103. Nova nupta: as Sporus was given in marriage to Nero, so Gracchus to this trumpeter: Gracchus is humorously called nova nupta, in the feminine gender.-Mariti: of the trumpeter, who had now become the husband of Gracchus.

104. Censore... nobis: 'do we need a censor (to correct), or an aruspex' (to expiate these crimes)?

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107. Segmenta: Segmentum was a female ornament, worn only by matrons, which some suppose to have been a kind of necklace; but others, more properly, 'an embroidered riband;' or 'a purple fringe,' sewed to the clothes.-Longos habitus: the stola or 'matron's gown,' which extended to the feet.-Flammea: these were 'red or flame-colored veils,' which were thrown over the face of the bride.

108. Arcano... ancilibus: this alludes to the sacred shields and images of Mars (of whom Gracchus was formerly a priest), which were carried in solemn procession through the city: a thong or leather strap was so contrived, that, by pulling it, the image nodded its head to the great amazement and joy of the people.

109. Pater Urbis: Mars, the supposed father of Romulus, the founder of Rome.

110. Latiis pastoribus: the Romans, whose ancestors were shepherds, ignorant of all luxurious indulgences.

111. Urtica: literally 'a nettle,' but by metonymy it signifies 'lewdness.'

112. Traditur: 'is given in marriage.

114. Patri: Jupiter.-Vade... negligis: if you are unconcerned at these atrocious crimes, and show no displeasure, you may as well quit us at once.-Cede: for discede.-Severi... campi: the Campus Martius, called severi in allusion to the severe conflicts and exercises there exhibited, put here for the whole city and empire.

115. Officium... adhibet: to satirize the more severely these male-marriages, a conversation between two persons on this subject is introduced.

117. Officii: of your attendance.'

118. Liceat modò vivere: these seem to be the words of Juvenal. 119. In acta referri: 'to be reported in the public registers.' 121. Partu... maritos: barrenness was a frequent cause of divorce.

124. Turgida.

...

Lyde: Lyde is probably the name of some dealer in perfumes, &c., who sold medicines to remove barren

ness.

125. Luperco: the Luperci were priests of Pan, who, at the festival of the Lupercalia, celebrated in the month of February, ran about the streets, lashing with a leather thong all they met: the women, so far from avoiding these blows, held out the palms of their hands to receive them, supposing that they would there by be rendered prolific.

126. Vicit et hoc: i. e. yet these monstrous acts can bear no comparison with the meanness and absurdity of Gracchus, a Roman nobleman, exhibiting himself as a gladiator.

One class of gladiators was called retiarii: the retiarius was dressed in a short tunic (tunicati), but wore nothing on his head; in his left hand he bore a three pointed lance (fuscina or tridens), and in his right hand a net (rete), with which he attempted to entangle his adversary by casting it over his head, and suddenly drawing it together, and then with his lance he usually slew him. If he missed his aim, by either throwing the net too short or too far, he instantly fled, and endeavored to prepare his net for a second throw, while his antagonist swiftly pursued, to prevent his design, by slaying him.

The gladiator, opposed to the retiarius, was called mirmillo, from ouros a fish, or sequutor, because he pursued the retiarius, if the latter missed his aim. The mirmillo had the image of a fish upon his helmet, and was armed, like a Gaul, with a buckler and a hooked sword or cutlass.

127. Lustravitque fugâ: this intimates the flight of Gracchus, the retiarius, from the mirmillo.-Mediam. . . arenam: 'the middle of the amphitheatre,' which was strewed with sand.

130. Podium: from ros, a foot, that part of the theatre next the arena, where the nobles sat; it projected in form something like the shape of a foot.

132. Esse aliquid: most interpreters understand by this passage, that the poet proceeds to trace all the forementioned crimes to their true source, the contempt of religion and disbelief in a future state of rewards and punishments.-Ruperti understands it differently, as ridiculing the ancient system of mythology.

133. Contum contus is a long pole or staff, shod with iron at the bottom, to push on small vessels in the water. Juvenal here alludes to Charon.

135. Qui... lavantur: the quadrans, which was made of brass, equal in value to about one third of a cent, was paid, by the common people, to the keeper of the bath. Children, under four years of age, were either not carried to the baths or nothing was paid for the privilege of bathing.

136. Tu: i. e. Gracche, et vos, turpes mollesque homines, according to Ruperti.-As others understand it, "you, who live virtuously."—Curius: Curius Dentatus, thrice consul, and remarkable for his courage, honesty, and frugality.-Ambo Scipiada: Scipio Africanus Major, who conquered Hannibal; and Scipio Africanus Minor, who conquered Numantia and Carthage.

137. Fabricius: the one that conquered Pyrrhus.

138. Cremeræ legio: 'the legion of Cremera,' i. e, 'the three hundred Fabii,' who were, with the exception of one, all slain by the Vejentes, near the river Cremera.-Cannis: Canne was an obscure village in Apulia, rendered famous by a signal defect of the Romans by Hannibal.

139. Tot bellorum anima; 'so many warlike souls.'-Quoties hinc: i. e. when the spirit of such a wretch, as has been described, leaves the world and arrives among these venerable shades, they would consider themselves contaminated.

141. Sulfura cum tædis: sulphur and torches, made of the wood of the unctuous pine tree, were used in purifications.-Humida laurus: the Romans also used a laurel-branch, dipped in water, with which they sprinkled the persons or things to be purified. 142. Illuc i. e. eò turpitudinis flagitiorumque.

143. Juvernæ : 'Ireland.'

144. Orcadas: 'the Orcades,' now 'Orkney islands,' to the north of Scotland, were added to the Roman empire by the emperor Claudius.-Minimâ ... Britannos: in Britain, at the summer solstice, the nights are very short; scarce any in the most northern parts.

145. Sed quæ... vicimus: the abominations, which are committed at Rome, are not to be found amongst the people whom we have conquered.

SATIRE III.

Umbricius, an Aruspex, and a friend of Juvenal, disgusted at the prevalence of vice, and total disregard of unassuming virtue, is introduced on the point of quitting Rome for Cuma. The poet accompanies him some little way from the city, when the honest exile, no longer able to suppress his indignation, acquaints him with the causes of his retirement.

What he says may be arranged under the following heads,that Flattery and Vice are the only thriving arts at Rome; that in these, particularly the first, foreigners have a manifest superiority over the natives, and consequently engross all favor; that the poor are universally exposed to scorn and insult; that the general habits of extravagance render it difficult for them to subsist; and that a crowded capital subjects them to numberless inconveniences unknown in the country: he then again adverts to the peculiar sufferings of the poorer citizens from the want of a well regulated police; these he illustrates by a variety of examples, and concludes in a strain of pathos and beauty, which winds up the whole with singular effect.

This Satire is imitated by Smollet in his description of London and Bath, &c.

1. Digressu veteris friend; i. e. Umbricius.

amici: at the departure of an old

2. Vacuis... Cumis: Cumæ, a maritime city of Campania, not far from Puteoli, and famous for the cave and shrine of the Cumaan Sibyl. The poet calls it empty (vacuis) in comparison with the populousness of Rome.

3. Unum Sibylla: Umbricius was now about bestowing himself as a citizen to Cumæ, in taking up his residence there.

4. Janua Baiarum: passengers from Rome to Baiæ (a delightful city of Campania, celebrated for its warm springs, and frequented by the nobility of Rome, many of whom had villas there for their summer residence) were obliged to pass through Cuma they went in on one side and came out on the other, as through a gate.-Gratum... secessús: the shore from Cuma to Baia was exceedingly pleasant and calculated for the most agreeable retirement. Baie forms part of the bay of Naples.

5. Prochytam a small rugged island in the Tyrrhenian sea, near the Cape of Misenum, rugged and desert.-Suburæ: 'Rome;' Subura was one of the principal streets of Rome, but frequented by the vulgar.

6. Nam quid... poëtas: i. e. what place in the world is there so wretched and desert, that it would not be better to live there than at Rome ?

7. Lapsus tectorum: 'falling of houses,' owing to the little care taken of old and ruinous buildings.

10. Tota domus : i. e. his family and furniture. Juvenal insinuates the poverty and frugality of his friend Umbricius, whose entire household furniture was packed up in a single

wagon.

11. Substitit: we must imagine that Umbricius, attended by Juvenal, walked out before the wagon, and having gone to a certain distance, stood still to wait the arrival of the vehicle. Here he tells the poet his various reasons for leaving Rome, which are so many strokes of the keenest satire upon the vices and follies of its inhabitants.-Veteres arcus: the ancient triumphal arches of Romulus; or those erected to the memory of the Horatii; or more probably the old arches of the aqueduct might here be meant, and hence the epithet madidam.-Madidamque Capenam: Capena porta was one of the gates of the city that led to Capua: it was also called Fontinalis from the aqueduct near it.

12. Hic in a grove near the gate Capena.-Numa: Pompilius, the successor of Romulus.-Nocturna... amica: Numa, the more strongly to recommend his laws and instil into the Romans a reverence for religion, persuaded them that he made nightly appointments with the goddess Egeria (whom Juvenal humorously calls his nocturnal mistress, as if describing an intrigue), and that from her mouth he received his whole form of government. In the grove where they met was a temple sacred to the Muses and to this goddess, whose fountain watered the grove; for it is fabled that she wept herself into a fountain from grief at the death of Numa.

The fountain, grove, and temple were let out at a yearly rent to the Jews, who together with the Christians were banished from the city by Domitian.

13. Delubra: the difference between templum and delubrum is,

that the former is sacred to one god only; the latter includes under one roof shrines and altars to many divinities.

14. Cophinus... supellex: the Jews were so poor at this time, that their only furniture was a basket and hay. In these baskets, formed of osiers, they carried their provisions, and made use of wisps of hay, to stow them the better, and prevent the contents from failing through the interstices: or fænum may mean the "hay' with which the Jews fed their cattle; or it may mean, and this is most probably the right meaning, the hay and straw of which their beds were made, and upon which they rested in the wood. In Sat. VI. 426, the Jews are said (cophino fœnoque relicto), leaving their baskets and their straw-beds behind, to resort to Rome to beg, and tell fortunes.

15. Omnis... arbor: the grove being let out to the Jews, every tree may be said to bring in a rent to the avaricious people.— Mendicat silva: 'the wood begs;' i. e. 'the Jews, the inhabitants of the wood.'

17. Vallem Egeria: 'the vale of Egeria,' the Aricinian grove, where the goddess was worshipped.

18. Dissimiles veris: unlike natural caves,' as being now profaned with artificial ornaments and robbed of their natural simplicity.

19. Numen aquæ: i. e. fons sacer; every fountain was supposed to have a particular divinity, who presided over its waters.— Viridi... tophum: if, in place of having the water enclosed with marble and other ornaments, it were adorned with its natural (ingenuum) border of never-dying grass, and rude sand stone (tophum).

21. Hic here, where they stopped, Umbricius addresses our poet. 22. Nulla... laborum: 'no profit nor encouragement for industry.'

23. Res... est: 'my property is less to-day than it was yesterday.'-Eadem ... deteret... aliquid: this same poor pittance will decrease to-morrow, will be wearing away something from the little that is left to-day.-Deteret: i. e. minuet.-Propriè res familiaris deteritur, non deterit.-A metaphor taken from the action of the file.

24. Illuc... alas: i. e. to Cuma, where Dædalus alighted after his flight from Crete.

26. Prima et recta: fresh and upright;' while old age appears in its first stage; the ancients supposed that old age commenced about the forty-sixth year.

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27. Dum... torqueat: while Lachesis has remaining some portion of my vital thread to spin.'-The Parca or Destinies were three, Clotho, Lachesis, and Atropos; the first held the distaff, the second drew out and spun the thread, which the last cut off, when finished.

29 Artius... et Catulus: these were two informers, who,