$3,210,000, or about $450,000 each, for the smaller vessels. Other statistics further emphasize the comparative great size of the new steel whale. She will displace about 1,200 tons, approximately twice as much as the largest coast defense submarines, and said to be more than four times as much as the celebrated German submarine U9, which has already sunk four British cruisers; and she will be about 300 feet long, or as long as a moderately small steamship.

The importance of this new craft, however, lies not in her unprecedented dimensions, but in the fact that she will represent a type of vessel new to naval warfare, i.e., an offensive or cruising submarine, as distinguished from the familiar type of coast defense submarine. This new sea prowler will be capable of leaving New York or San Francisco for a direct attack on a hostile battle-ship in midocean; she will even be capable of sailing from home to grapple with the enemy off his own shores thousands of miles away.

Since the days of the "Intelligent Whale," designed by C. S. Bushnell and Augustus Rice, and built in 1864, which was handpropelled at a speed of four knots an hour, and which was condemned in 1872 after nine crews had found their grave in her, submarine construction has developed by leaps and bounds to this modern under-water battle-ship. According to newspaper reports, France and England are already considering the construction of similar submarines. the effect of the use of such vessels would be on naval warfare it is hard to forecast, but certainly if this new submarine of ours comes up to expectations its influence upon methods. of sea-fighting will be considerable.

OTHER IMPROVEMENTS FOR OUR NAVY

What

Other news indicating that our navy is being kept abreast of the times is contained in the information that the largest and most powerful naval gun ever built has just been made for our navy, that Thomas A. Edison has designed a storage battery for use in submarines which practically eliminates the danger of suffocation by gas, and that the new dreadnought California will be driven by electric motors, being the first electrically driven battle-ship ever built.

The new giant naval gun is a 16-inch rifle which is being tested by naval experts under a shroud of secrecy. Newspaper reports have it that the preliminary tests of the

rifle have been very satisfactory, and that if it passes more advanced tests it may be adopted as the type of gun to be used in the main battery of the three new dreadnoughts authorized by Congress. As these vessels are to be larger than any battle-ships now afloat, it is believed that they can carry such heavy weapons conveniently.

Several of the newest battle-ships in the British navy carry 15-inch rifles, but a 16inch weapon is a new departure for war-ships. The largest guns now used in our navy are 14-inch rifles.

Heretofore the danger of suffocation by gases generated in storage batteries has been one of the chief dangers for those who go into the sea in submarines. This danger appears to be almost entirely removed by the use of the new batteries designed by Mr. Edison, which are being subjected to a number of tests by the naval authorities. Thus far the tests are reported to have been successful, the principal objection to the new batteries being that they are much more expensive than the old type of storage battery.

So successful has been the installation of electric power to drive the naval collier Jupiter that the Navy Department has authorized this kind of motive power for the new dreadnought California, one of the three battle-ships recently provided for by Congress. The Jupiter, which was the first deep-sea vessel of any kind to use electric motive power, easily met her speed qualifications, and it is believed that the California, which will be the first war-ship to use electric motor power, will have no difficulty in making her required speed of at least twenty-one knots an hour. Already some naval authorities are predicting the elimination of direct steam drive in our navy.

It should be remembered, however, that there are other factors in the production of an efficient navy than the possession of individual machines and specimens of the most modern equipment. A navy can be "up to date" in this respect without being in a position to give the greatest return for the money spent on its upkeep. Not only must the apparatus provided for our sailors be of the best, but they must be accorded consistent and intelligent support by the country at large. Congress has not infrequently handicapped the navy by failure to provide a sufficient personnel to man the ships, and by insisting upon a different distribution of the moneys it stood ready to grant than had been deemed advisable by the navy's technical

experts. It is the function of Congress to decide how much the country will spend upon its navy; but appropriations made in such a way that they limit, if not defeat, the purpose for which they were made are bad finance and bad statesmanship. When the country is properly educated to its own needs, such appropriations will be bad politics too.

THE NEW WARDEN OF SING SING

The appointment of Mr. Thomas Mott. Osborne to be warden of Sing Sing Prison in New York will give great impetus throughout the country to the movement for making prisons homes of justice. It is reported that this appointment by Governor Glynn has been made with the understanding that it will be confirmed and continued by Governor Glynn's successor, Mr. Whitman.

The significance of Mr. Osborne's appointment does not lie merely in the fact that he has made a study of prison administration and knows something about the human side of prison life. There have been other administrators of prisons in this country who have been expert in the theory of penology and practically acquainted with humane and reasonable methods of prison administration. The name of Mr. Z. R. Brockway, in New York, is one that is well known in the list of those of this.type. As a rule, however, such men have not been widely known outside the circle of those specially interested in prison reform, and the fact that there have been such men has only indirectly affected public opinion. Little by little the old idea that a prison is a place where society wreaks vengeance upon somebody who had injured it has been yielding to the idea of a prison as a place where men are to be kept until they are cured of the ills which have made them of peril to society. And yet to-day prisons are still largely places either merely of detention or of vengeance. And it is hard to make them otherwise if they have been built with vengeance and hardship rather than education and cure in view. For that reason Sing Sing Prison in New York is an anachronism. It is a source of danger, too, because men are bound to learn and grow wherever they are, and if they do not learn right and grow right they are bound to learn wrong and grow wrong, and when they leave they will go out a greater danger to society than they were when they went in.

Mr. Osborne knows this. He has inves

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tigated prison conditions. He himself has written of his experience as an inmate in a prison where he went to find out some things about prisons for himself. He has instituted or been most actively instrumental in instituting a great change in the Auburn Prison, situated where he lives. But, more than this, he brings to prison management not only a considerable expert knowledge, but also the mental resources of a man whose interests have been wide, whose activities have been varied, and whose success has been pronounced.

MR. OSBORNE'S QUALIFICATIONS

Mr. Osborne is a business administrator, as has been proved by his marked success as a manufacturer. He is an executive in public affairs, as has been proved by his term of office as Mayor of Auburn and as a Public Service Commissioner. He is an amateur musician of no mean skill. One of his most highly enjoyed pastimes has been to give recitals of music that is of classical worth but of popular interest for the sake of young people with whom he would like to share the intelligent enjoyment of good music. He is one of Harvard College's distinguished graduates, and is a close friend of President Eliot. He has been a power in that small but resolute and persistent group of Democrats who have withstood machine rule within their party in the State.

Not many days ago the executive head of the Prison Association, Mr. O. F. Lewis, wrote a letter to the New York papers in which he set forth the needed qualifications of a warden of Sing Sing. He pointed out that such a man ought to be a business administrator, an executive, a sanitarian, a disciplinarian, an expert in penology, and a good many other things, each one of which might well employ any ordinary man's full powers. That Mr. Osborne is an expert on all these various lines it would be out of the question to assert, but he is an expert in many lines, and, because of his breadth of interest, more than an expert on any line, and he has that ability that successful administrators usually have of consulting experts and following their advice when he needs to do so.

The acceptance of this post by such a man will not only serve to better conditions in Sing Sing Prison, which have been allowed to become scandalous by reason of political influence and intrigue, but will call the

attention of the whole country to the fact that the warden of a prison ought to be a man of the widest culture, of the highest integrity, of the keenest mind, and of the sanest judgment, and that there is no man in the country who might not well be proud of undertaking to render public service as warden of a prison.

HARVARD-YALE FOOTBALL

The climax of the Eastern football season came on the 21st of November in the recordbreaking game between Harvard and Yale at New Haven. In more ways than one was this a notable event, for both the score and attendance were without precedents. The former, 36-0, represents the culmination of Mr. Haughton's efforts in building up a football organization at Harvard on sound principles and thorough groundwork. The latter represents the successful determination of the loyal endeavors of Yale graduates and undergraduates to secure for their university the greatest athletic field in the country. The "Bowl," for that is the somewhat undignified name that has been bestowed upon the new athletic structure, compares favorably in capacity and dignity with the Flavian amphitheater at Rome. Within its great rim there is a seating capacity for nearly seventy thousand people. It is needless to add that the Harvard-Yale game filled this immense artificial crater to the limit. Perhaps the word "crater" is as descriptive a term as can be found, for the impression of solidity and permanence which this structure creates is one that might be aroused by a work of nature rather than of man. The great stadia at Harvard and Princeton stand plainly outlined as architectural structures. This new Yale "Bowl" is half sunken into the earth and half supported upon the great banks piled up from the necessary excavation. A picture which gives some conception of its size and appearance is to be found in the illustrated section of this issue. As to the score of the Yale-Harvard game, it may be said that within Yale's new amphitheater the bulldog was butchered to make a Harvard holiday in true Roman fashion. Save one score made in the early eighties against Harvard, the defeat which Yale sustained is the greatest that has come to either institution in the long series of football games between them. As noteworthy, however, as the overwhelming record upon the score board at the end of the game was the record of sportsmanlike good will recorded in the minds of the vast assem

blage that watched Yale go down to a decisive but not disgraceful defeat. Good plays received the applause from both sides of the arena, and players taken from the game because of temporary injury were heartily applauded by their opponents.

The result of this game is ample testimony for the efficiency that comes from one-man control of a college's football policy-particularly if that man happens to be a Mr. Haughton. Yale, with Mr. Hirkey, seems now again on the verge of building up a definite and permanent organization. Princeton, which suffered a humiliating defeat at the hands of Harvard and a decisive defeat at the hands of Yale, seems still further astray from the road to organized victory than her rival at New Haven.

OTHER FOOTBALL RECORDS

While Harvard is generally acclaimed as the championship team of the East, it is a pity that there has been no direct test of supremacy among Harvard, Dartmouth, and Cornell, and that the final rating of these teams must be determined by comparative scores always an unsatisfactory criterion. Were it not for the blot which Princeton left on the Hanoverian schedule, Dartmouth would be fairly entitled to close ranking with Harvard. The New Hampshire team decisively defeated Pennsylvania, Syracuse, and Williams-which tied Princeton-and, moreover, piled up a larger total of points than any of the principal teams in the East, if not, indeed, in the country, with a total of 357 points against their opponents' 25. Cornell's record was spoiled by defeats at the hands of little Colgate and little Pittsburgh early in the season, and, as this is written, Cornell has yet to vanquish Pennsylvania in the annual duel between these rivals, but the big red team has triumphed over Brown, Carlisle, and Michigan, and is undoubtedly the best football machine that has come from

Ithaca in years. The question of supremacy between the Army and Navy is likewise still undecided as we go to press.

Western team which played good football was Nebraska-not a member of the Conference.

Since football was revised and the " open game" encouraged the smaller colleges have had more success against their larger rivals than was possible for them under the old game when steam-roller tactics prevailed. This season the success of small college teams has been unusually noticeable.

As already related, both Pittsburgh and Colgate defeated Cornell. Pittsburgh won further glory by beating Annapolis and the Carlisle Indians. Lehigh has been beaten only by Yale, while on her slate are scores of 21 to 6 against Carlisle and 20 to 7 against Pennsylvania State-a team that tied Harvard. Rutgers is another "freshwater college" which has done well, and of course every well-informed football enthusiast knows that Washington and Jefferson defeated Yale and lost to Harvard by the narrow margin of one point. Franklin and Marshall triumphed over Pennsylvania and scored on Cornell. When the experts determine the final ranking in the East, they will have to put Williams well toward the top, for the men from the Berkshires lost only to Dartmouth, and defeated, among other teams, their ancient rivals Amherst, Wesleyan, Vermont, and Trinity, and held Princeton to a 7-to-7 tie.

PLYMOUTH CHURCH'S
NEW EDUCATIONAL BUILDINGS

Plymouth Church, Brooklyn, is one of the historic churches of America, though by no means one of the oldest. Its fame as the pulpit of Henry Ward Beecher, during the stirring times in which he was its pastor, became world-wide. Under the pastorate of Dr. Abbott and of Dr. Hillis the activities of the church, while perhaps not attracting the international attention accorded to them as a result of Mr. Beecher's unexampled power as an orator, have nevertheless not been lessened, but rather increased. The latest expansion of the work of the church is in the addition of a group of fine new educational buildings provided for by the estate of the late John Arbuckle as a memorial to Mr. Beecher. These buildings, which have just been dedicated with noteworthy services, furnish a splendid center for the neighborhood and social work which the modern church is gradually assuming as its present-day opportunity of extending the message of religion to mankind.

The new buildings occupy the front of an

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entire block, and are connected with the church by a spacious arcade, which is to be utilized as an art gallery for loan exhibitions -Plymouth Church being perhaps the first church thus to incorporate an art gallery into. its work. A fine gymnasium, with running track and bowling alleys, will appeal to the young men and women of the congregation and their friends; adjacent to this is the clubhouse, equipped with library, recreation and dining rooms, and a complete kitchen from which food may be conveniently supplied to any of the three floors of the building. Next to the club-house and gymnasium will be a five-story building, not yet completed, devoted to class-rooms, which are to be used mainly for night school work for serious-minded young men and women who may wish thus to improve their opportunities.

These admirably planned buildings are to be used not for settlement work, nor for reform purposes, but as a vital part of the church's mission in helping to improve standards and conditions, moral, social, and physical, for all over whom its influence falls. In the emphatic words of its pastor, Dr. Hillis, Plymouth Church is hereafter "to carry its spiritual activities straight through the six days of the week," and these additions to the church will give powerful assistance in carrying out this enlightened programme.

It is a matter for congratulation, alike to the architects and the donors of this new center for Plymouth's social and educational activities, that the new structures are æsthet ically most attractive. In this respect they are at once a worthy memorial to Mr. Beecher -a statue of whom, in a characteristic attitude, is placed outside the art gallery—and a positive architectural addition to the locality which is so fortunate as to possess them. A picture of the new buildings appears on another page. See also the editorial entitled "The Working Church."

AMERICAN ARTS AND LETTERS

The annual joint session of the American Academy of Arts and Letters and of the National Institute of Arts and Letters recently held in the city of New York was rendered notable by the presence of M. Brieux, the distinguished French dramatist and Academician, the first representative of the Académie Française ever accredited by that venerable institution to any foreign academy. The first meeting in Eolian Hall

brought together an audience of unusual size and distinction, while the platform was filled with the members of the Academy and the Institute.

In introducing M. Brieux, Mr. Howells emphasized the honor which the French Academy had done the Academy and Institute in departing from its long-established precedent and sending one of its members to bear its greetings to a foreign Academy. His characterization of the work of M. Brieux was a very happy piece of literature:

All that work of his in which we are aware of an imagination finding supreme expression in the drama; a profound reverence for truth as the life of invention; an instinctive obedience to the authority that rests with reality alone; a keen wit sparely flickering at moments into delicate humor or broadening into rich burlesque; an unfailing mastery of character and a quick sensibility to every variance of motive; a pervading awe of the tragedy of life, not less in its nature than in its conditioning; a tender compassion for suffering and helplessness; a manly abhorrence of cruelty and a loathing of baseness.

M. BRIEUX'S ADDRESS

The distinguished visitor, in the uniform of the French Academy, received a welcome which was threefold in its warmth-a welcome to the speaker as a man of letters, as a representative of the Academy, and as a Frenchman. Before beginning his address he read an eloquent letter from the President of the Republic of France to the President of the United States, both of them Academicians. Monsieur Poincaré expressed the desire he had entertained to attend the meeting, a desire defeated by the events now taking place in Europe, and added:

The Académie Française, faithful guardian of the literary traditions of my country, has commissioned M. Brieux to carry to the brilliant civilization of America the greetings of the old and undying civilization of the Mediterranean. Permit me to add to this general greeting, a personal expression of my intense admiration for the great Republic over whose destinies you preside so nobly. Allow me also to add an expression of the constant sympathy and interest which the free democracy that I have the honor to represent has for your glo

rious nation.

M. Brieux's address dealt with various aspects of the drama which in his judgment enable it to contribute to social betterment. He expressed his profound con

viction that the theater may be made a valuable means of instruction; that its ambition ought not to be limited to amusing the spectators, but that it should also make people think; and he defined very interestingly the purpose of three or four of his own plays.

Mr. Brander Matthews, who followed him, read a brief letter from President Wilson, who expressed his regret that he was unable to be present. Mr. Matthews's answer to the question, "What is pure English?" was characteristically epigrammatic and suggestive. It was pointedly and often amusingly illustrated from current usage, and was a plea for the vital as opposed to the pedantic conception of language. Our language, Mr. Matthews declared, is owned by the masses, who are the best word-makers. Mr. Robert Herrick began his discussion of "The Quality of Imagination in American Life" with a description of the growth of the modern industrial town of Gary on a place which, not many years ago, was waste land, and declared that the city is the result of American imagination, and that this imaginative spirit, daringly incorporating itself, has made Americans the most materialistic and the most idealistic people who have ever lived.

MUSIC BY AMERICAN COMPOSERS

Another of the sessions of the joint meeting of the American Academy and the National Institute was devoted to a "presentation of orchestral music composed by members of the Institute." Of the five composers whose works were presented, two are not native Americans. Charles Martin Loeffler is an Alsatian by birth, and Frederick August Stock is a native of Yülich, Germany, son of a bandmaster in the German army. Both of these men, however, have been residents in this country for many years-Mr. Loeffler since 1881 and Mr. Stock since 1895; and both have been identified with American orchestras Mr. Loeffler for several years with the Boston Symphony Orchestra, and Mr. Stock with the Thomas Orchestra of Chicago, in which he was a member and then assistant conductor until the death of Theodore Thomas, and since then the conductor. The other three men whose works were performed are native Americans-two born in Massachusetts, Frederick Shepherd Converse and Arthur Whiting; and the other, David Stanley Smith, in Ohio.

Perhaps it would be too much to claim