be reckoned as part of the terms kept by the students in law; notwithstanding this, they may finish at Placentia the course of study commenced at Parma. GERMANY. ABOUT two years ago, a diligent inquirer into the state of the German universities calculated that the number of professors attached to them was no less than one thousand and fifty; and that their youthful auditories would, if mustered in one array, present a phalanx of sixteen thousand five hundred academical combatants. And he further estimated, that the average income of each professor, -meaning that portion of it which is not liable to the contingencies of failure or success,-amounts to one hundred pounds per annum ; and the average yearly expenditure of a German student to thirty pounds. It results, from these computations, that between the professors and students, and independently of the cost of buildings, museums, libraries, &c., a sum of six hundred thousand pounds is annually circulated within the precincts of the universities of Germany. PECUNIARY GRANTS TO THE UNIVERSITIES.-A debate, which took place in the Second Chamber of Deputies, at Karlsruhe, on the 8th of November last, throws some light on the amount of pecuniary aid, which is derived by certain of the German universities from their several governments. For the years 1831, 1832, and 1833, the grant made to the university of Heidelberg, is fixed at .84,000 florins or about 5000l. per annum (equivalent to at least twice as much in England), and to the sister university, Freiburg, 74,000 florins, or about 4200l. a year. In the course of the debate on these grants, it appeared, that the veteran Professor Zachariæ, who was designated by Von Rotteck (the historian), as one of the most brilliant stars in the jurisprudential firmament,' had received an addition of 1200 florins a year to his salary, as one of the Heidelberg lecturers, in consideration of his having declined an invitation to transfer his labours to another German school. Von Rotteck was supported, in his defence of this compensation, by Professor Welcker (of Freiburg), amongst other deputies; and the latter instanced, with a view to render grants still more palatable to the opposing party, that the Bavarian government appropriated a yearly allowance of 85,000 florins even to the most inconsiderable of its universities (viz. Würtzburg); that Erlangen derived an income of as much as 170,000 florins (19,500l., and upwards) from the State, and that were he even to pass by Leipzig, Göttingen, or any one of the Prussian universities, the least public grant to which was 150,000 dollars (above 22,000), he could relate the liberality of the minor states of Germany, as a precedent; particularly Hesse-Cassel, which, with a population of only five hundred and eighty thousand souls, did not hesitate to assign a yearly sum of 75,000 florins (42507.) in support of the university of Marburg, independently of a supplementary vote of 20,000 (or 22501). AUSTRIA. There is a system pursued in the German dominions of Austria, which has been attended with singularly beneficial results in diffusing knowledge amongst the working-classes, and, in fact, among the people in general. No village is without its school; and each school is under the care of a master, who is paid by the government. It is a law of the land, in the hereditary provinces, that no male can enter into the marriage state unless he is able to read, write, and cast accounts; and every master is liable to a heavy penalty, if he employ a workman who is unable to read and write. Short publications, of a moral character, which are compiled with great care, and sold at a low price, are circulated in every town, and throughout every cabin in the country. May we not refer it to this system, that crimes are of extremely rare occurrence in the German provinces of the crown of Hapsburg? Indeed, it is accounted a disastrous year, so far as public morals are concerned, if two executions take place at Vienna in the course of the twelvemonth. Under what other sky, we may ask, is the schoolmaster abroad to so rich a purpose? HANOVER-The winter session has begun in the usual manner at the University of Göttingen, and the curators have given notice that the course of studies is not to be interrupted even should the cholera break out within its walls. Every preliminary step has been taken for the care of those of the students who may be attacked by the disease. UNIVERSITY OF GÖTTINGEN.-The following is an enumeration of the Professors and Lecturers; and their respective courses, for the winter session 1831, 1832. There never was a more groundless charge, than that which has been brought against the Hanoverian government, of neglecting this university. Without referring to the native talent, which they have enlisted in its service, we need only cite such names as those of Lücke, Conradi, Mende, Blume, Wendt, Dahlmann, the two brothers Grimm, and Himly, as a proof of their anxiety to induce foreign scholars and men of science to lend it the aid of their high acquirements. And they have not only extended and improved the various collections, but added new buildings to the observatory and anatomical school, and erected additional hospitals for medical practice, &c. BAVARIA.-The Chamber of Deputies, now sitting at Munich, have sanctioned, amongst other items, that portion of the budget which assigns a sum of 766,110 florins (86,1877.) for the use of the department of education and civilization. This is independent of the following supplemental votes; namely, Ditto £ For the maintenance of national schools and gymnasia, 244,000 fl., or 27,900 1000 fl., or Which, with the foregoing item of Constitute a total of 1,687 In one of its late sittings, the same chamber decided that the masters of the public schools should, with reference to their remuneration, be divided into several classes, and that the lowest salaries should not be less than two hundred florins, or two-andtwenty pounds sterling; that they should be promoted according to their degrees of merit; and that a report of the application of the endowments belonging, and grants assigned, to schools, should be made every year. Funds are ordered to be reserved for the widows of schoolmasters; and a preparatory school is directed to be established in the chief town of every circle or department. The institution in existence at Altdorf, for the education of teachers, is to continue its labours.-Munich, 26th October. BADEN. On the 30th of November, the Lower Chamber of the Grand-duchy resolved, that all national and public schools, as well as all institutions for the rearing of teachers, should be regarded as national establishments and placed under the supervision of the state; and that all teachers, regularly educated as such, should, after passing through the requisite examinations, be considered as servants of the state. It was likewise proposed to establish a special Board for scholastic affairs, and to render every kind of schools and every candidate for the situation of a teacher liable to its jurisdiction. The Chamber voted 30,000 florins (38007.) in aid of those masters who were worst paid; and sanctioned the formation of a fund for the support of the widows of schoolmasters. PRUSSIA-UNIVERSITY OF BERLIN.-The statutory transfer of the rectorship of this university took place in the senate the day before yesterday. Professor Bückh, whose office as rector then expired, entered into a review of the principal occurrences during the last academical year. He stated, that the number of teachers was one hundred and twenty-seven: namely, forty-nine professors in ordinary, and forty-two professors extraordinary; twenty-nine private lecturers (docentes), and seven lecturers or teachers in the fine arts. There had been five promotions to the degree of licentiate; three degrees of doctors of law, ninety-nine of doctors in physic, and fourteen of doctors in philosophy, had been conferred. The students had increased considerably in number since the preceding year; for, including those entitled to attend the lectures, they amounted at the close of the winter terin, or half-year to 2488, and at that of the summer term to 2296. There had been five hundred and eighty-five matriculations in theology; six hundred and seventy-four in jurisprudence; three hundred and two in physic, and two hundred and fifty-five in philosophy and exactly five hundred of these matriculations were for the admission of students, who were not subjects of Prussia. No disturbances, much less any in which a number of students might have been implicated, had taken place; neither had there been one single instance of rustication, or a single student punished with what is termed the consilium abeundi.' The long projected plan for a university library had been carried into execution, and the Clinical Institution for lying-in women had been removed to a more spacious site. An association, projected by the professors and students in common, for tending the sick, had been brought to bear after several years' preparation, and carried into operation during the late winter term. After this report had been made, Professor Marheinecke, who has filled the office of rector once before, took the oaths as rector for the ensuing year, and the several records, the deed of foundation, sceptre, keys, album, and rectorial insignia were delivered to him.-Berlin, 24th October. 6 DECLARATION WITH REGARD TO THE CHOLERA MORBUS.-The sub. sequent notice (of which we give a literal translation) has been issued by the Rector and Senate of the University of Berlin, and deserves the attention of our own universities. "The opening of the winter courses of lectures in this university has been fixed for the 7th of November, with the approbation of the ministry for ecclesiastical affairs, education, and medical affairs. Inasmuch as ten weeks have elapsed since the breaking out of the cholera in this city, well-grounded apprehensions are so much the less to be attached to the holding and frequenting of the prælections; particularly, as the spread of the cholera here has, at the same time, become comparatively inconsiderable. Out of the whole number of students (nearly six hundred) who remained here during the vacation, not one has died during the six weeks, since the cholera first made its appearance; only two have suffered under a slight attack of it, and they immediately recovered under the prompt and highly efficient aid afforded them by the association formed for the treatment of such students as might be affected by the cholera. This association of students, provided as they are with all needful means, will remain in active operation so long as the cholera shall continue to prevail amongst us; at the same time, agreeably with the notice which we issued on the 22d of September last, arrangements have been made in the university building to prevent any baneful consequences, and to keep up the purity of the air throughout its whole extent, as well as in the lecture-rooms. By the Rector and Senate of the University of Berlin, the 12th October, 1831. BOHEMIA. Вӧскн. ACADEMY OF THE ARTS OF DESIGN AT PRAGUE.-This institution is indebted for its foundation to the active exertions of the 'Society of Cognoscenti,' and, for its unprecedented success, to the skill and judgment of its first director, Bergler, who was snatched from the scene of his useful labours, both as a man and a teacher, in the year 1829. The youthful artists, who avail themselves of this school, are assembled, according to their respective degrees of proficiency, in three spacious apartments; and numbers of them have already passed through the prescribed course of instruction with high credit to its efficiency. The most spacious of these apartments is wholly decorated with drawings from Bergler's pencil, most of them being sketches or studies done at a time when he was cultivating his own talents in Rome, and poring over the chefs-d'œuvre of the great Italian masters; amongst others, are copies after Domenichino, and of Raphael's ceilings, as well as drawings after the antique, particularly a sketch from the Laocoon, which obtained the great prize given by the Academy of St. Luke. In the second apartment, the student draws from nature under the effect of artificial light, reflected from a cluster of lamps; and the third is appropriated to the study of the antique, for which some admirable Italian casts of the principal works of Grecian art afford every facility. Prizes are distributed among the students every year; and on this occasion, an exhibition of drawings by native and other artists is opened.-R. RUSSIA. SCHOOL OF ARTS AND TRADES.-The Russian government have just established a seminary of this description at St. Petersburgh, under the title of The Technological Institution.' One hundred and thirty-two pupils are to be educated within its walls, at the expense of the state. They are to learn the theory of technicology, the construction of machinery, chemistry, the art of dyeing, &c., and peculiar privileges are held out to such as distinguish themselves. These latter are to be exempt from the poll-tax and military conscription; are not to be subject to corporeal punishment; may take up certain branches of industry without an apprenticeship, and hand down these privileges to their children, who shall be entitled to enjoy them so long as they follow their fathers' calling. They are to be styled 'artizans' or masters; and, independently of the pupils educated at the public expense, who are to be chosen from the middling classes, other youths may avail themselves of the in OCT.-JAN. 1832. 6 N |