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Though he slay me.”

"Unless he arrive soon.'

the future; as, "If it rain to-morrow." "Provided he come next week." 3. In demonstrative appositive clauses expressing the same; as, "On the condition that he furnish one half the capital." "With the understanding that he meet me in Boston." If, however, the conjunctive clause express the occasion (rather than the condition) of the action of some general force, law or principle, the indicative form should be used; as, "If the hand is removed the air will fill the vessel." "If a man smites his servant and he dies, he shall be put to death." "If a telescope is inverted, objects seen through it are diminished." Such conjunctive clauses are equivalent to relative indefinite clauses. Thus, "Whenever the hand is ; "whenever a man smites, &c." 4. In conjunctive clauses, introduced by the above connectives, to express a condition in the present, contrary to fact; as, "If he were now alive." Though he were now as young as I."

419.

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The Potential-form is used in the statement of Conceptions, to express,

1. Power or Possibility, physical, mental or moral, (Latin

Possum); as, "He can go." "He could go." "He could have

gone."

2. Obligation or Duty, (Latin form); as, "He should obey."

Oportet, debet or a gerundive"You must return at ten."

3. Permission, (Latin Licet, Premittet); as, "You may go." "You might have gone."

4. Necessity, (Latin necesse est); as, "We must endure it for there is no remedy."

"If

5. Uncertainty, (Latin the Subjunctive-form); as, "It may rain." "He may come." "Should he come inform me." he would do it we should be grateful."

6. Determination, (Latin the Gerundive-form); as, "He would

go in spite of all remonstrances."

7. Purpose and Object, (Latin Subjunctive-form); as, that he might see." "Goes that he may see."

"Went

8. In Imperative propositions (275); as, "Thou shalt not steal." "Commanded that they should advance." "I wish that he may succeed." "Entreated them that they would reform."

420. The auxiliary is sometimes omitted; as, "They shall bear thee up lest thou (shouldst) dash thy foot against a stone."

421. The Indicative-form is sometimes used for the Potential-form, when force or emphasis is desired; as, "If Pompey had fallen by the

chance of war he had died still glorious though unfortunate" (= he would have died, &c.) "I had fainted unless I had believed" (= I should have fainted, &c.)

422. The Subjunctive-form is sometimes used for the Potential-form; as, "It were wise for the king if the blood now shed had been thought a sufficient expiation for the offence."-Goldsmith. (= would have been wise, &c.)

وو

423. Before the words rather and better, the Potential-form should be used instead of had and have; as, "I would rather go than stay (not "I had rather go"). "He would (or might) better remain where he is (not "He had better remain "). We cannot say "had go," ""had remain," &c., certainly.

424. The Infinitive and the Participial mood forms are used to express both facts and conceptions. Their use as predicatives involves no grammatical difficulties.

425. REMARK. Many grammarians regard the participle in a possessive participial clause (109) not as a predicative, but as a (participial) noun, and make the possessive caseform governed by it. That it is in no sense a substantive, but as clearly a predicative as the verb is in any other mood-form, is sufficiently evident from its clear affirmative force. The following facts, however, show very clearly that it cannot be a substantive.

1. It may take a complementary noun or adjective after it, the same as any other moodform; as, "I think that he is guilty." "I believe him to be guilty." "I am sure of his being guilty. Nouns certainly do not take predicative objectives after them. 2. It may be modified by an adverb and not by an adjective; as, "Much depends on the pupils composing frequently." "Prevented their going rapidly." If these forms are nouns, we should have frequent and rapid; but manifestly the adjective form cannot be used.

EXERCISE 48.-Correct where necessary, and explain why. Analyze and parse.

1. I would do it if I were he. 2. If I were a Greek I would resist Turkish despotism. 3. If he were his friend then would there be more evidence of it. 4. I will go unless I am ill. 5. On condition that he comes (202) I will consent to stay. 6. I I wish I was at home. 7. If the house was burnt down the case

would be the same. 8. If oxygen be taken away life will be destroyed. 9. "The verb dare is sometimes used as if it was an auxiliary."-Priestley's Grammar. 10. "If the Bible be true it is a volume of unspeakable interest." 11. Though the idea be one the words remain quite separate. 12. These hypocrites would deceive, if it was possible, the Deity himself. 13. If any member absents himself he shall pay a dollar. 14. If lime be exposed to the air it will become slacked. 15. If the debtor pay the debt he shall be discharged. 16. If he was an imposter he would have been detected. 17. If oxygen be admitted heat will be evolved. 18. How I wish my friend was here. 19. I will keep this provided there is no better use in your store. 20. If

the compound is exposed to the sun it will turn black. 21. I had better staid where I was. 22. I had rather study Latin than Greek.

SEC. XX. THE PREDICATIVE TERM, (Con.)

TENSE FORMS.

426. The present tense-form should be used to express universal truths; as, "The earth is round." "Heat melts snow." So also in clauses, regardless of the tense-form of the principal verb; as, "The ancients taught that the earth is flat.

427. The tense-form should always indicate time consistent with other temporal elements logically connected with it. Hence the past tense-form must be used with other words denoting past time; as, "I formerly mentioned his attachment to study," not have formerly mentioned.

428. The present-perfect tense-form, however, must be used with an element denoting past time, provided the time is continued to the present; as, "He has remained with me now three weeks." So likewise when the time of an act is past, but its consequences continue to the present; as, "Can you solve that problem?" "I have solved it," (" and so I think I can now.") 428. The past-perfect tense-form must be used to indicate an act as completed at or before another past time mentioned; as, "They arrived at ten."

430. The verb ought has no tense-forms, the time, in the construction of this verb, being indicated by the following infinitive. Hence, "I ought to have done it," not "I had ought to do it," a common error.

431. The past tense-form of the participle should not be used for the past tense-form of the Indicative; as, "I have written," not "have wrote." Errors here in the tense-forms of the irregular verbs must be carefully guarded against.

432. The compound participle should not be used as a constituent of an Indicative-form; as, "The house is in process of completion," not "is being completed." This is a common error. EXERCISE 49.-Correct where necessary, and explain why. Analyze and parse.

1. You have torn your garments badly. 2. I have lain down

yesterday. 3. He has mistook his true interest. 4. Have you lit the fire. 5. I have always gave him good advice. 6. You have quickly forgot my kindness. 7. He arose early in the morning. 8. Disputes have frequently arisen on that subject. 9. The cloth was wove in a hand loom. 10. French is spoken in every state in Europe. 11. He writes as the best authors would have wrote had they writ on the subject. 12. They forsook their friends. 13. He was forsook by almost every one. 14. They had just rose from the table. 15. He has ran all the way. 16. He may have went home. 17. Inquired how long he had worn his boots. 18. The river has flowed for thousands of years. 19. The birds have doubtless flew away to the South. 20. Have you shook the cloth. 21. He has trodden on my toes. 22. I have rung several times. 23. He has grown very much. 24. She has fallen down stairs. 25. You have drunk too much. 26. He has chosen a good pattern. 27. Have you broke a window. 28. I have just begun my letter. 29. The pond is frozen. 30. He has taken my slate. 31. He has often stolen money from him. 32. They have, I fear, drove too fast. 33. Have you ridden many miles? 34. The man was hung last week. 35. She has sang finely. 36. The ships had sank before the gale ceased. 37. I have frequently swam across the Hudson. The ships had sprung a leak. 39. He strived to obtain an appointment. 40. We laid down to sleep. 41. The bank of the river was overflowed. 42. He was now retired from public business. 43. They were embarked in a common cause. 44. Some one has long ago told the story. 45. My friend was sick four weeks, and is still confined to his bed. 46. They have continued with me now three days. 47. The statutes were then being revised. 48. My predictions are now being fulfilled. 49. You had not ought to have walked so far. 50. He told us that air had weight. 51. He showed clearly what powers belonged to Congress. 52. Keats said that beauty was truth and truth was beauty. 53. Plato maintained that Deity was the soul of the Universe. 54. He insisted that the article is a mere adjective. 55. He knew that I was a foreigner. 56. Where diù you say the church was?

38.

THE PREDICATIVE TERM, (Con.) SEQUENCE OF TENSES.

433. The present, present-perfect, future and future-per

fect tenses are termed the Principal or Present tenses; the past and the past-perfect, the Historical tenses.

434. Now principal tenses must follow principal terms, and historical tenses must follow historical tenses,

1. When Indicative-forms and Potential-forms are construed together; as, "I tell him that he may go." "I told him that he might go." "He inquires whether he may go." "He inquired whether he might go." "I go that I may see." "I went that I might see."

2. When Potential-forms are construed with Subjunctive"I may go if it be pleasant weather." "I should go

forms; as, if it were not unpleasant." "I 3. When Potential-forms are construed with other Potential

might go if my friend were here."

forms; as, "I may go if I can.” "I might go if I could." "I must go when I can.' "He should have gone when he could (have gone)."

4. When Indicative-forms are construed with Indicative-forms, if the actions are to be represented as simultaneous; as, “He says, (has said, or will say) that he works, (has worked, or will work)." "He said (or had said) that he worked (or had worked)." "If you had come sooner I had not gone" (421).

435. A perfect tense, (present-perfect, past-perfect, or a future-perfect) should never be used when the completion of the act is inconsistent with the sense of the principal verb. Hence, these tense-forms cannot be used with verbs of commanding, expecting, hoping, intending, permitting, and some others; as, "I expected that he would arrive before." Not would have arrived.

436. In the case of Infinitive clauses, the present tenseform of the Infinitive must be used to express an act simultaneous with that of the principal verb, or subsequent to it, regardless of the time of the latter; as, "We think him to be honest."

437. Hence this tense-form of the Infinitive should never be used, when the completion of the act is inconsistent with the sense of the principal verb. Thus, "I intended to have been present," "I expected to have sailed sooner," "I was hoping to have seen you," express acts necessarily inconsistent with one another. The present tense-form should be used.

438. When Should expresses present duty (419.2) it may