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-But who this god of your idolatry?

Tit. The city they call Rome, ah silly me!
I fondly thought might like our Mantua be,
Where oft we shepherds drive our tender lambs—
Their sires so whelps resemble, kids their dams.
Thus mighty things I measured by the mean!
But high o'er other cities Rome is seen,
As the tall cypress o'er the osier's shoot.

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Mel. And what to Rome seduced your vagrant foot? Tit. Freedom: who, though her visit late she paid, Approach'd at length my long-neglected shed; When ripening age now clad with grey my chin, And Amaryllis ruled the heart within. That heart, I own, while Galatea sway'd, Hopeless was freedom, profitless my trade: Though many a victim issued from my fold, And to sad Mantua many a cheese I sold; Yet unproductive were my thriftiest pains, And ne'er return'd I burthen'd with my gains.

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Mel. Oft have I wonder'd, why with sorrowing cries

Thou, Amaryllis, did'st invoke the skies;

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For whom thine apples linger'd on the spray :
Now, 'tis explain'd—thy Tityrus was away!
Thee, Tityrus, thee the pines, the brooks, the bowers
Call'd, fondly call'd from Rome's imperial towers.

Tit. What could I do? For there, and only there, Freedom I hoped, and gods to hear my prayer.

30 Implying, with delicate flattery, a difference in kind, as well as in magnitude.-Servius.

46 The arbusta, here rendered (perhaps too generally) 'bowers,' were large pieces of ground planted with elms, or other trees, at the distance commonly of forty feet, to leave room for corn to grow between them. These trees were pruned in such a manner, as to serve for stages to the vines which were planted near them.'-Martyn.

There first to view that heaven-sprung youth was mine,
Yearly to whom twelve days shall flame my shrine. 51
First, to my suit propitious, there he spoke;
'Feed boys, as erst, your herds, your bullocks yoke.'
Mel. Happy old man! to you then shall remain,
For you sufficient, your dear native plain;
Though shingles here the sterile wild o'erspread,
And there the fenny bulrush rears its head.

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With no new food your yeaning ewes shall faint; Your herds no neighboring herd with sickness taint! Happy old man! here by this hallow'd spring, 60 These well-known streams, the breeze its health shall fling:

Here by the neighboring hedge that bounds your farm,
Whose willow-flowers allure the busy swarm,

The wild bee's hum shall oft persuade to sleep,
And oft the pruner's song shall echo from the steep: 65
While, from yon lofty elm, your darling dove
With ceaseless plaints shall woo her turtle's love.
Tit. Sooner in air shall stags then seek their food,
And fishes change for earth the ocean-flood:
Sooner, with toil their distant confines past,
Germania's nations shall the Tigris taste,

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50 Octavius was now about twenty-two years of age. 51 On one day in each month, probably the kalends or the ides; along with the lares, perhaps, who (as Tibullus informs us) were honored by a monthly worship.

56, 57 This sterility seems only to have been partial on Virgil's lands; as we read previously of fattened victims' and rich cheeses,' and subsequently of a 'vine-pruner, home-grown apples and chestnuts,' and thickened curds.' The country round Mantua is, indeed, moist; as the Mincio flows from the Benacus (hod. Lago di Garda), and expands near that city into a broad lake before it falls into the Po, which frequently overflows its banks.

61 The Po and the Mincio.

71, 72 On the geography of this passage Martyn has a long

Or Parthian hordes the Sâone's slow current trace,
Than his dear form elude my heart's embrace.

Mel. We, we meanwhile to Afric's thirsty sands,
Oäxes' stream and Scythia's waste of lands,
Or Britain sunder'd from the world, must go!
-And shall I, after many a year of woe,
E'er my loved country tread; e'er hail again
My turf-roof'd cot, the palace of my reign?

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These well-wrought fallows must the soldier own; 80 These crops be for a ruffian master sown?

What direful ills from civil fury flow!

See, for whose use our cherish'd harvests grow!
Now, Melibus, graft thy pears: in lines,

At measured distance, now dispose thy vines!

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-Hence, my poor goats, once happy creatures, hence
No more shall I, in rustic indolence,

From some green cave your frolic sports survey,
As on the mountain's briery crags ye play:

No more with joyous pipe your footsteps lead,
Their boughs where cytisus and willows spread.

Tit. Yet here with me one night, I ask not much, Forget your woes upon this leafy couch : Here 'mid ripe apples and soft chestnuts piled, And thicken'd curds, your anguish be beguiled! Curling from distant roofs the smokes rise slow, And the tall hills their lengthening shadows throw.

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note, proving that at this time both the Parthians had extended their conquests westward even beyond the Tigris, and the Germans also (on the invitation of the Sequani, hod. Franche Comté) had spread themselves in the same direction as far as the Arar, or the Saône.

94 Mitia (poma) may also mean mild' by nature, as opposed to the harsher species; or by cultivation, as opposed to crabs. So likewise molles (castanea) may signify ripe,' or fresh,' or 'smooth,' as distinguished from the hirsuta or 'roasted.'

ECLOGUE II.-ALEXIS.

ARGUMENT.

FROM the fifth Eclogue, vv. 104, 105, it may be inferred that the Alexis, as well as the Palemon, preceded in the dates of their composition the Daphnis, which itself appears to have been written A. C. 42, A. U. C. 712. The former was probably written before the death of Julius Cæsar, which took place on March 25, A. U. C. 710, and gained his approbation.-See Eclog. v. 64.

ALEXIS, beauteous, and his lord's delight,
Was loved by Corydon, in hope's despite.
Oft 'mid the solitary beechen glade,

As with his pipe the pensive shepherd stray'd,
These simple lays he pour'd to hill and grove :

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· And cannot aught my plaint, Alexis, move?
Unpitying youth! thy frowns my death will prove.
Now herds for cooling shade their meads forsake :
Now the green lizard lurks within the brake ;
And for the mowers, all faint with summer airs,
Wild thyme and garlick Thestylis prepares :
Whilst, as I trace thee o'er the sun-struck ground,
The copses wild with hoarse cicadas sound.

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9 The green lizard' is very common in Italy, and is said to be found also in Ireland. It is larger than our common eft, or swift.-Martyn.

11 With these herbs the Roman farmers were accustomed to recruit the spirits of their laborers when exhausted by the heat. Garlic indeed, as we learn from Pliny, formed an ingredient in many rustic medicaments.

13 The cicada (Ital. cigale) sing or chirp most in hot wea ther, and in the middle of the day.

Of Amaryllis happier had it been

Still to endure the wayward scorn, or spleen;
Happier Menalcas' caprice to bear,

Though he so dusky dark, and thou so fair!

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Trust not too much that hue, which charms the sight:

The hyacinth we pluck, the privet slight;

Though that, sweet boy! be dark, and this all snowy

white.

-Still am I scorn'd; nor dost thou ask, or know,
What milk my pails, my folds what flocks o'erflow.
A thousand gimmers roam across my
hills;

And summer's, winter's milk my dairy fills:

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Nor breathed Amphion notes more soft than mine 25
When he on Aracynthus call'd his kine.
Nor so unsightly I: as late I stood

Upon the beach, beside th' unruffled flood,
Myself I view'd; and might I trust the wave,
E'en Daphnis self I'd in thy judgment brave.

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19 Of the ligustrum all that we know is, that its flowers were white and valueless. It is perhaps the 'privet;' as that is called by the Italians guistrico, which seems to be a corruption of the Latin word: though Martyn, in opposition to Pliny (who pronounces it to be probably a tree growing in Egypt and in watery places), seems rather to incline to the convolvulus major, or greater bindweed.

25 Amphion and Zethus, the sons of Jupiter and Antiope, built the walls of Thebes, according to Homer. That they did it by the instrumentality of a magical harp received from Mercury, as averred by Euripides, Horace, Propertius, &c. appears to have been the figment of a later age.

26 The ancient shepherds used to go before their flocks, playing on the pipe, which call they readily followed. To this custom allusion is made in the sacred writings.-See Psalm xxiii. lxxvii. lxxx. and John x.

27 Thus the herdsman, and even the Cyclops, in Theocritus, speak of their personal appearance; the latter with the additional mention of the calm smooth sea, in which he had viewed it reflected.

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