A.U.C.

846 Sarmatian war. (Sat. ii. 1.) Death of Agricola.

Massa and Carus (i. 35, 36) referred by some to this date. Influence of Paris. Sat. vi. 87, "Ludos Paridemque reliquit." Sat. vii. 87, “Paridi nisi vendat Agaven;" and 90, seq.

Palfurius Sura, Armillatus, Pegasus, Vibius Crispus Placentinus, Acilius Glabrio, Fabricius Veiento, Catullus Messalinus, Curtius Montanus, and Crispinus flourish. Sat. iv. 50-150; vi. 82; i. 25; xi. 34.

847 Lateranus consul. viii. 146, seq., "Prætor majorum cineres atque ossa volucri Carpento rapitur pinguis Damasippus, et ipse Ipse rotam stringit multo suffamine consul;" where some read "Lateranus;" others say Lateranus is intended by Damasippus. This is probably the date of the event recorded in Sat. iv., "Illa tempora sævitiæ claras quibus abstulit Urbi Illustresque animas impune et vindice nullo," 1. 151. Cf. Tac. Agric. 44, who says that after the death of Agricola (A.D. 93) "Domitianus non jam per intervalla ac spiraménta temporum sed continuo et velut uno ictu Rempublicam exhausit," et seq.

848 Death of Clemens, the consul.

[Persecution of Christians. St. John at Patmos.] Flavia Domitilla exiled to Pontia. [Cf. xiii. 246, "Aut maris Ægæi rupem, scopulosque frequentes Exulibus magnis."]

The fourth book of the Sylva of Statius written.
In the third book, written A.D. 94, he mentions the
close of the Thebais. Cf. Sat. vii. 82, "Curritur ad
vocem jucundam et carmen amica Thebaidos, læ-
tam fecit quum Statius Urbem Promisitque diem.”
The Thebaid had employed twelve years.

849 Domitian killed in September, in his 45th year. Sat.
iv. 153, "Sed periit postquam cerdonibus esse timen-
dus Cœperat, hoc nocuit Lamiarum cæde madenti."
Nerva succeeds.

99

851

Nerva adopts Trajan. [Tacitus "Consul Suffectus."]

Death of Nerva, Jan. 25th, in his 63d year.
Trajan (then at Cologne) succeeds.

[Plutarch flourishes. Pliny, Præf. Ærarii Saturni.]

852 Trajan enters Rome.

[Martial, 10th book, 2d edition. Silius Italicus still living.]

C

100 853 Consulship of M. Cornelius Fronto with Trajan. Sat.
i. 12, 66
Frontonis platani, convulsaque marmora
clamant Semper et assiduo ruptæ lectore columnæ."
Pliny and Tacitus impeach Marius Priscus, proconsul
of Africa. Fronto Catius defends him. Cf. Plin.
ii. Epist. xi. The case was tried before Trajan in
person. Cf. Sat. i. 47, "Et hic damnatus inani Ju-
dicio; quid enim salvis infamia nummis? Exul ab
octava Marius bibit, et fruitur Diis iratis." And
viii. 120, "Quum tenues nuper Marius discinxerit
Afros."

Pliny's Panegyric, in his consulship.

Death of S. John.

[Martial returns to Bilbilis. Twelfth book of Epigrams.]

220 101 854 First Dacian war. "Trajanus primus aut solus etiam vires Romanas trans Istrum propagavit," Victor, p. 319; perhaps alluded to, Sat. viii. 169, "Syriæque tuendis Amnibus et Rheno atque Istro."

Isæus flourishes. "Magna Isæum fama præcesserat : major inventus est. Summa est facultas, copia, ubertas." Plin. ii. Epist. 3. Cf. Sat. iii. 73 (with the Scholiasts), "Sermo promptus et Isao torrentior."

103 856 Victories in Dacia. Peace granted to Decebalus. Trajan triumphs, and takes the name of "Dacicus.” (Cf. 110.) [Pliny arrives at Bithynia.]

104 857 Second Dacian war. Trajan takes the command. Hadrian serves. "Primæ legioni Minerviæ præpositus. Spartian. Hadr. 3.

[Martial sends his 12th book to Rome. Vid. Ep. 18. Pliny's letter about the Christians.]

221 105 858 Stone bridge over the Danube, by which Trajan conquers the Dacians.

106 859

Death of Decebalus. Dacia becomes a Roman province.

Conquest of Arabia Petræa. 2d triumph of Trajan.

107 860 Trajan's public works. Vid. Dio, lxviii. 15, tá te ëλn
τὰ Πόντινα ὡδοποίησε λίθῳ. κ. τ. λ.
Cf. iii. 307,
"Armato quoties tutæ custode tenentur Et Pompti-
na palus et Gallinaria pinus.”

110 863 This road is finished. [Plutarch's Lives.]

The coins of Trajan of this year bear the words,

OL A.D. A.U.C.

"GERMANICUS, DACICUS." vi. 205, "Dacicus, et
scripto radiat Germanicus auro.”

112 865 Hadrian Archon at Athens.

223 113 866 The column of Trajan erected (cf. Dio, Ixviii. 16), to
which some think there is an allusion in the line, x.
136, "Summo tristis captivus in arcu."

114 867 Trajan's expedition to the East, against the Armenians
and Parthians. He proceeds in the autumn through
Athens and Seleucia to Antioch.

115

868 Earthquake at Antioch, in January or February, in
which the consul, M. Vergilianus Pedo, perished.
Dio, lxviii. 24, 25.

In the spring Trajan marches to Armenia. Sat. vi.
411, "Nutare urbes, subsidere terram."

[Martyrdom of S. Ignatius.]

116 869 Trajan enters Ctesiphon, and takes the title of "Par-
thicus." Sat. vi. 407, "Instantem regi Armenio
Parthoque."

224 117 870 Trajan reaches Selinus in Cilicia, and dies in August,
in his 63d year.

Hadrian, at Antioch, succeeds, in consequence of a fic-
titious adoption managed by Plotina. Cf. Gibbon,
vol. i. p. 130. To this there is supposed to be an
allusion in Sat. i. 40, "Optima summi Nunc via pro-
cessus vetulæ vesica beatæ."

118 871 Hadrian comes to Rome.

This is sixty years after the consulship of Fonteius.
Cf. A.D. 59. The thirteenth Satire was therefore
probably written this year. 1. 17, "Stupet hæc qui
jam post terga reliquit Sexaginta annos, Fonteio
consule natus." The common story is, that Cal-
vinus, to whom this Satire is addressed, was three
years Juvenal's senior.

Probably the lines in Satire iii., from 60-113, are an
interpolation at a period subsequent to the first
composition of the Satire, and refer to this period.
Hadrian brought with him from Antioch to Rome
many foreigners of all professions. Cf. iii. 62,
Jampridem Syrus in Tiberim defluxit Orontes."
Among these he particularly favored Epictetus of
Hierapolis in Phrygia, Favorinus of Arelate in Gaul,
and Dionysius of Miletus. To one of these Juvenal
may refer in Sat. iii. 75, "Quemvis hominem se-

66

cum attulit ad nos Grammaticus, Rhetor, Geometres, Pictor, Aliptes, Augur, Schoenobates, Medicus, Magus, omnia novit, Ad summum non Maurus erat nec Sarmata nec Thrax," et seq. Cf. Spartian. Hadrian, c. 5, and especially c. 16, where he says, “In summâ familiaritate Epictetum et Heliodorum, philosophos, et grammaticos, Rhetores, musicos, Geometras, pictores, astrologos habuit: præ cæteris eminente Favorino," where the order is rather rcmarkable. Dionysius of Miletus, moreover, was a disciple of Isæus (cf. A.D. 101), 1. 73, "Ingenium velox audacia perdita, sermo Promptus et Isæo torrentior."

Hadrian, after a four months' consulship, proceeded to Campania, and thence to Gaul, Germany, and Britain: Juvenal therefore might safely publish this in the emperor's absence.

119 872 Hadrian consul with Junius Rusticus.

This is most probably the Junius mentioned Sat. xv. 27, "Nuper Consule Junio gesta." Cf. Salmas. Plin. Exercit. p. 320.

120 873 Hadrian's progress through the provinces.
He builds the wall in Britain: "Compositis in Britan-
niâ rebus, transgressus in Galliam." Spartian. c.
10. This may be alluded to, Sat. ii. 160, 161. Cf.
Sat. xv. 111.

Artemidorus Capito, the physician, in great repute
with Hadrian. It is not impossible that he may be
alluded to under the name of "Heliodorus."
Sat. vi. 373.

Cf.

124 877 The eleventh Satire may perhaps be assigned to about this date. It was written when Juvenal was advanced in years. 1.203, "Nostra bibat vernum contracta cuticula solem."

The excitement about the games in the circus (cf. Gibbon, chap. xl.) was as great as in the days of Domitian; and the "green" appears at this time to have been a victorious color. Compare Sat. xi. 195,"Totam hodie Romam circus capit, et fragor aurem Percutit, eventum viridis quo colligo panni ;” with the inscription in Gruter, quoted in Clinton (in ann.), "Primum agitavit in factione prasinâ.”

[Cf. Mart. xiv. Ep. cxxxi., written long after Domitian's time.]

Birth of Pertinax.

[Dionysius of Halicarnassus flourishes.]

Hadrian takes the title of "Pater Patriæ."

227 129 882 Julius Fronto mentioned, as commanding the "Classis Prætoria Misenensis." Cf. A.D. 100.

130 883 In the autumn of this year Hadrian is in Egypt. [Compare the Greek inscription quoted by Clinton from Eckhel with Sat. xv. 5.]

138 891

While on the Nile he lost his favorite Antinous, and
built a city to his memory, which he called after him.
It is very probable that the lines, Sat. i. 60, seq., re-
ferring primarily to Nero and Sporus, may have a
secondary allusion to Hadrian and Antinous.
[Appian flourished. Galen born.]

Death of Hadrian in his 63d year.

L. E.

APPENDIX, ON THE DATE OF JUVENAL'S SATIRES.

THE first Satire appears, from internal evidence, to have been written subsequently to at least the larger portion of the other Satires. But in this, as probably in many others, lines were interpolated here and there, at a period long after the original composition of the main body of the Satire; the cycle of events reproducing such a combination of circumstances, that the Satirist could make his shafts come home with twofold pungency. For instance, the lines 60 et seq., which probably were in the first edition of the Satire directed against Nero and his favorite Sporus, would tell with equal effect against Hadrian and Antinous.

It is impossible, therefore, from any one given passage, to assign a date to any of the Satires of Juvenal. All that can be done, is to point out the allusion probably intended in the