M®

R. LOVE, an accomplished wri

ter, does not attempt to apotheosize his hero, Jesse James," and only quotes extenuating circumstances for his amazing career. That the son of a Baptist minister should become a bandit is accounted for by the tempting environment of the Kansas-Missouri border during the Civil War, coupled with an education beginning at the age of sixteen in the ranks of Quantrill's guerrillas. This school did its perfect work in the case of Jesse James. It might be explained that the Baptist parson parent lit out for Calfornia when the boy was young, perished there, and left his bringing up to a tolerant stepfather and a mother who "believed" in her boy against all calumnies until he came home in a box with Robert Ford's bullet through his rather curiously constructed skuH.

He was encouraged to join Quantrill by some excessively warm attention on the part of non-Confederate neighbors in Jackson County, Missouri, a section now decorously dominated by Kansas City. These spurred him on, and seem to have soured his disposition. Mr. Love gives voice, without indorsement, to the view that the activities of the James brothers after the cessation of hostilities was an ignorant endeavor to carry on the conflict against the North. This does not work out in the evidence, nor does he try to prove it. The truth would appear that Jesse James discovered that a horse that could move faster than any other and a finger that was quicker on the trigger, guided by an unerring eye, furnished means for living at the expense of others that was agreeable, profitable, and exciting. He seldom suffered from ennui.

Certainly, Jesse James, his rather superior brother, Frank, the three Younger brothers, and some inconsequent companions who never achieved really high rank at least one of whom had to be shot by J. J. himself-were flourishing freebooters. To these gentlemen are given credit for originating the lofty art of train robbing, which, as narrated in several glowing episodes, seems simple enough. The express messengers were ill armed and not courageous; as for the train hands, it was none of their business

The Rise and Fall of Jesse James. By Robertus Love. G. P. Putnam's Sons, New York. $3.50.

to protect the safe in the baggage-car. So such exploits were readily slipped over. Deeds on the highway, like stagecoach hold-ups, were sinecures, as was the looting of the cashier's cage at the Kansas City State Fair, by which Jesse and Frank made themselves about $10,000 richer. No one cared to interrupt them as they rode joyously away, popping their revolvers after the manner of champagne corks. Parenthetically, Jesse never drank, and his first misfortune came from the silly conduct of a follower who did. Personally, he was.a thoroughgoing dry, and had joined the church.

The plundered express companies sent many Pinkertons after the James brothers, some to their death. One bunch of detectives bombed the James's homestead and blew off their mother's arm. This incident is cited as further increasing Jesse's embitterment against organized society.

The great tale of the book is that of the attack on the Northfield Bank, in Minnesota, where the citizens rose with exemplary valor and shot down or captured all of the gang except Jesse and Frank James. The Minnesotans have always proved their courage on the battlefield, and were not remiss here. One Younger brother was killed and two went to prison for life-to be eventually released, after a lengthy period of perfect conduct in prison.

Indeed, neither the James nor the Younger brothers had any failing except that of train and bank robbing. Both occupations grew in risk after the Northfield affair. The Rock Island made itself immune by gallantly issuing an annual pass to the crippled mother of the pair. Jesse traveled about a good deal, lived in various cities, including Baltimore, and "farmed" it near Nashville. Neither he nor Frank were ever publicly pictured, so detectives could not follow their persons through portraiture. Mr. Love gives a copy of one tintype that Jesse always carried with him. It does not show a prepossessing person, though Frank James and Cole Younger would pass for good fellows anywhere. There is a suggestion of the snake about Jesse.

To look back, it is astonishing that their vogue should have been so long. What was everybody's business was nobody's business, and the robbers flour

ished accordingly. Mr. Love puts a deal of himself in the book, and so adds to its entertaining qualities. Perforce, he leaves much that was mysterious unexplained. People in those parts learned that it did not pay to gossip about the James brothers, and tales that would make other volumes have sunk out of sight in the sands of time. So there is plenty of blood in the book, but little thunder. D. C. S.

Fiction

ONE LITTLE MAN. By Christopher Ward. Harper & Brothers, New York. $2. Hundreds of readers who delight in Mr. Ward as a literary caricaturist will open this novel with hope and curiosity and close it with disappointment. Not that it is bad, but that it is mediocre. Here is a writer trained to note the differences of school and school, style and style, and all the variations of range and material made use of in the current novel. You might think his skill would have taught him to avoid anything of a hackneyed kind or species to build something new at all costs. In fact, his book is not only imitative, it is rather feebly imitative, and of an inferior article. It is a novel of mediocrity, a deliberate study of a weakling, an ineffectual, the pathetic average man, the dub or duffer of daily life. Alas, how well we know him. and how willingly we would forget him! How we weary of him as a plaything of talent, a butt of the minor irony! Only genius may interpret him now, to our ad. vantage; and didn't Mr. Wells (to speak in terms of our generation) do that once for all in "Mr. Polly"?

CHIMES. By Robert Herrick. $2.

Company, New York.

The Macmillan

This book was bound to come from Mr. Herrick sooner or later. For many years he must have been brooding, with his penetrating melancholy gaze, upon that academic spectacle of which he was at least a nominal part. In "Chimes" he assembles his impressions, and tells the world of the American university where, from his mournful point of view, it gets off. There must be a great to-do in Chicago, spotting the originals of his present personæ. This has happened before, to no great profit, and it is a sport of little interest for the larger public. Assuming in a general way that "Eureka University" on its lake shore has the University of Chicago for its immediate model, that young Clavercin of Harvard is drawn from young Herrick of Harvard, who went to Chicago in 1893 and helped rock the cradle of that ambitious and wellsubsidized institution, the main question remains, whether this is a good novel as a novel.

And the main answer is that, like most of Mr. Herrick's longer narratives, it suffers from inability to get far enough from its data and its models for interpretation. This is a brilliant and often disconcerting commentary on that aspect of America represented by the academic life. Its portraits have surprising verisimilitude, but never step down from their frames. Its action never succeeds; it achieves the illusion of spontaneity. The value of the performance as a whole is documentary rather than creative. And the net effect of the testimony is adverse to that sad little creature man, whom Mr. Herrick observes

blundering about the earth's surface without his permission, and against whom he appears to cherish a sort of gentle grudge, as an object of which better things might reasonably have been expected.

Art

ART THROUGH THE AGES: An Introduction to Its History and Significance. By Helen Gardner. Harcourt, Brace & Co., New York. $1. Professor Edgell, who gives at Harvard much the sort of course as that on which this text-book is based, usually prefaces his lectures with the remark that there would be nothing said or shown in the classroom which a normally educated person would not know already. That is perfectly true, the unfortunate part being that so many of us know so little of the history of art.

Miss Helen Gardner comes to the rescue with some 675 pictures and nearly as many pages of text to explain what it is all about, and there is an imposing glossary that will put any architect or decorator in his place, with words like narthex, retable, chiaroscuro, predella, and stylobate.

The book has the advantage of completeness. From prehistoric rock carvings to Pablo Picasso, by way of Benevenuto Cellini and the Woolworth Building, Miss Gardner makes her way with a few kind words for them all. Her pictures are chosen with a good deal of taste and her facts are important. But it smells of the classroom. It is written in the language of a bright student's examination paper. "The other painter of North Italy of whom we shall speak is Correggio, the painter whose work expresses lyric joy." Phrases like that fill the book. Correggio expresses lyric joy, whatever that is. There is no space in an outline of this sort for a sensible discussion of Correggio's painting-it is not to be expected. Miss Gardner has our national distaste for keeping quiet when she has nothing to say, and so "we note" Whistler's fluid technique and ephemeral representation; Verocchio expresses ease, grace, and facility; undoubtedly, Wordsworth exalts the placid beauties of nature-and Correggio expresses lyric joy.

Biography

MY APPRENTICESHIP. By Beatrice Webb. Longmans, Green & Co., New York. $6. This is one of the most important autobiographies that have appeared in a number of years. It is the life story, up to the time of her marriage, of a social reformer of signal intellectual ability, who doubtless ranks first among the women who have influenced the social thought of England. This younger daughter (the eighth among nine) of a railway magnate found little in what is called "society" to interest her, and therefore chose a career. It was the time of a general awakening among the comfortable classes to a sense of the wretched condition of the poor, and she became a "sociological investigator." In this capacity she aided Charles Booth in his monumental work on "The Life and Labor of the People in London." Later she studied at first hand the co-operative movement, and afterward trade-unionism, and by the beginning of the 90's she had become a convert to Socialism. Since her marriage to Sidney Webb, in the summer of 1892, her social and literary work has been merged with that of her husband.

"The Other One," though certified to be "the predominant partner of the firm of Webb," figures little in these pages. His time will come in the succeeding volume, to be called "Our Partnership." The outstanding figure is that of Herbert Spencer, and to many readers the portions that deal with him will prove of absorbing interest. Though the ardent neophyte sat at the feet

The Amherst Books

RELIGION IN THE PHILOSOPHY OF WILLIAM JAMES

By JULIUS SEELYE BIXLER

Associate Professor of Biblical Literature, Smith College

The author shows James as an intensely religious man in contrast with the prevailing opinion that his religion was a mere vagary of an otherwise brilliant mind. The religious aspect of James's personality is made central in a clear and comprehensive exposition and discussion of his thought as a whole. This becomes a starting point for a study of the religious attitude in general. Price $3.00

THE EVOLUTION OF THE HORSE

By FREDERIC B. LOOMIS

Professor of Geology in Amherst College

An account of the evolution of the Horse family-that group of mammals, the palaeontological history of which is most completely known. Written for the general reader as well as the student of evolution. There are chapters on finding fossil horses, collecting and mounting their bones, together with a survey of the horses from each geological period, and a description of their climatic background and manner of life. Illustrated with forty-one half tones and forty-one line drawings. Price $3.00 at all Bookstores MARSHALL JONES COMPANY, 212 Summer Street, Boston

of this philosophical Gamaliel and listened patiently and studied deeply, she never became a Spencerian. She distrusted his dogmatic generalizations; and, moreover, in science alone she could find no answer to the painful riddle of the earth; nor, as she believes, could Spencer himself in his later years. Many other notables appear, among them the brilliant Frederic Harrison, high priest of Positivism. A rare book, which reveals the unfolding of a richly gifted personality in a highly complex environment. GROWING UP WITH A CITY. By Louise de Koven Bowen. The Macmillan Company, New York. $2.50.

Mrs. Bowen grew up with the city of Chicago; Chicagoans know that she also helped the city of Chicago to grow up, to realize its mature responsibilities toward its wards, dependents, and less fortunate citizens, and to devise and establish various agencies for the improvement of conditions, moral and physical. Hull House, the Juvenile Court, the first civic playground— in the beginnings and maintenance of these and other admirable efforts she played her part. A rich woman, she has always given freely and usefully of money; more freely and usefully of herself. But her book is far from being a chronicle of philanthropic activities only. Interesting as those are, it is probable that many readers will enjoy most keenly the earlier chapters, which relate with humor, spirit, and charm the author's childhood and girlhood in the incredibly remote and different Chicago of the days just before and after the great fire. How the little girl was chased down the street by a bull and her companion tossed just opposite the present Auditorium Hotel, how she once found the body of a murdered man crammed under the board sidewalk, how as the stylish "Miss Louise" driving a smart dog-cart she was pelted with stones and rotten eggs by free-andequal fellow-citizens who objected to her footman wearing livery-it is all capital reading and illuminating history.

History and Politics

THE CONQUEST OF THE PHILIPPINES BY THE UNITED STATES, 1898-1925. By Moorfield Storey and Marcial P. Lichauco. G. P. Putnam's Sons, New York.

Mr. Storey, the eminent lawyer and good citizen, is known to every one. Mr. Lichauco is the first Filipino graduate of Harvard University. The authors undertake to show that our assumption of sovereignty over the Philippines was absolutely unwarranted, that our war of conquest there was characterized by unspeakable outrages on a large scale, and that the Philippine policy of all Washington Administrations from McKinley's down (except for the two Administrations of Mr. Wilson) has been disingenuous and determined by the sinister designs of American capitalists. The argument is powerfully developed, but completely one-sided. No doubt, for example, there was misbehavior by American troops; but Mr. Storey has been outrageously misled as to its extent. His citations (for, apparently, Mr. Storey is author-in-chief) from soldiers' letters are quite uncritical. He contends that the Filipinos have sufficiently demonstrated capacity for self-goverment and that complete independence should be granted them at once. Full discount made for exaggerations, the argument must win powerfully upon the reader, to whom we recommend, to restore the judicial balance of his mind on this great question, the book by D. R. Williams entitled "The United States and the Philipppines."

INDIA. By Sir Valentine Chirol. Charles Scribner's Sons, New York. $3.

This is a volume in "The Modern World Series," edited by the Right Hon. H. A. L. Fisher. The aim of that series is "to pro

vide a balanced survey, with such historical illustrations as are necessary, of the tendencies and forces, political, economic, intellectual, which are molding the lives of contemporary States."

For India that aim is adequately realized by Sir Valentine, despite the peculiar difficulty of the subject. The background is sufficiently sketched in and the developments from which the present so "questionable" situation has resulted are skillfully traced. From this remarkable book the general reader should be able to form a just idea of that supremely important situation. On the whole, Sir Valentine is . optimistic.

By

FOUR YEARS BENEATH THE CRESCENT. Rafael de Nogales. Translated from the Spanish by Muna Lee. With an Introduction by Lieutenant-Colonel Edward Davis, D.S.M., D.S.O. Charles Scribner's Sons, New York. $3.50.

The myth of a guilty nation now being entirely dispelled (by Professor Barnes), it is time that the Turks were cleared of complicity in the Armenian massacres during the World War. This is now done by Nogales Bey, a gallant Venezuelan soldier of fortune who turned to the Turkish and the German armies after his services had been rejected with much lack of courtesy by the Entente. He became InspectorGeneral of the Turkish Forces in Armenia and Military Governor of Egyptian Sinai. His hosts, after discovering that the chiel in their midst was taking more notes than they had bargained for, made several courteous efforts to murder him-attempts which he foiled with equal insouciance. But he bears no malice. He maintains that "there can be no doubt that the Turk, in spite of all his defects, is the first soldier and the first gentleman of the Orient," and as an eye-witness he testifies that "the Regular Army of the Ottomans was entirely innocent of the Armenian massacres." The novelty of the Bey's point of view combines with his picturesque style to make extremely good reading.

Travel

AN AMERICAN AMONG THE RIFFI. By Vincent Sheean. The Century Company, New York and London. $3.50.

Mr. Sheean's adventurous fact is ten times more absorbing than any fiction of the same sort that has been published in this or many seasons. As in an exciting novel, it is difficult in reading the book not to look ahead to see whether he ever did escape from his detention by the Metalsa, and whether he actually succeeded in getting his interview with the fabulous Abdel-Krim. The latter's name is, more correctly, Mohammed Abd-el-Krim, his father's name being Abd-el-Krim. In other languages his name would presumably be ap Krim or Krimson. The interpolated story of the Caid-el-Hadj, a German-Mohammedan Robin Hood, is in the best picaresque tradition, and, to fill the cup to overflowing, we assist at the capture of Raisuli, the villain of "Perdicaris alive or Raisuli dead," Roosevelt's famous ultimatum.

The War

ISVOLSKY AND THE WORLD WAR: By Frederich Stieve. Translated from the German by E. W. Dickes. Alfred A. Knopf, New York. $3.50.

This book is an attempt to fix the chief blame for the origin of the World War upon Isvolsky and Poincaré, the argument being based chiefly on the diplomatic correspondence of A. P. Isvolsky, Russian Ambassador to France 1911-14, included in the collection published by the Soviet Government under the title "Material for the History of Franco-Russian Relations, 191014." The material is handled cleverly and the argument is developed with some ingenuity, but it leaves this reviewer cold. Isvolsky was a good deal of an ass, and

what is gained by flogging a dead ass? As for Poincaré, it is not shown that the passages quoted unto his damnation hang anything whatever on him in the sense charged.

Sociology

THE RISE OF MODERN INDUSTRY. By J. L. Hammond and Barbara Hammond. Harcourt, Brace & Co., New York. $2.75. An attempt to set forth the origins, the character, and the significance of the Industrial Revolution-how it has altered the face of things, substituting for the divine right of kings the divine right of capitalists, demoralizing society and making the pursuit of wealth your only good; and the birth (the study halts at the middle of the nineteenth century) of offsetting tendencies, the beginnings of organized efforts (including creation of such institutions as the Civil Service, the trade unions, and the system of factory law) toward effectively restraining the new tyranny, toward evolving a new genuine society out of the social chaos induced by the Industrial Revolution. A fascinating and instructive book. THE STORY OF AN EPOCH-MAKING MOVEMENT. By Maud Nathan. Doubleday, Page & Co., New York. $2.50.

It is with a picture of the frightful conditions in the mercantile stores of New York City thirty-five years ago that Mrs. Nathan opens her "story" of the Consumers' League. One who remembers

those conditions cannot but say that the picture is drawn with restraint. The Working Woman's Society, of which Alice Woodbridge was secretary, had made an industrial study of the retail shops in the winter of 1889-90 and had won the interest and support of Mrs. Josephine Shaw Lowell. A mass-meeting on May 6, 1890, gave the impetus to the formation of the League, eight months later. What the League has accomplished in spite of all the baffling obstacles that beset its path is told in this book. No one who reads it will quarrel with the attribute of "epoch-making" to a movement with so worthy a record. It is a record, moreover, that is not closed and that carries the promise of broader achievement. Very likely the intervention of organized consumers in the problems of industry, so successful in this one field, may produce effects making, as the author believes, for "the complete democratization of the economic world."

Railroads

THE STORY OF THE WESTERN RAILROADS By Robert E. Riegel. The Macmillan Company, New York. $2.50.

An immense amount of research has been done in getting together the material for this work. It is, in a sense, a pioneer study, for apparently no other one among the many writers on the subject of railroads has attempted to cover the genera field of railroad history. Even this one surveys but half the field, since it is limited to the roads west of the Mississippi. Al the aspects of the subject are treated-the engineering, financial, political, industrial and whatever else may be. The difference in the problems that confronted the Western builders and those of the East is strongly accented. The physical obstacles the lack of local capital, the scarcity of labor, and the meagerness of population in the transmississippi region in the early days combined to make a situation in striking contrast with the situation in the East. It was only with the first decade of the twentieth century that the railroad history of the West became merged into that of the Nation. The book is intended for the general reader, and the style is "popular." This quality is not attained, however, as so often happens, by a sacrifice of accuracy. There is no overplus of detail, but enough is given to support and carry the narrative, and what is given is dependable

Leo

HE appreciation of the Newfoundland

THE

dog by Don Seitz in The Outlook of June 16 will touch the heart of any one who ever possessed one of these noble animals.

When I was a small boy, in the 70's, there joined a large household of children of which the writer was one a great dog of this breed. He was less than a year old, and was a gift from a childless home because he hungered for companionship of children. Until he died of old age Leo was the playmate and guardian of all.

Leo's noble broad head and benevolent great eyes seemed to make him human. Nothing done by any child or youth in the family could disturb his good nature and tolerance. He would rough and tumble with the growing boys, submitting to any pranks with no sign of anything except the best of good nature. A child could take a bone from his mouth; he would drag skater or child on sled, clinging to his tail, across the ice. The baby could fall asleep upon his prone body and he would not stir, except to wag his tail or wink at you, as it were, telling you in dog language that he knew that baby was weak and little and must not be disturbed or awakened.

When young folks went to the shore for bathing, he rushed eagerly ahead, carrying a bathing-suit for some one in his mouth. Mother never worried so long as Leo was with the children. During the bathing hour he never ceased his care. Standing in the shoal water, he watched each and all. If any ventured out into deeper water beyond his idea of prudence, he swam out beside him and escorted him until back in the shoal water. On at least two occasions young wags pretended distress; one was seized by the hair, the other by bathingtrunks and "rescued." They learned a les

son.

His benevolent nature was frequently in evidence. A small dog, not used to water, was tossed by his owner beyond his depth and was making a terrified effort to reach the shore. Leo sprang to his side and walked beside him, with mouth half open, ready to seize him should he appear to sink.

Like all dogs, he liked at times to chase cats, but when a kitten crouched in terror he would look down upon it pityingly and then walk away. Ready as he was for a scrap with a dog of his size, he walked along with majestic tread and scorn when snapped at and barked at by smaller dogs. When patience ceased to be a virtue any longer, there was a quick scuffle with angry growls; the smaller dog found himself on his back, paws in air, begging for mercy, but unhurt. Resting his paw on the breast of his small foe, Leo would give an admonitory growl and then walk away, "too proud to fight" a smaller and weaker opponent. At meal-time he waited for the cat to eat first, but it is only fair to say that he never allowed her to change her mind when she once turned from the dish. In the late evening when let out into the grounds he circled the house, gave a gruff warning bark toward each of the far corners, and then returned to lie down and sleep. Yet occasionally the wagging tail would pound out a welcome to some late home-comer, recognizing the familiar footsteps of different members of the family long before their presence was known to the mother who waited to know that all her children were under the family rooftree for the night.

Dear old Leo, your Newfoundland heart was tender and big and fine. Would that all of us were as noble in our conduct as you! It is forty years ago since you passed

on, but our hearts still beat with affection for you. LEONARD H. CAMPBELL, Principal Commercial High School. Providence, Rhode Island.

Why Annapolis is Unfilled

N the issue of The Outlook of June 16,

"A Naval Academy Complex." Referring to the comments contained in the last two paragraphs of this article, I wish to call your attention to the fact that the reason the Naval Academy is not being operated at its full capacity is because of the action of Congress in placing a limitation on appropriations which reduces the quota of midshipmen authorized for Senators and This Representatives from five to three. limitation was put into effect with the class entering in 1924, and each year since that time the Secretary of the Navy, the Chief of the Bureau of Navigation, and the Superintendent of the Naval Academy have urged upon Congress the removal of the limitation, but have so far not met with any success.

The Secretary of the Navy has consistently recommended that the Naval Academy be operated with the maximum number of midshipmen that can be accommodated with the facilities at that institution. JOHN STAPLER, Commander, U. S. Navy.

Room 2520, Information Section, Navy Department, Washington, D. C.

Why Ignored?

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decreasing in circulation. I am a college librarian, and have for several years observed the reference work done by young students. We have a number of good church papers on our magazine list, but they are very seldom read. This is due to the fact that college students have little time for reading that is not required. In preparation of semester papers they use magazines that are indexed in "The Reader's Guide" or some other standard index. Our church papers are practically useless because their articles are not indexed. Even the "Methodist Review" and the "Christian Century," the best on our list, for some reason have not received the distinction of being indexed and made available. ELLEN CREEK, Librarian.

Simpson College, Indianola, Iowa.

Contributors' Gallery

ZORA STEARNS DAVIS was ordained in the

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