Subj. of the S. W-f. and "dreads " is the Pred. and modified by "punishment," an Obj. El. of the S. W-f.

The Pred. is of the Cx. W-f.;-of which "deserves" is the B. and modified by "it," an Obj. El. of the S. W-f.

"Was the war talked about?"

An Interrogative sentence. The Subj. is implied (446). "Was talked about the war" is the Pred. of the Cx. W-f.;-of which "was talked" is the B. and modified by "about the war," an Obj. El. of the Cx. P-f.

"Who will go, is the question."

A Declarative sentence. "Who will go" is the Subj. and the remainder is the Pred.

The Subj. is of the Rel. Int. C-f.;-of which "who" is the Subj, of the S. W-f. and "will go "the Pred. of the S. W-f. (66).

The Pred. is of the Comp. V-f.;-of which "is" is the copula and "the question is the Comp. of the Cx. W-f. &c.

"His coming home surprised us."

A Declarative sentence. der the Pred.

"His coming home" is the Subj. and the remain

The Subj. is of the Part, Dec. C-f.;-of which "his" is the Subj. of the S. W-f. and " coming home" is the Pred. of the Cx. W-f.;-of which "coming is the B. and modified by "home," an Adv. El. of the S. W-f.

The Pred. is of the Cx. W-f.:-of which "surprised" is B. and modified by "us," an Obj, El. of the S. W-f.

EXERCISE 52.-Analyze according to the Models.

1. We were spoken to. 2. Some were found fault with. 3. The soldiers were said to be brave. 4. Bands were heard playing the National song. 5. The men are said to be weary. 6. The fact of his having failed in business (202) distressed his friends. 7. It is astonishing how they fought (199). 8. Whoever labors succeeds. 9. It is asked for what we are fighting (306). 10. For them to suffer is wrong. 11. It is wrong that they should suffer. 12. Their suffering thus is a wrong. 13. Who, is it said, is to blame? 14. What was supposed to be the fact? 15. Can it be known who the thief is? 16. May it be found out who he is? 17. Who was thought to be to blame? 18. It is evident that he is to blame. 19. His being to blame seemed strange. 20. Whoever is to blame shall be punished. 21. It was remarked how sublime the scene was! 22. Men were run over. 23. War was talked of. 24. You were spoken to. 25. Let it not displease my Lord that I cannot rise up before thee."-Bible.

Write five sentences illustrating the Subjective use of each of the five kinds of Substantive clauses (208).

EXERCISE 53 -Point out the grammatical nominative and the true logical Subject in the following: give a more elegant construction, when possible, by making the grammar and the logic harmonize.

1. "We must be allowed the privilege of farming our own lands.-Murray's Gram. 2. "The children of Israel alone have been denied the possession of it."-Keith. 3. "He was paid fifty dollars." 4. "I have been shown a book.”Campbell. 5. "Tooke was refused admission only because he had been in holy orders."-Purley. 6. "Its reference to place is lost sight of."-Bullion's Gram. 7. "What striking lessons are we taught by the tenor of this history.”—Bush. 8. "He has been left no less than eighty thousand pounds."Priestly's Gram. 9. "He was offered the command of the British army."—Grimshaw's Hist. 10. "A widow may be granted such a privilege."-Spectator. 11. "Let him not be shown the parsing table."-Nutting's Gram. 12. "If the walks were a little taken care of that lie between."—Addison. 13. "Suppose I am offered an office or a bribe.”—Pierpont. 14. "It is said that more persons than one are paid handsome salaries."-Churchill's Gram. 15. "Their separate signification has been lost sight of."-Horne Tooke. "The arguments which have been made use of.”—Addison. 17. "The Archbishop interfered that Michelet's lectures might be put a stop to."-The Friend. 18. "The circumstance is probably taken notice of by the author.-Blair's Rhet. 19. "Patagonia had never been taken possession of by any European nation."-Cummings' Geog. 20. "The idea has not for a moment been lost sight of by the Board."School Journal. 21. "If without offence I may be indulged that expression."-Campbell's Rhet. 22. "Characters which are frequently made use of in composition.”—Murray's Gram.

SEC. III-PRIMARY ELEMENTS, (Con.) THE

PREDICATIVE TERM.

16.

449. The Predicative term affirms something of the Subject. It may express in general,

1. Action; as, "They run," "They study."

2. State or condition; as,

"We sleep,"

"Plants grow."

8. Quality or circumstance; as, "The sky is blue." 4. Classification; as, "The arbutus is a plant."

450. Prepositions which constitute a part of the Predicative term must be distinguished carefully from those which constitute a part of a subjective phrase-form (284), as, "The building was burned up." Here "up" is a part of the predicative term. All the forms of the Substantive clause can be used predicatively, that is, as complements with the copula (208).

EXERCISE 54.-Define the logical force of the following subjects and predicates.

Thus, "We sleep." "We" is the subject, and denotes an object with reference to a state or condition.

"Sleep" is the predicate, and denotes state.

1. They sing. 2. We were conquered. 3. Lightnings flash. 4. Zephyrs blow. 5. God creates. 6. The world was created. 7. Flowers are fragrant. 8. The lily is a flower. 9. Ice is cold. 10. Fire is red. 11. Cities were built. 12. Cities were burned. 13. Books were written. 14. A landscape was painted. 15. A figure was carved. 16. The enemy was subdued. 17. Soldiers marched.

MODELS FOR ANALYSIS.-"The order was for the soldiers to

A Declarative sentence. the Pred.

march."

"The order" is the Subj. and the remainder is

The Subj. is of the Cx. W-f. ;-of which "order" is the B. and modified by "the," an Adj. El. of the S. W-f.

The Pred. is of the Comp. V-f.;-of which "was " is the copula and the remainder is the Comp. of the Inf. Úx. C-f. (adjunc.) of which "The soldiers " is the Subj. of Cx. W-f.

The Pred." to march" is of the 3. W-f.

"His crime was his having deserted his regiment."

A Declarative sentence. "His crime" is the Subj. and the remainder is the Pred.

The Subj. is of the Cx. W-f. ;-of which "crime" is the B. and modified by 'his." an Adj. El. of the S. W-f.

The Pred. is of the Comp. V-f. ;-of which "was" is the copula, and the remainder is the Comp. of the Part. Dec. C-f.

"His" is the Subj. of the S W-f. and the remainder is the Pred. of the Cx. W-f.;-of which "having deserted" is the B. modified by "his regiment," an Obj. El. of the Cx. W-f. &c.

EXERCISE 54.-Analyze according to the Models.

1. The rule is that we shall not communicate. 2. The or

der was for the men to go forward. 3. The charge was his having maltreated the men. 4. The question is who will go. 5. The exclamation was how splendidly the soldiers marched! 6. My creed is whatever I believe. 7. Some were said to be cowards. 8. For them to act cowardly seemed singular. 9. Who is said to have acted thus? 10. Who is it supposed is the traitor? 11. Who is thought to be guilty? 12. Whoever is guilty should be thought to be guilty. 13. The army was seen to retreat. 14. The men were heard to shout. 15. The fleet was fired at (446). 16. The steamer was descried moving forward. 17. This matter has been sufficiently talked about. 18. Several men are said to have been run over (96, 446). 19. "It is difficult for man to tell how human life began." 20. I care not which you take. 21. What has since followed is but a natural consequence. 22. The summer

breezes blow soft and cool (283). 23. The leaves look beautiful in the month of June.

CHAPTER II.

THE SECONDARY ELEMENTS.

SEC. I.-DIVISION OF SECONDARY ELEMENTS.

451. The Secondary Elements are (442),

1. Objective terms.

2. Attributive terms.

3. Adverbial terms.

Objective elements are such as complete the meaning of the Predicative (240), as, "Makes watches." W-f.

on science." P-f. "Said that he would come." C-f.

"Lectures

452. Objective elements are divided according to their specific logical force in the proposition, into

1. The Suffering Object.

2. The Factitive Object.

3. The Attributive Object.

Objective elements of the word-form or clause-form are frequently termed Direct Objects; those of the phrase-form, with a few exceptions (458), are Indirect Objects.

SEC. II.-THE SUFFERING OBJECT.

453. The Suffering Object denotes that upon which the action of the verb is exerted or expended; as, "Struck me."

"Burned the house."

454. The term suffering is of course used as a name, and does not imply necessarily any idea of real suffering in the object thereby indicated. Thus in the example, "Bought a book," book is the suffering object.

455. Among the various kinds of Suffering Objects, the following are worthy of especial consideration, viz: 1. The Object of Address.

2. The Object of Attention.
3. The Object of Interest.
4. The Object of Association.

5. The Object of Partial Action.

6. The Object of Separation.

456. The logical distinctions between these six kinds of the Objective Element are marked, and should be thoroughly understood, especially by those who design to pursue the study of the Latin or the Greek, since in these languages, as indeed in the French and the German they all appear prominently, and are characterized by specific gramimatcal constructions.

457. All Objective Elements denoting the Suffering Object and not included in the above classification, are designated simply by the general name of Direct Suffering Objects.

"Am

458. The Direct Suffering Object takes the phrase-form only with predicative adjectives and substantives; as, "Am sure of this."=(Know this. certain of his being honest." "Was desirous of riches." In these examples the thought is direct.

459. The clause-form may take any one of the four substantive clausal constructions (208, 216); as, "Knew that he was honest." "Knew him to be honest." "Saw him reading." "Asked what he said." "Does what he chooses."

66

"The

460. Adjective Elements often express the Suffering Object; as, invasion of Spain." "The division of the army." Our discomfiture."= (of us). "The command for them to march. (App. adj.)=Commanding them, &c).

461. Adjective Elements, which express the Suffering Object, may be easily distinguished from others, since they may usually be changed to predicative participles and, be made to govern thus, the adjective modifier directly as a regular cbjective; as, "The