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"Qui dedit ergo tribus patruis aconita, vehetur
"Pensilibus plumis, atque illinc despiciet nos?
"Cum veniet contra, digito compesce labellum:
"Accusator erit, qui verbum dixerit, hic est.
"Securus licet Æneam, Rutilumque ferocem
"Committas: nulli gravis est percussus Achilles :
"Aut multum quæsitus Hylas, urnamque secutus.

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must be in the midst of fire, go where he may?-Besides, this idea does not agree with fixo gutture, which implies being fastened, or fixed, so as not to be able to stir.

Instead of deducet, or deducit, I should think deducis the right reading, as others have thought before me. This agrees in number and person, with lucebis, l. 155, and gives us an easy and natural solution of the observation; viz. that, after all the danger incurred, by satirizing the emperor's favourites, no good was to be expected; they were too bad to be reformed.

The Greeks had a proverbial saying, much like what I contended for here, to express labouring in vain-viz. 'Apov μlpes-Arenam metiris, you measure the sand-i. e. of the sea.

Juvenal expresses the same thought, sat. vii. 48, 9, as I would suppose him to do in this line:

Nos tamen hoc agimus, tenuique in pulvere sulcos

Ducimus, et littus sterili versamus aratro.

158. Wolf's-bane.] Aconitum is the Latin for this poisonous herb; but it is used in the plural, as here, to denote other sorts of poison, or poison in general. See OVID, Met. i. 147.

Lurida terribiles miscent ACONITA noverca.

-Three uncles.] Tigellinus is here meant, who poisoned three uncles that he might possess himself of their estates. And, after their death, he forged wills for them, by which he became possessed of all they had. He likewise impeached several of the nobility, and got their estates. See more in AINSW. under Tigellinus.

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Shall he, therefore, &c.] "And because there may be danger "in writing satire, as things now are, is such a character as this to triumph in his wickedness unmolested? Shall he be carried about in "state, and look down with contempt upon other people, and shall I "not dare to say a word?"-This we may suppose Juvenal to mean, on hearing what is said about the danger of writing satire, and on being. cautioned against it.

159. With pensile feathers.] Pensilis means, literally, hanging in. the air. It was a piece of luxury, to have a mattress and pillows stuffed with feathers; on which the great man reposed himself in his litter, Hence the poet makes use of the term pensilibus to plumis, as being in the litter which hung in the air, as it was carried along by the bearers. See before, 1. 32, and note; and 1. 64, 5, and note.

From thence.] From his easy litter.

Look down.] With contempt and disdain.

160. When he shall come opposite.] The moment you meet him,

"Shall he, therefore, who gave wolf's bane to three uncles, be earried

"With pensile feathers, and from thence look down on us?"

"When he shall come opposite, restrain your lip with your fin

ger

160

"There will be an accuser (of him) who shall say the word"That's he."

66

Though, secure, Æneas and the fierce Rutilian

"You may match: smitten Achilles is grievous to none:
"Or Hylas much sought, and having followed his pitcher.

carried along in his stately litter, (says Juvenal's supposed adviser,) instead of saying any thing, or taking any notice of him, let him pass quietly-lay your hand on your mouth-hold your tongue-be silent.

161. There will be an accuser.] An informer, who will lay an accusation before the emperor, if you do but so much as point with your finger, or utter with your lips-"That's he." Therefore, that neither of these may happen, lay your finger upon your lips, and make not the slightest remark.

-(Of him) who.] Illi or illius is here understood before qui, &c. 162. Though, secure.] Though you must not meddle with the living, you may securely write what you please about the dead.

Eneas and the fierce Rutilian.] i. e. Æneas, and Turnus, a king of the Ruulians, the rival of Eneas, and slain by him. See VIRG. En. xii. 919, &c.

163. You may match.] Committas-is a metaphorical expression, taken from matching or pairing gladiators, or others, in single combat.

Martial says:

Cum JUVENALE meo cur me committere tentas? "Why do you endeavour to match me with my friend Juvenal?" i. e. in a poetical contest with him.

By commitas we are therefore to understand, that one might very safely write the history of Aneas and Turnus, and match them together in fight-as Virgil has done.

Smitten Achilles.] Killed by Paris in the temple of Apollo. Is grievous to none.] Nobody will get into danger, or trouble, by writing the history of this event.

164. Hylas much sought.] By Hercules when he had lost him. See VIRG. ecl. vi. 43, 44.

Followed his pitcher.] With which he was sent, by Hercules, to the river Ascanius to draw some water: where being seen, and fallen in love with, by three river-nymphs, they pulled him into

the stream.

On subjects like these, saith the adviser, you may say what you please, and nobody will take offence; but beware of attacking the vices of living characters, however infamous or obnoxious.

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"Ense velut stricto quoties Lucilius ardens

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Infremuit, rubet auditor, cui frigida mens est "Criminibus, tacitâ sudant præcordia culpà: "Inde iræ, et lachrymæ. Tecum prius ergo voluta "Hæc animo ante tubas; galeatum sero duelli "Pœnitet." Experiar quid concedatur in illos, Quorum Flaminiâ tegitur cinis, atque Latinâ.

165

170

165. Ardent.] Inflamed with fatiric rage against the vices of his day.

166. Raged.] Infremuit-roared aloud, in his writings, which were as terrible to the vicious, as the roaring of a lion-which the verb in fremo signifies: hence Met. to rage violently, or tumultuously.

Reddens.] With anger and shame.

166-7. Frigid with crimes.] Chilled, as it were, with horror of conscience their blood ran cold-as we should say.

167. The bosom.] Præcordia-lit. the parts about the heartsupposed to be the seat of moral sensibility.

Sweats.] Sweating is the effect of hard labour.-Sudant is here used metaphorically, to denote the state of a mind labouring, and toiling under the grievous burden of a guilty conscience. This image is finely used-Mat. xi. 28.

168. Anger and tears.] Anger at the satirist-tears of vexation and sorrow at being exposed.

169. Before the trumpets.] A metaphor taken from the manner of giving the signal for battle, which was done with the sound of trumpets.

Think well, says the adviser, before you sound the alarm for your attack-weigh well all hazards before you begin.

The helmeted, &c.] When once a man has gotten his helmet on, and advances to the combat, it is too late to change his mind. Once engaged in writing satire, you must go through, there's no retreating.

170. I'll try, &c.] Well, says Juvenal, since the writing satire on the living is so dangerous, I'll try how far it may be allowed me to satirize the dead.

Hence he writes against no great and powerful person, but under the feigned name of some vicious character that lived in past time. 171. Whose ashes are covered.] When the bodies were consumed on the funeral pile, the ashes were put into urns and buried.

The Flaminian and Latin way.] These were two great roads, or ways, leading from Rome to other parts. In the via Flaminia and via Latina, the urns and remains of the nobles were buried, and had monuments erected. See sat. v. l. 55. Hence have been so often found in ancient Rome inscriptions on monuments— Siste viator.

It was ordered by the law of the twelve tables, that nobody should be buried within the city; hence the urns of the great were buried, and their monuments were erected, on those celebrated roads

"As with a drawn sword, as often as Lucilius ardent

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Raged-the hearer reddens, who has a mind frigid
With crimes; the bosom sweats with silent guilt:

"Hence anger and tears.

Therefore first revolve, with thyself,

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"These things in thy mind, before the trumpets: the helmeted "late of a fight

Repents." I'll try what may be allowed towards those, Whose ashes are covered in the Flaminian and Latin way.

170

The Via

or ways. For the Flaminian way, see before, 1. 61, note. Latina was of great extent, reaching from Rome, through many fa mous cities, to the farthest part of Latium.

END OF THE FIRST SATIRE.

1

SATIRA II.

ARGUMENT.

The Poet, in this satire, inveighs against the hypocrisy of the philosophers and priests of his time-the effeminacy of military officers-and magistrates. Which corruption of manners, as well

ULTRA Sauromatas fugere hinc libet, et glacialem

Oceanum, quoties aliquid de moribus audent
Qui Curios simulant, et Bacchanalia vivunt.
Indocti primum: quanquam plena omnia gypso
Chrysippi invenias: nam perfectissimus horum est,
Si quis Aristotelem similem, vel Pittacon emit,
Et jubet archetypos pluteum servare Cleanthis.

Line 1. I could wish.] Libet-lit. it liketh me.

5

Sauromate.] A northern barbarous people: the same with the Sarmatæ. Ov. Trist. ii. 198, calls them Sauromatæ truces. 1-2. Icy ocean.] The northern ocean, which was perpetually frozen. Lucan calls it Scythicum pontum (Phars. 1. 1.)-Scythia bordering on its shore.

Et qua bruma rigens, et nescia vere remitti,
Astringit Scythicum glaciali frigore pontum.

The poet means, that he wishes to leave Rome, and banish himself, though to the most inhospitable regions, whenever he hears such hypocrites, as he afterwards describes, talk on the subject of morality.

2. They dare.] i. e. as often as they have the audacity, the daring impudence to declaim or discourse about morals.

3. Curi.] Curius Dentatus was thrice consul of Rome: he was remarkable for his courage, honesty, and frugaliiy.

Live (like) Bacchanals.] Their conduct is quite opposite to their profession; for while they make an outward shew of virtue and sobriety, as if they were so many Curii, they, in truth, addict themselves to those debaucheries and impurities, with which the feasts of Bacchus were celebrated. These were called Bacchanalia. See them described, Liv. xxxix. 8.

Bacchanalia stands here for Bacchanaliter. Græcism.-These are frequently found in Juvenal and Persius.

4. Unlearned.] Their pretences to learning are as vain and empty as to virtue and morality.

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