this work President Jordan went through Bulgaria and Macedonia last May. He has included with it his observations of war's aftermath in Macedonia, and an Introduction written at the outbreak of the present "dance of death" in Europe. The impoverishment of manhood by this war which his investigations of former wars suggest is terrible indeed.

Beauty for Ashes. By Albion Fellows Bacon. Dodd, Mead & Co., New York. $1.50.

These chapters, amplified from their publication in the "Survey," show what one woman, "frail but persistent," can effect through legal methods if she is fired by a great passion. Mrs. Bacon woke up to the horrible housing conditions of the very poor in her home town in Indiana. She set herself to remedy the evil. Although entirely untrained and unaccustomed to public work, by instinct and gifts she was fitted to move men-a more difficult thing at times than to move the traditional mountain. For years she worked with all her might for a State housing bill, and after defeat and discouragement finally saw Indiana provided with what is called the Model Housing Bill. She tells her story with spontaneous wit and deep feeling.

Paris War Days: Diary of an American. By Charles Inman Barnard, LL.D. Little, Brown & Co., Boston. $2..

Mr. Charles Inman Barnard is the Paris correspondent of the New York "Tribune." His book is well worth reading for its vivid succession of pictures. Take this of a feature common in all the belligerent countries:

The mobilization in France has caused an extraordi. nary increase in the number of marriages contracted at the various Paris town halls. From morning till night the mayors and their assistants have been kept busy uniting couples who would be separated the same day or the next, when the husband joined his regiment. At the bare announcement of the possibility of war, the marriage offices at the town halls were literally taken by assault. All wedding parties wear little French, English, Russian, and Belgian flags.

Or this of the German attack:

The German flanks are protected by quantities of machine guns placed so close together that their gunners jostle one another. This strange engine of modern warfare creeps on like a monster of the apocalypse, carrying all before it. Aeroplanes hovering over the fronts of the columns direct movements by signaling. The dense, serried mass of infantry offers a splendid target. The losses must have been frightful.

Or this of the American Hospital:

The American Ambulance Hospital at Neuilly is doing really effective work. Among the wounded being treated there are French, Belgians, a few "Turcos," British officers and men, and some wounded German prisoners. Mrs. William K. Vanderbilt, who has been intrusted by the French Red Cross Association with the charge of the hospital, is indefatigable in her personal attention and efforts. The organization seems perfect. . . . During a

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brief visit to the hospital, I noticed that Mrs. Vanderbilt herself visited the wounded, and, with the aid of her experienced staff of trained nurses, prepared them for surgical operations. Mrs. Vanderbilt wore the white Red Cross uniform.

Or this of another hospital:

I visited the Red Cross Hospital which, under the direction of Madame Steiner, wife of the Mayor of Vernon, is doing splendid work at Vernonnet. There were two hundred wounded officers and soldiers here; among them were a dozen Belgians and a score of "Turcos," Algerian riflemen, who seemed very patient and docile.

But especially this of the admirable attitude of the French:

Remarkable, impressive silence prevails everywhere. If people speak, it seems to be in a whisper... The railway stations have an unusual appearance, with hundreds of wooden booths forming a sort of barrier to approaches. The calm, confident, silent, patriotic expectation augurs well for the future and vividly contrasts with the noisy, braggadocio spirit of 1870. Paris at the present moment is the most orderly, well-behaved city in the world.

We know less of France during the war than of any other country. Mr. Barnard's timely book helps us to know France better, and Paris in particular.

Practical Book of Outdoor Rose-Growing (The). By George C. Thomas, Jr. The J. B. Lippincott Company, Philadelphia. $4.

One need not be a rose-grower to appreciate the delicate and marvelous beauty of the many varieties pictured here in scores of colored plates. It may well be believed that no more beautiful rose portraits have ever been printed. Many are of quite new varieties. The text is simple and embodies working rules learned from wide experience. It is well to add that the book is entirely American in authorship and application.

Philosophy of Christ's Temptation (The). By George Stephen Painter, Ph.D. Sherman, French & Co., Boston. $1.50.

The Gospel narrative of Christ's temptation is here presented both as symbolical and also as a typical case illustrating leading principles of an intelligent use of the Bible.

The author regards it as one of the most remarkable creations of religious literature in the form of ethical drama, and unsurpassed in its massive suggestiveness. Here, as in the drama of Job, it is fatuous to attempt the translation of poetry into literal objective fact. Religious experience is subjective, and literalists. are foredoomed to err. The only sure method of interpretation, says Dr. Painter, is to proceed on the known psychological laws and the plain facts of experience. By what criterion, then, can an individual subjective experience be verified as really a divine revelation? The answer is, "It must be one which all may experience and verify as true within themselves." So the genuineness of a scientific discovery is attested by repetition of the experiment which led to it.

Dr. Painter takes a wide excursion through tracts of religious thought, not all of which are relevant to his subject. His treatment of the Temptation story is richly suggestive.

A LETTER AND A REPLY

Will you kindly read the article by Kuno Francke in the October issue of the "Atlantic Monthly"? Could you publish in The Outlook the neutrality breaches of Great Britain, beginning with the year 1812? Please leave sentiment alone, and state history. Could you also state in The Outlook only ten of Germany's wonderful laws protecting the laboring classes, and draw comparison with other countriesdemocratically governed countries preferred? Will you publish my various postal cards? You nave so unjustly abused Germany and the German Kaiser that you owe it to your American name to show the other side. I took the liberty of mailing you a booklet-"The Truth about Germany-Facts about the War," which will prove interesting reading. Also an article by Professor Burgess.

Honolulu, Hawaii.

GEORGE B. DUNBAR.

1. We have already read the article of Professor Kuno Francke in the October "Atlantic Monthly."

2. We cannot publish a list of the breaches of neutrality on the part of Great Britain during the last century. It may be that there are so many of them that we could not find space for them. Great Britain's breaking of neutrality in the past, however, has nothing to do with the question as to whether it was right for Germany to violate the neutrality of Belgium. The tu quoque argument is of no value in this instance.

3. We have from time to time reported Germany's laws for social amelioration, which, we agree with you, are admirable and set an example in many respects for the rest of the civilized world. We have often said that the German cities have the best municipal government of modern times. This has nothing whatever to do with the question as to whether Machtpolitik is a good thing for general civilization.

4. No, we cannot undertake to publish your various postal cards.

5. You say that we owe it to our American name to show the pro-German side. We have done so as fully as, if not more fully than, any other American weekly periodical. We have published a statement by the Austrian Ambassador; by Dr. Ernest Richard, of Columbia; by Professor von Jagemann, of Harvard University; by a German-American graduate of Harvard; by G. W. Nasmyth, an American; and, in our issue of December 9, articles by Dr. Junge and Dr. Acel.

6. We have already received and read carefully the book entitled "The Truth about Germany," and Professor Burgess's indorsement of that pamphlet. The list of editors and the

names of the committees under whose auspices the book was published make it authoritative and representative. We find in this book at the bottom of page 33 the following paragraph:

The Belgians would have been wise if they had permitted the passage of the German troops. They would have preserved their integrity, and besides that would have fared well from the business point of view, for the army would have proved a good customer and paid cash. The italics are ours. With those who, like the authors and indorsers of this book, appear to believe that the question of the neutrality, independence, and honor of a small nation like Belgium can be settled on a cash basis it is impossible for us to find a common basis for reasonable discussion, for they propose to debate what we regard as axiomatic. Axioms can neither be proved nor debated. They must be accepted or rejected.-THE EDITORS.

BIG BUSINESS AND BAD BUSINESS

In The Outlook of November 11, 1914, there are quotations from the President's book "The New Freedom." The article continues: "The reasonable interpretation of those passages is that the President discriminates between the big business man and the small business man, between the great captains of industry or business and the rest of us.""

In a letter from the President to Mr. Underwood dated October 17, 1914, his position is outlined as follows: "With similar purpose and in like temper [that is, with courage, sincerity, and effectiveness] the Congress has sought, in the Trade Commission Bill and in the Clayton Bill, to make the man in a small way of business as free to succeed as the man in a big way and kill monopoly in the seed." The President says: "Each enterprise must depend upon its own initiative and effectiveness for success, and upon the intelligence and business ability of the men who officer it."

Hence it is clear that the President has no thought of a discrimination based on considerations of size. The President asks that men in a small way be as free to succeed as men in a big way; not that there shall be discrimination between men in a small way and men in a big way, but that there shall be equality of opportunity, that the law shall not be any respecter of persons, that the big as well as the little be treated equally before the law. "The very least do feel its care, the greatest are not exempt from its power."

The statement of the President is a far cry from the contention of The Outlook that the President believes that bigness and badness are synonymous. Indeed, in "The New Freedom' (fourth large printing, p. 180) the President, then Mr. Wilson, said: "A trust is an arrange

CANADA AND THE WAR

In The Outlook for September 2 is the following paragraph:

Russia wants free access to the Mediterranean. She needs it and ought to have it. But that does not give her a right to wrest Constantinople from Turkey. Austria wants free access to the Egean. She needs it and ought to have it. But that does not give her a right to annex Servia. Canada wants free access, winter and summer, to the Atlantic Ocean. She needs it and ought to have it. But she does not make war on the United States and seek to annex Maine. She would not if she had the power. She builds a railway to Portland, and enjoys the same access to that port that is enjoyed by the citizens of Maine.

To obtain an Atlantic port on the Maine coast Canada certainly would not make war on the United States, even if she had the power to do so, and I, as a Canadian citizen, much appreciate your high estimation of the Canadian people. But I am sorry that Canada cannot serve as the perfect example you would wish for Russia and Austria. Canada certainly requires free access, winter and summer, to the Atlantic Ocean. But she doesn't need it, as you say. She has it. Both Halifax, Nova Scotia, and St. John, New Brunswick, give Canada access to the Atlantic in winter as well as in summer. Their harbors are open throughout the winter. Both ports are winter termini for the transatlantic steamships; these steamships do not call during the summer. The value of exports and imports during the season 1913-14 amounted to $72,335,986, and the total shipping tonnage to 7,084,808. At Halifax new dock terminals and connections are now being constructed at a cost of about $30,000,000. At St. John the improvements now under construction will give the harbor nine more deep-water berths for the accommodation of the largest ocean steamships, and an immense dry dock is being built.

The Grand Trunk Railway has deemed it good policy to build a line to Portland, Maine. Many Canadians enjoy the Maine coast in summer. And naturally the Grand Trunk Railway handles a good deal of freight over this section. But the Canadian Government built its railway, the Intercolonial, to St. John and Halifax, not to Portland, and the busy time for St. John and Halifax harbors is in the winter.

I have to contradict another statement made in the same issue of The Outlook, viz., "It is true that Canada is an English dependency." That is not true. Canada is an independent dominion, remaining of her own volition within the somewhat loose confederation of the British Empire. She is free to collect and spend her own revenue, to raise her own armies and construct her own fleets, if she chooses to do so.

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She also makes her own trade treaties, which are not always favorable to the mother country. It is because Canada is so independent, so free, that she is loyal, not to England, but to the Empire, in this present war.

And, I may add, it is Canadian democracy that has taken upon itself the task of fighting the battle of the democracy of the entire American continent in Europe. Canada is America's soldier. JOHN SULLIVAN.

New York City.

CO-OPERATION

As until quite recently an official of the cooperative movement in Great Britain, would you kindly allow me a little space to add a few comments on Mrs. Florence Kelley's article on "Women and Co-operative Stores"? First of all, I wish to thank her for the good work she and her organization are doing, but I cannot agree with her that "ultimately the co-operative movement in the United States is likely to take the form of co-operative ordering direct from producers, together with the establishment of municipal enterprises for public supply." My reason for disagreement is the knowledge of the fact that a few weeks ago I attended a convention in New York of some fifteen co-operative societies, at which it was decided to take steps to form an American Co-operative Wholesale Society and also a Co-operative Union, both on similar lines to those with which I had been connected in Great Britain. When these become fully established and in full working order, and with the aid, I hope, of the "Consumers' League," there will be no need to wait on any municipality, but work can go ahead with the formation of co-operative societies in each of the large centers of population.

Then, again, the mail-order plan through the parcel post will not solve the difficulty, as very many, if not most, persons desire to see the goods before purchasing. I agree with everything Mrs. Kelley says about " the duty of the consumer to find out how goods are produced before purchasing," but, after considerable experience in that direction, I find the only certain way of doing that is to do what is being done by the Co-operative Wholesale Societies of England and Scotland—that is, to produce the goods themselves. As long as articles are produced for profit there is certain to be a tendency to make that profit as large as possible either by taking it out of the quality of the goods or by paying wages which will allow of increased profits. The true co-operative method in England is to fix a minimum wage for all producers, also a maximum number of working hours, and then to produce for use and not for "profit." It is only on such lines that the evils of sweating and adulteration and unfair raising of prices can be combated.

Pawtucket, Rhode Island.

JOHN BALDWIN.

Montana's penitentiary at Deer Lodge has a baseball team that defeated a championship nine from a neighboring town. Warden Clancy recently described a critical moment in the game: "The score was 7 to 4 against us in the ninth inning. We had three men on base. As RoughHouse Burns stepped to the bat a happy thought occurred to me. Rough-House,' I yelled, 'you have just thirty days more to go. If you don't send that ball over the right-field fence I will make you serve the full term.' The ball went over the fence, the three men hopped around the bases, Rough-House made his homer, and the game was ours."

The curious workings of conscience are exemplified in a letter from a clergyman recently received by a Southern railway. The letter inclosed a draft for $6.31 to pay for a trip four years ago on which the sender failed to pay fare for his boy, aged six. The amount included not only half fare but interest at six per cent.

The "bread line " established by a New York newspaper during the cold snap in the middle of December required one hundred more loaves of bread the first day than were asked for on the opening day of the same charity last year. Of the five hundred applicants only two had

overcoats.

Whistler, according to an anecdote told by Mr. T. R. Way, could paint a picture successfully from memory-a somewhat exceptional feat. After seeing a striking view near Chelsea Hospital, says Mr. Way, Whistler turned his back on it and gave a perfect description of the scene. He refused to look at other charming views to which Mr. Way called his attention on the way home, saying, "One thing at a time." A few days after, Mr. Way called at Whistler's studio and found the scene faithfully reproduced.

In deciding that money saved by a wife from her allowance for housekeeping belonged to her husband, Justice Blackmar, of New York, said: I regret to say that our law has not reached the point of holding that property which is the joint result of the earnings of the husband and the economies of the wife is their joint property."

An English officer tells in the "Tatler" about a visit he received from Lord Roberts at his post in Burma, and about "Bobs's pleasure in discovering a Bible on his table. The Bible, it seems, had just been hunted up to decide a bet as to whether Agag "walked delicately" or "went delicately," but Bobs's host failed to explain this. He concludes: "From that day till now I would have run barefoot fifty miles to earn 'Bobs's approval. I have always hated myself for being too much of a coward to tell him the fact about the Bible." Neither of the

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bettors, it may be observed, was correct: Agag came unto him delicately."

"No, siree," said the irate father as quoted by "To-Day's," "you can't have her. I won't have a son-in-law who has no more brains than to want to marry a girl with no more sense than my daughter has shown in allowing you to think you could have her."

At an auction sale in New York City recently an Oriental rug sold for $2,700; it was bought, newspaper report said, for a "private camp. Shades of Kit Carson, Davy Crockett, and other pioneers in camp life will please take notice and reflect on the change in standards since " roughing it" first became popular.

There are 23,551 single women who pay an income tax, but only 6,682 married women; while there are 55,212 bachelors on the income tax rolls, as against 272,153 married men. Altogether, 357,598 persons in the United States pay a tax on their incomes. Of persons who receive a moderate income, say from $2,500 to $5,000, there are in the entire country only 193,874. Yet, as a contemporary points out, there are 1,300,000 automobiles in the United States. Most of these cars, it would appear, must be owned by those who are not on the income tax list.

In two current magazines, the "Century "and "McClure's "for January, may be seen attempts to picture "haunted" scenes, by the brush and by the lens respectively. Arthur Rackham in the "Century" furnishes an exquisite illustration for a poem by W. R. Benét, "The Haunted Wood." Arnold Genthe, in "McClure's," has several "spirit" photographs illustrating an article by William Archer. Dr. Genthe's photographs are remarkable for their suggestiveness and as triumphs of technique, but most readers will award the palm to Mr. Rackham for weirdness, beauty, and power of imagination.

Walter Damrosch, in an article in the "Sunday Magazine," asks but finds it difficult to answer the question, "Why are there no great women composers?" His conclusion is: "Great music springs from the emotions, and is crystallized into form through a controlling intellect. When women achieve this combination they will be able to join the noble company of Bach, Beethoven, and Wagner."

The British authorities seem to know no distinction of rank in commandeering horses for the war. Here are two items in evidence: "Lady Maud Cavendish, one of the Duke of Devonshire's daughters, rode into Bakewell from Chatsworth, and her horse was immediately requisitioned for the Derbyshire Imperial Yeomanry. . . . At Whitehaven a boy in a milk float was in tears when he was stopped in the street and his cob taken for the army."

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