123. Audaci... do: the poet now describes the kind of reader he would prefer, and the kind he would reject.-Cratino: a comic poet of Athens.

124. Eupolidem: Eupolis was also a comic poet of Athens, who severely satirized the vices of his countrymen.-Pragrandi cum sene: Aristophanes.-Palles: i. e. studiosè legis.

125. Hæc: 'these my writings.'-Decoctius: more refined' than you ordinarily meet with.

126. Indè... aure: i. e. may he be a constant reader of me, whose mind is excited (inde) by these ancient comic poets and by their zeal in censuring vice.

127. Crepidas Graiorum: i. e. the Grecian philosophers.

128. Lusco... lusce: i. e. who takes pleasure in deriding the natural or unavoidable infirmities of others.-Poscit: in the sense of gestit.—Many editions have possit.

130. Edilis: Juv. Sat. X, 99.

131. Abaco numeros: put for Arithmetic.-Secto in pulvere metas put for Geometry.-These two branches of learning are here put for all the sciences.

133 Nonaria: 'a courtezan,' so called from hora nona (3 o'clock in the afternoon), quâ patebat aditus ad lupanaria.

134. Edictum: i. e. fori negotia.—Callirhoën, the name of some

courtezan.

Or by edictum we may understand edictum ludorum, a kind of play-bill, which was written by the magistrate, who presided at the public shows; and by Callirhoë, a wretched play, written by some one of the poets, against whom this satire is levelled.

SATIRE II.

1. Macrinc: Flotius Macrinus, a learned man and friend to Persius.-Diem... lapillo: the custom of casting every day into an urn stones of different colors, as the person, performing this ceremony, was fortunate or unfortunate, was derived from the Thracians: when the day was lucky and fortune was propitious, the stone was white.-Meliore: i. e. albo.

2. Qui: diem the antecedent.-Candidus: 'propitious.'

3. Genio: the Polytheist ranked among the number of his gods the Genius, who was supposed to have presided at his nativity.

5. Bona: i. e. magna.-Tacitâ libavit (used aoristically) acerrâ : i. e. often from the vessel, which contained their incense, take incense and burn it secretly-often offer secret prayers.

8. Hospes it means here a person, who, by chance, is near the one who is sacrificing and praying.

10. Ebullit: ebullim the old form for ebullierim, and ebullit for ebullierit; sc. arimum or spiritum.

12. Hercule: Hercules was said to preside over hidden treasures. 13. Impello: i. e. sequor.

14. Nerio... uxor: this avaricious man prays for the death of his wife, that he may become heir to her wealth, and obtain another fortune by marrying again. He thinks it hard, that when Nerius has buried two wives, he cannot get rid of one.

15. Tiberino... purgas: the ancients, in the morning, sacrificed to the heavenly deities; they then plunged themselves into the stream and put their heads under water. In the evening they sacrificed to the infernal deities, at which time they only sprinkled themselves with water.-Noctem: i. e. all those things, which by night were thought to befall men and pollute them. The ancients thought themselves polluted by night itself, as well as by bad dreams in the night.

17. Heus age: an apostrophe to the avaricious man, of whom the poet had been speaking.

19. Hunc: i. e. Jovem.—Cuinam: sc. proponam Jovem, says the avaricious man.

20. Quis: i. e. Jupiter or the infamous Staius.

22. Clamet: sc. Staius.

23. At... ipse: would not Jupiter then, with the highest jus tice, as well as indignation, call upon himself to take vengeance on you?

24. Ociùs for priùs or sæpius.

25. Sulfure: i. e.. fulmine.

26. An quia... bidental: the construction is, an quia non jaces in lucis triste et evitandum bidental fibris ovium Ergennâque jubente.—Bidental: when a place had been struck with lightning, it was enclosed under the direction of a priest and purified by sacrificing some sheep (bidentes): the word bidental is applied indifferently to the sacrifice, to the place, or, as here, to the person struck by lightning.

28. Idcirco...Jupiter : i. e. because you have hitherto escaped, do you imagine that you are at full liberty to insult Jupiter as you please?

29. Aut... auriculas: i. e. what present have you madewhat bribe have you offered to the gods, that you are in such high favor?

30. Pulmone et lactibus unctis: pro sacrificiis quibuscunque. 31. Metuens divûm: superstitious.'

33. Infami digito: 'the middle finger,' because it was made use of to point in scorn at infamous persons.-Lustralibus salivis : spittle was thought by the superstitious to contain great virtue against fascination or an evil eye.—Antè: before she offers her prayer for the infant.

35. Manibus quatit: lifts him up and dandles him in her arms as if presenting him to the gods.-Spem macram: the infant, of whom, as yet, there were but little hopes, on account of his tender age.

36. Licinî : Licinius, the freed-man of Augustus.—Mittit : i. e. prays, that he may hereafter possess.

40. Albata: dressed in white'-' strictly observing the forms of religion.'-White garments, emblems of purity and innocence, were used, when sacrifices were offered to the gods.

42. Grandes... crassa: i. e. your gluttony.

43. His sc. votis tuis.-Jovemque morantur: and hinder Jupiter from granting your request, though he himself might be willing.

44. Caso bove, and fibrâ in the next line, put for sacrifices in general.

45. Fortunare penates: 'that my domestic affairs may prove fortunate'-' that my property may increase.'

47. Tot...liquescant: i. e. when you are every day preventing your wish from being accomplished, by sacrificing your heifers to the gods.

48. Hic: this foolish fellow.'-Vincere: i. e. perficere id, quod optat. Ferto: this was a kind of cake, which was frequently used in sacrifices.

50. Dabitur: every thing which I prayed for will be granted. 51. Suspirat nummus: a bold metaphor, says Lubinus, as if the last solitary sestertius sighed, in the bottom of his purse, for the loss of his companions.

...

53. Pectore cor: the construction is et cor prætrepidum lætari (i. e. properans lætari or in lætitiam pronum) in pectore lavo (see Juv. VII, 159,) excutiat guttas, 'would shed tears of joy' tears of joy would gush from your very heart.

55. Hinc: because you love gold so much yourself; you judge them by yourself.-Sacras facies: the images of the gods.Ovato: taken from the enemy.'

56. Fratres aënos: brazen statues of the fifty sons of Egyptus stood in the portico of Jupiter Palatinus; opposite them, the fifty daughters of Danaus.-They were believed to have the power of giving answers by dreams relative to the cure of disorders.

57. Pituita purgatissima: i. e. vera.—Aurea barba: alluding to the golden beard of Esculapius, who was supposed to reveal by dreams remedies for diseases.

59. Vasa Numa: the plain vessels, used in the times of Numa.-Saturnia ara: the vessels of brass, used when Saturn reigned in Italy.-Impulit: i. e. templis removit.-The words Numa and Saturnia are used as expressive of great antiquity.

60. Vestales urrias: 'the urns used by the Vestal virgins in drawing water for the rites of Vesta.'

61. Cœlestium (rerum) ignara: 'ignorant of the nature of the gods.'

63. Ex hâc sceleratâ pulpâ : 'from this wicked flesh of ours ;'— from our corrupted and depraved minds.

64. Hæc: sc. pulpa: luxurious man.'-Sibi casiam dissolvit olivo: e. coquit sibi fucum seu unguentum ex casiâ,—Corrupto :

this word was used by the Romans to express any thing, that was mixed, quia omnis mistura citiùs corrumpitur.

65. Calabrum vellus: the wool of Tarentum, which was highly valued.-Vitiato: in the same sense as corrupto.

66. Hec: sc. pulpa; the same corrupt principle.-Baccam concha: i. e. unionem e conchâ.

68. Vilio tamen utitur: yet it makes some use of vice ;'-yet men derive some advantage from it.

70. Hoc quod: 'the same good as.'-Puppœ: dolls,' which girls, when marriageable, dedicated to Venus, as boys dedicated the bulle to the household gods.

71. Quin damus.

propago: i. e. let us give what the dissolute rich, however large their censers may be, however great their wealth, &c.

72. Mssala propago: Cotta, the dissolute son of M. Valerius Corvinus Messala.

73. Compositum

humanasque compositum.

animo: i. e. animum ad leges divinas

74. Incoctum generoso honesto: 'well seasoned with genuine virtue.'

75. Farre litabo: i. e. I will offer the meanest sacrifice and it will prove acceptable.

SATIRE III.

1. Nempe hoc assidue: the poet here introduces a philosopher chiding his pupils for their sloth, and endeavoring to rouse them to study.

3. Stertimus: the first person instead of the second.-Indomitum... sufficiat: we (i. e. you) sleep, which is certainly long enough to dissipate the fumes of the strongest Falernian wine, until, &c.

4. Quintâ... umbrâ: by hypallage for dum quinta linea tangitur umbra (gnomonis); eleven o'clock in the forenoon.

5. En quid agis: addressed to one of his snoring pupils. 6. Patula... est: denoting it to be mid-day.

...

7. Verumne nemon': the words of the scholar awaked from his sleep.

8. Turgescit vitrea bilis: the words of the poet; 'he is in a furious passion.'-Horace (Sat. II, 3. 141) uses splendida, in the same sense as vitrea, applied to bilis; this is applicable to the irritable, and black bile to the melancholy.

9. Arcadia pecuaria: for asinorum greges.

1.60.

Juv. Sat. VII,

10. Bicolor membrana: the inside of the parchment, on waich th ancients wrote, was white; the outside, from which the wool or hair had been scraped, was of a yellowish hue.

11. Nodosa arundo: pens were sometimes made of reeds, which grew with knots at intervals.

13. Sepia: 'ink,' which was prepared from a juice, obtained from the sepia or cuttle-fish.

14. Fistula: 'pen.'

15. O miser... recusas: the words of the philosopher, chiding his pupil.

16. Tenero palumbo: the pigeon is very delicate when young; the old ones feed their young with the half digested food of their own stomachs.

17. Pappare this properly signifies to call for or to eat food, but here food chewed by nurses to be given to infants.

18. Lallare recusas: i. e. you refuse to listen to the song of the nurse, who is endeavouring to lull you to sleep.

19. An... calamo: the words of the scholar.-Studeam : i. e, scribam.-Verba: sc. das.

20. Effluis: for mollitie et luxuriâ corruptus es.

21. Contemnêre... limo: the sense is, you will be despised by all; you never by dissembling and deceiving will prevent the world from knowing how worthless and ignorant you are: your manners will betray you, as a vessel, made of ill-tempered clay (viridi limo) and not properly baked, betrays its defects, when sounded by the finger.-Percussa: sc. fidelia.

24. Sed, &c.: but perhaps you will say, &c.

25. Far modicum: i. e. wealth not to be despised—a sufficient competency.

27. Pulmonem rumpere ventis: 'to be excessively proud.'

28. Stemmate... ducis the meaning is, because you are the thousandth from the founder of your race :-because you are descended from the ancient Tuscans.-Millessime: voc. for nom. by antiptosis, for millessimus, and in the next verse trabeate for trabeatus.

29. Censorem... salutas: alluding to a custom of the Roman knights, who, with the badges of their order, the ring, trabea, &c. appeared before the censor and saluted him as they passed.

30. Ad populum phaleras: sc. refer; these are for the ignorant to admire; exhibit them to the mob.

31. Natta: probably the name of some man of the dregs of the people, notorious on account of his worthless character.

32. Fibris... pingue: these words are to be taken in a moral sense.-By fibris we are to understand the mind; by opimum pingue, callousness of feeling,-dulness.

33. Nescit quid perdat: i. e. he does not understand his miserable condition.-Alto: 'the depths of vice.'

38. Videant: quàm ut videant.—Relictâ: sc. virtute.

39. Anne... uxor: the construction is, anne æra Siculi juvenci gemuerunt magis, et ensis pendens laquearibus auratis terruit magis purpureas cervices subtèr, quàm si quis, conscientiæ stimulis