(c) Professor Woodbridge Metcalf

The famous redwood trees of California

his integrity such confidence was reposed that his opinion on athletic matters, and particularly on football, became a sort of standard by which the opinions of others were measured. He was probably more influential than any other man in inducing men of middle life to keep up physical exercise, not chiefly as a means

moral conduct. He did not moralize or preach; but he somehow made his influence tell for whatsoever things were honest and of good report. This memorial, for which a memorial committee appointed by the National Collegiate Athletic Association and consisting of college men of all sections of the country to health, but as a means to vigor and is inviting subscriptions, will preserve is inviting subscriptions, will preserve his memory not merely as the father of American football, but also as fosterer of clean play, hardiness, and manhood.

self-control. To him is in great measure due the recognized improvement in athletics as both a test and an expression of

A World Conference on Forests

NEW, or at least a broadened, field in which greater international aid and co-operation is looked for in the future, is that of forestry. An international conference on forestry has just been held at Rome. This conference, the first of its kind, was attended by about eight hundred delegates from the European and other participating countries. The United States was creditably represented.

Although each nation, like each individual, must learn by its own experiences, still there are questions connected with this subject which are as truly international as many of the other matters on which nations confer with one other. Until now international study in the field of forestry has not been with the purpose of determining how the nations of the world might co-operate, might benefit one another and themselves at the same time, through a regular and systematic exchange of forestry knowledge. The United States, realizing its needs, as lumber use in this country continues to outrun lumber growth six to one, is certain to benefit to some extent from contact with the older nations which have suffered from the experiences of forest depletion. Europe to-day has some living illustrations of what the United States can do, as part of its share, in the interchange of forestry help.

Reports which have been received from the other side state that millions of the young trees which have been planted in Great Britain, France, and Italy as part of the reforestation work since the war are from seeds sent there annually since 1919 by the American Tree Association. The forestry officials of those countries have written in high praise of this gift from America and of its good effects. These "tree citizens" transplanted from the United States to Europe will be one of the mediums through which the value of forestry in its broadest and best, its international, sense will come to be realized.

The lessons learned at the Reme meeting should have far-reaching effect in the upbuilding of better-regulated and more carefully preserved forests throughout the world.

The Saving of Redwoods TH THE redwood, lesser yet huge cousin of the giant sequoia, will still, according to latest indications, occupy most of its native portion of the Pacific slope

in the day of Americans yet unborn. The redwood is peculiar not only in the size and the age of the individual tree, but in the smallness of its homeland, a mere ribbon of mountainside seldom, if ever, extending more than thirty miles from the edge of the Pacific. Twentyfive years ago it seemed that the homesteader, following on the lumberman, would gradually replace the redwoods with grass and potatoes. Settlers tried their hand at making the cut-over forest land their own. The trees were gone, but the stumps fought the settlers off. They sent up new shoots, and when these were burned or lopped off, still more shoots, until the settlers had to give up.

A tree that rises literally from its ashes to defend its invaded soil gives convincing proof of its vitality. The old

lumbermen had turned their backs, as they thought, forever on the cut-over redwood lands. But the lumberman came back to take another look. What he saw impressed him so deeply that he started to aid the redwoods in their revival.

The Humboldt Redwood Reforestation Association, formed in 1923, has as members the University of California and most of the chief redwood timberland owners. It has set up a redwood seedling nursery, and started to replant the bare patches among the self-made new redwoods. Its work has attracted so much attention that landowners in Oregon, well north of the old redwood region, have taken to planting seedlings, and New Zealand, all the way across the globe, has undertaken a four years' course of redwood seed experiments. Instead of losing its place among the living, as so many of nature's giant species have lost theirs, the redwood stands in a fair way to hold fast its own small region and, still more noteworthy, to spread to lands where it never grew before.

The Air Conquest of the Arctic "THE

HERE is a new art in the world today, the art of flying. A new world to conquer, the world of the atmosphere. A new ocean to navigate and utilize, the ocean of the air, whose only coasts are infinite space."

Thus wrote Peary after his days of exploration were over.

That air navigation is the one feasible and practical method of Arctic exploration has been amply proved this month. Amundsen, after Byrd's dash to the

Courtesy of the New York "Herald Tribune"

From King's Bay situation by saying: "Byrd's object was North Pole and back, summed up the to reach the Pole. Ours to fly to Alaska via the Pole. I only hope we succeed as well as Byrd has." Commander Byrd and his pilot, Floyd Bennett, have fairly earned the record of being the first fliers to accomplish what Peary and Matt Henson and four Eskimos did with sledge and dogs. But what a difference! Byrd and his Fokker three-motor monoplane did in about fifteen and a half hours what took Peary over two months to accomplish from base to base.

Commander Byrd's triumph was due to preparation and audacity. His equip ment was the best possible. When a day of perfect polar weather favored him, he seized the opportunity instantly and boldly. He believed that Amundsen's experience last year, when he came within less than two hundred miles of the Pole but was compelled to return because of fatal injury to one of his two planes, showed that the best chance was for a bold dash by one plane at just the right

to the North Pole minute; and, risky though this plan may seem, the result justified Byrd's theory.

It is gratifying to Americans that the first air conquest of the Pole, like its first conquest over the ice, has been made by an American naval officer. The names of Peary and Byrd will stand together in the annals of Arctic exploration.

It is not of the slightest importance whether or not either of the victors passed over the exact imaginary point scientifically termed the North Pole. So far as the precision of their instruments permitted, each located the position to a reasonable degree of exactness. Byrd had new and improved instruments.

The value of aircraft for Arctic exploration has been proved by the Norge as well as by Byrd's voyage. Her long journey from Italy to England, to Norway, to Russia, and to Spitzbergen was as free from trouble or disaster as the progress of an express train.

On May 11 the Norge started from King's Bay on her voyage of over two thousand miles from King's Bay, Spitz

bergen, to Point Barrow, Alaska, and thence six hundred miles farther to Nome. Amundsen, asked if he were bound for the Pole, said: "I don't know. I can be in the air a month with the Norge, and can fly anywhere."

While Byrd saw no land and no sign of life in his flight (part of which was over unexplored fields), it is considered quite probable that Amundsen's expedition may add materially to our geographical knowledge, for it is planned to pass directly over the center of the great unexplored area lying northeast of Alaska. It is pleasant to note that Byrd and Amundsen are warm friends and that their rivalry is one of achievement and not of envy.

If the Norge should reach Alaska within the week in which Byrd took his one-day jaunt to the Pole and back, that week will be the most eventful in the history of Arctic exploration.

The Britannica's New Editor

A

GREAT work of reference and repository of useful knowledge requires a permanent editor-in-chief as much as does a great newspaper. In some ways, too, the qualifications are the same. A capable editor, whether of journal or encyclopædia, does not, as simple people used to suppose, know everything; but in both cases he must know how to find the writers and specialists who do, how to give harmonious tone to their combined efforts, how to judge the relative importance of topics and adjust proportion and space.

It is quite suitable, therefore, that the new editor of the Encyclopædia Britannica, James Louis Garvin, should be a practiced journalist and magazinist. He is best known as editor of the London "Observer," which under his control has in eighteen years grown from weakness to recognized vigor, with large influence in foreign and domestic affairs. It is a journal which has challenged public attention, criticism, and debate, and certainly has received all in large measure. Before he went to the "Observer" Mr. Garvin was editor of the London "Outlook;" still earlier he was a contributor of articles to the "Fortnightly Review." He is a thorough student of history, economics, and politics, and has a wide knowledge of current affairs.

The Britannica is always in process of being revised. Its system of supplementary volumes is admirable, and the gath

leaders. But, despite sporadic rioting in London, Glasgow, and smaller cities, there has been no direct threat to the authority of the Government. The issue has been shown to concern fundamentally wage scales and hours of laborthat is to say, the maintenance of a standard of living.

The precipitation of such a conflict was far easier in Great Britain, with its rigid and long-established division of classes, than it would be in America. No one likes to draw comfort from such spectacles. But it is indubitably true that one of the lessons of the British crisis is the immense advantage of a system like that of the United States, where the desirability of a high standard of living for all workers is coming to be more and more generally recognized in liberal wage scales and where freedom of movement from one class to another still is preserved. The best "open door" policy we have is the open door of economic and social opportunity.

Signs are appearing in Great Britain that a way out of the deadlock may be found. The emergency organization of the authorities has begun to function with a success which hardly could have been expected. Rail and bus transport is increasing. The vital supply of food is being maintained, with Hyde Park in London under guard as a huge commissary center for the metropolis. The cooperation of citizen volunteers is growing steadily. Many strikers, their own interests not directly involved in the coalmine dispute, are reported to be drifting back to work. Unless the unions take more extreme measures or some outbreak of violence provokes a use of repressive force involving loss of life, which would harden the feeling on both sides into an obstinate fighting mood, a reasonably early solution seems possible.

Informal attempts to find a formula which would permit of a return to social peace are reported to be under way on the part of intermediaries between the unions and the Government. Lloyd George also has taken the lead in the House of Commons in calling on both the Government and the Labor Party leaders to take steps toward a settlement based on principles which have been advanced by the Archbishop of Canterbury and other leading churchmen. This would provide for a temporary guaranty of existing wage scales in the coal industry, pending a new agreement to be

reached by arbitration. Any move designed to get discussion off the plane of the general strike and back to the plane of consideration of conditions in the coal industry is to be welcomed as a return to the real causes of the present trouble. Three special articles on the present situation in Great Britain are published elsewhere in this issue.

War Again in North Africa

W

ORDS have been responsible for more than one war. The fact that there is only one word in the language of the Riff tribesmen of North Africa for "autonomy" and "independence" appears to have contributed to the breakdown of the long-drawn-out negotiations for peace between them and France and Spain. Abd-el-Krim, the indomitable Riffian leader, demanded through his emissaries what amounted to virtual independence; the spokesmen of France and Spain promised in reply what amounted to a large degree of autonomy. A deadlock developed out of the difference in understanding as to what the one Riffian word for these two conceptions meant. The result is the resumption of the warfare between the allied French and Spanish forces in Morocco and the rebellious tribesmen, which for two years past has smoldered and from time to time broken out into flame.

No observer could fail to have been impressed by the appeal for peace, couched in quaint ceremonious terms, which Abd-el-Krim published in March through the London "Times." There followed the parleys in Oudjda, which now have ended in failure and the renewal of attacks by the French troops. It is difficult to avoid the impression that the French and Spanish representatives have been playing, to some extent, with Abd-el-Krim. When the peace conference was under discussion in April, they demanded as a preliminary condition that their forces be allowed to advance

unresisted at certain points which would strengthen their lines. While the negotiations were proceeding they took advantage of the lull in hostilities to make the very advances they had sought. Thus when the fighting began again they started from improved positions.

The advantage on the Riffian side appears to lie in the fact that the base of

strong enough to penetrate to this base and dislodge him; and at the same time the Spanish authorities, fearing a possible extension of the territory France holds, have been reluctant to permit French troops to enter the Spanish zone and do it for them. Whether this difficulty will be worked out diplomatically in the present year remains to be seen. Another Side of the War Debt Question

M

ANY years ago, in the days before the war, a representative of this paper was discussing with a foreign diplomat in London the probability of Turkey-then, as now, the enfant terrible of southeastern Europe going to war with her neighbors. The near bankruptcy of the Sublime Porte was held in some quarters to be an invincible deterrent. The diplomat in question, who knew his Turkey well by hard experience, only smiled grimly when he was reminded of this fact. "Bankruptcy," he said, "never prevented a nation from going to war. It certainly has never prevented Turkey. When she cannot raise money for anything else, she can raise money for war."

There is a great deal of truth in this statement; and yet there can be no doubt that, among civilized nations today, with the appalling cost of the Great War daily brought home to them, the financial disaster involved in any fresh outbreak must act as a deterrent. This at least is the position on the whole debt question taken, recently, by Sir William Goode, the British economist, who played such an important part in the salvaging of Austria after the war.

"Another deterrent to war," writes Sir William, "may perhaps also be found in the unpopular policy of the United States in compelling the payment of war debts. It is annoying to us to have to pay so much to America, and it is not pleasant to have to follow the American lead and harry our former allies into, 'settling up,' but there is much to be said for the practice as a moral factor against making war. When you know that you will indubitably have to pay back any money you borrow, whatever you may lose in life or in other ways, you are not so quick to borrow."

Heirs of the Boxers

haps, likely to indulge the too fond hope that it has succumbed to modern, Occidentalized education. Read a young

man's account of what he saw or thinks he saw, which is the same thing so far as feeding the flame of fanaticism is concerned a few weeks ago. He is a college student, and is said to be above the average in intelligence.

were

One of my cousins called for me to go to see the members of the Red Spear Club exercising. In the center of an open place there was a square table on which a sharp sword was laid, eight pounds or more in weight. Thirty-two young men standing beside the table. They all faced to the north, where their god was supposed to be, knelt and prayed for a few minutes. After a while each of them took out a small parcel of paper ashes which was given to each of them by their teacher. They swallowed the ashes with water. As soon as they were ready to exercise one of the members got up without saying a single word, went to the table and took the sword. My cousin told me that this man was the one who was commanded by their god to do the exercise this time.

As that man got hold of the sword he went to the members, who were now kneeling with their upper bodies bare and hands folded before their faces, motionless and breathless. He lifted the sword high in the air and struck hard on the back of one of the members. I... thought that this man might be hurt if not killed, but I was relieved very soon, for I saw that he was not wounded at all. Every member there was struck several times, and no one was hurt. I wondered if I was dreaming, but I found out that I was not. So now I believe that the members of the Red Spear Club are sword proof.

They are reputed to be also bullet proof, but the young student has not yet accepted that as a fact, "because," he writes, "I have not seen it with my own eyes, as I did see that they were sword proof."

The East yields to the West but slowly. Its superstition counts centuries where our science counts years. If this thing is so real to an intellectual young Chinese in college, what may it not be to the common run of Chinese?

The Red Spear Club might be a dangerous weapon in the hands of an unscrupulous leader. Thus far it appears to have served a useful purpose in de

the Spanish zone in Morocco. The Spanish forces so far have not been

made the Boxer movement possible still exist? We in America are, per

of the soldier-bandit, a character all too common in China, and one not likely to