burdened with a family, and had a hard struggle to live in such bad times. Satisfied with this account, M. de Sallo ascended the shoemaker's garret; and knocking at the door, it was opened by the poor man himself, who knowing him at first sight to be the person he had robbed the evening before, fell at his feet and implored his mercy, pleading the extreme distress of his family, and begging he would forgive his first crime. M. de Sallo desired him to make no noise, for he had not the least intention to hurt him. "You have a good character among your neighbours," said he, "but must expect that your life will soon be cut short, if you are now so wicked as to continue the freedoms you took with me. Hold your hand-there are thirty louis to buy leather husband it well, and set your children a commendable example. To put you out of further temptations to commit such ruinous and fatal actions, I will encourage your industry. I hear you are a neat workman; you shall take measure of me and of this boy for two pair of shoes each, and he shall call upon you for them. The whole family were struck with joy, amazement, and gratitude; and M. de Sallo departed greatly moved, and with a mind filled with satisfaction at having saved a man, perhaps a whole family, from the commission of guilt, from an ignominious death, and, probably, from eternal perdition. Universal Magazine, May 1793. : Obituary of philanthropic and publicly useful Men.-Notices respecting the late Mr. Granville Sharp. SINCE the publication of the last PHILANTHROPIST, an event has taken place, which it becomes a painful duty in us to notice, namely, the death of Mr. Granville Sharp, by which we may truly say that the poor and the oppressed have lost an invalua ble friend. It is much to be wished that some of those who were best acquainted with the deceased, would favour the world with a history of his life. We are convinced, from the little we know of it ourselves, that it would be highly interesting. Such a history is called for on the score of patriotism. Our country would thus be enabled to boast of another estimable son, or to add his name to that of Hanway, Howard, and other of its worthies. It is called for again on the score of usefulness, because the contemplation of such a character does good to the human mind, on one who took on himself an exclusive right to any portion of the soil, than punish another in the slightest degree who carried away its produce, or violently dispossessed its occupier. All the crimes, then, against property, are a consequence of social convention, of social agreement, or of what is called civilization. It ought, therefore, to be the primary object of every system of government to instruct its people in the importance and necessity of recognising property, and in explaining to them the responsibility and the punishment which the law has imposed on those who take away or steal the property of others. -Unless this principle has been inculcated by education, and enforced and implanted by the habits and impressions of early youth, a man is not morally and reasonably an accountable being, whatever may be the coercion of the laws in violently rendering him amenable to punishment. It matters not whether he were born in Europe, in Africa, or the islands of the Pacific, he has no intuitive sense of property, and he ought to be taught it before the law is properly warranted in treating him with severity. I deduce from these indubitable principles two self-evident corollaries. 1st. The indispensable necessity of general and universal education, to such an extent as shall raise every member of a civilized community above the mental condition of savages, and as shall teach them the nature of social obligations, and the necessity of conforming to the laws. 2d. The injustice of punishing first offences of this kind with greater severity than shall impress on offenders a due sense of their responsibility in a still higher degree, if the offence be repeated. In regard to crimes of a positive nature, such as murder and other means of revenge for real or supposed injuries, all nations, even the most savage, are under the influence of some religion, and of the fear of some unseen Deity. They are taught to entertain this fear from their childhood, and the dread of the wrath of the good or evil spirit restrains in various degrees the crimes which most disgrace our nature. Happily, however, for these people, their religious education is common to all their community. Not so, however, is it with man in a state of civilization, who, having dismissed the grosser superstitions, leaves the untaught without their influence, and provides nothing in place of them. Hence our criminal poor are found to be the unrestrained creatures of their passions, devoid of operative su perstition, ignorant of true religion, and insensible of all obligations either to God or man. I appeal then to the legislature, to the bishops, to all who have power and influence to effect so necessary and desirable an object, no longer to oppose the universal establishment of schools for the poor. They need not be initiated in the sciences, nor in the fine arts; but they should be taught to read and write, and be instructed in the elements of general knowledge, and in the first principles of moral and religious obligation. The duties of the sabbath ought also to be rendered habitual; and they should be expected, till a certain age, to attend some place of public worship. Such an arrangement, from another cause not yet noticed, would tend to reduce the number of criminals. Physiognomists and physiologists have long divided the constitutions of men into different temperaments; thus we have the constitutionally phlegmatic, the melancholic, the sanguine, and the choleric. This division, as referring to the ancient elements of matter, may in a certain degree be fanciful; but that such strongly marked distinctions exist in the characters of men, is a truth which will be universally felt. Hence arises the aptitude for different employments; hence the solicitude of every father of many sons to dispose of them according to their natural inclinations; and hence, too, their success or ill success in life, according as their employments are suited to their temperaments. In stating this general position, I will insist on no fanciful particulars, so as to afford ground for captious objections; I merely claim the admission, that in our several natures we were not all destined alike to be "hewers of wood, and drawers of water." Look, however, to the situation of the children of a wretched labourer, who earns 2s., 2s. 6d., or 3s. per day; and who, being unable to qualify his boys for diversity of employment by any degree of education, necessarily brings up each of them to his own kind of labour. This, however, does not accord with the sanguine or choleric temperament of some of them; and, disgusted with hard work, their only alternative is thieving, Their want of education disqualifies them from the lighter but equally useful employments of society; while the poverty of the parent renders it impossible for him to bind them apprentice to any trade adapted to their inclinations. Hence at the bars of our courts of justice we constantly see smart good-looking youths charged with theft and other analogous crimes, whose culpability, in an abstract sense, arises solely from their want of education. This is no hypothesis-no fanciful picture :—it is genuine human nature without the fostering care of religion and education; and for its truth I call to witness every gaoler, police magistrate, and judge.-Sir Richard Phillips on Juries, 383 Obituary of philanthropic and publicly useful Men.-Notices respecting the late Mr. Granville Sharp.' SINCE the publication of the last PHILANTHROPIST, an event has taken place, which it becomes a painful duty in us to notice, namely, the death of Mr. Granville Sharp, by which we may truly say that the poor and the oppressed have lost an invalua ble friend. It is much to be wished that some of those who were best acquainted with the deceased, would favour the world with a history of his life. We are convinced, from the little we know of it ourselves, that it would be highly interesting. Such a history is called for on the score of patriotism. Our country would thus be enabled to boast of another estimable son, or to add his name to that of Hanway, Howard, and others of its worthies. It is called for again on the score of usefulness, because the contemplation of such a character does good to the human mind, and because good examples, when properly exhibited, call out for and often provoke a laudable imitation. Among the ancestors of Granville Sharp was Doctor John Sharp, who arrived at high honours in the church, having in the reign of William and Mary been appointed to the archbishopric of York, to which see he was elevated all at once, and this entirely on account of his principles and merit, and in which he was distinguished as a great divine as well as a champion both of civil and religious liberty, It was owing to him that the celebrated Dr. Swift never obtained a higher dignity in his own profession than a deanery; for the Archbishop, who was a very pious man, conceived that the wit, levity, and satirical humour of the Dean were far from qualifying him for a distinguished station in a Christian Church. "The Archbishop at his death left two sons, the youngest of whom, Thomas, was Archdeacon of Northumberland and a Prebend of Durham, in which situation he bore the character of à pious divine and an able scholar. Thomas left nine children, six sons and three daughters, among whom at present we shall only mention three, John, Thomas, and Granville. John was Rector of Hartburne in North1umberland and a Prebend of Durham. Thomas was Rector of Bamburg Castle in Northumberland. While there he exerted himself in an extraordinary manner, not only in behalf of the spiritual but of the temporal interest of his parish, for the inhabitants of which he recovered by law certain estates, of which his predecessors had unjustly deprived them. Out of the rents and produce of these he founded a noble charity for the maintenance of the poor and the education of their children. Granville, the last and youngest, was the person whose death we have just announced, and concerning whom it will be proper that we should say something, till, as we hope, some history of his life. may appear, which shall make us more minutely acquainted with his character. Granville Sharp received his education at the Grammar School at Durham under Mr. Dongworth, who was esteemed a most learned man and estimable master, and who had raised its celebrity beyond that either of the schools of Westminster or Eton. He was originally designed for trade, and therefore he was sent from Durham to London; but his propensity to study quite unfitted him for his situation, and therefore he left his apprenticeship, and pursued, under the approbation and support of his family, the natural bias of his own mind. The study to which Mr. Granville Sharp was most attached was that of the history, doctrines, and prophecies of the Holy Scriptures. To qualify himself more eminently for this, he revived his Greek and Latin. He afterwards began Hebrew, in which he made such a proficiency as to be justly esteemed an eminent scholar therein. He then obtained a considerable knowledge of the Arabic. While he was learning these he cultivated also the modern languages. With the same view he endeavoured to pick up manuscripts of the sacred text, as well as Bibles in various tongues, that he might compare the different readings in the same. In this latter department he was peculiarly successful. It has been acknowledged that he had the finest collection of Bibles of any private gentleman in Europe. He had a particular taste for music, which he cultivated in the intervals of study, and this on a variety of instruments. The bias, however, of his mind was again strongly displayed in the use of these; for he employed them often in his devotional exercises, or, as in the ancient Jewish church, to the aid and honour of religion. It was no uncommon practice with him, when his mind was religiously impressed, to take an appropriate psalm of David, to chant it in Hebrew, and to accompany his own voice with the harp. The writer of this article has seen him so employed; and it has often struck him, that if any one wished to know what David was, he might form some appropriate conception of him by taking a view of Mr. Sharp singing his Hebrew to his harp on these occasions. The simplicity of the manner of the latter, the purity of his heart as discovered in the sweetness of his countenance, and the devout and pious frame of his mind, which was so conspicuously preponderant in these |