If it rain to-morrow.

4. If it rains now.

5. If it had rained

7. Were it proper to

yesterday. 6. Had he come in season. do this. 8. Had you been there. 9. If you shall be present. 10. Provided he arrive in time. 11. Unless it storm soon. 12. If he still lives. 13. Had he been alive. 14. If the stage had come. 15. Should that prove true. 16. If that is true 17. Were we in health. 18. If there is anywhere any truth. 19. If the tides flow. 20. If a piece of zinc be placed in dilute sulphuric acid.

Analyze, define the Elements, and parse.

21. If the mountain will not go to Mahomet, Mahomet must go to the mountain. 22. Contracts should not be undertaken unless they can be strictly performed. 23. If the

world says you are wise, or good, ask yourself if it be true. 24. "If keeping holy the seventh day were only a human institution, it would be the best method that could have been thought of (73) for the polishing and civilizing of man."Addison.

644.

25. "

They could have held the conduct they pursue
Had Paul of Tarsus lived and died a Jew."-Cowper.

26. "Hark! 'Tis the music of a thousand rills,

Some through the groves, some down the sloping hills,
Winding a secret, or an open course,

And all supplied from an Eternal source."-Cowper.

SEC. XIII.-CONCESSION.

Concession expresses something either real, or conceived, which is represented as being in a greater or less degree, incompatible with the statement in the principal clause; as, "Though he is rich, he lives in a hovel."

66

645. The phrase-form takes the relation-words at, with, without, in, as, for, notwithstanding. The expressions "in spite of," "despite of," at all events," after all," "at best," "at most," "at least," "to say the least," happen what may," ," "regardless of," "and that too," &c., all have a Concessive force; as, He applied for a situation without a recommendation," (though he had no recommendation.) "With all his faults I love him," (though he has many faults.) "He went in spite of all entreaties to the contrary." "At least do this," (though you do nothing more.) "After all that had been said, he still remained firm."

646. The clause-form, when conjunctive, usually takes the connectives though, although, and if, in the sense always of even if. Sometimes the connectives albeit, houbeit are used.

G47. The Indef. Rel. clause is often used; as, "Whatever shall happen, F am determined to go." The simple relative clause is sometimes used; as, "While you oppose me even, I am the more resolved." "Whether this be true or false, I am decided." There was treachery among the nobles even, which nobody could believe," (though nobody could believe it).

648. Sometimes Concession is stated in the form of an imperative sentence. In this form it acquires much additional emphasis. The verbs commonly used thus are, grant, assume, let, be, allow, admit; as, "Be that as it may, I am determined to go."

649. Concession, like Condition, takes four forms, viz: 1. Fact Concession.

2. Contrary to Fact.

3. Uncertainty of Knowledge.

4. Uncertainty of Fact.

650. The same expressions which were given to test the different kinds of conditions will enable us to decide the particular kind of Concession, in a given case. Indeed the sense will always decide. It will be therefore quite unnecessary to discuss them all separately.

EXERCISE 80.-Define the different kinds of Conditions and Concessions.

1. Unhappy, though rich. 2. Will go, whatever happens. 3. Was condemned without a trial. 4. Went at the risk of life. 5. Is worthy of respect with all his faults. 6. Even though it were true. 7. Though it should prove true. 8. Though he were dead. 9. Though every man should die. 10. Though every man had died. 11. Though the whole world were against me. 12. Though he is poor. 13. If he had been poor. 14. If he is poor. 15. If I lose every cent.

16. Though he lost every cent. 17. Had you been there. 18. If it be stormy. 19. If it had stormed. 20. Even if it should storm.

Analyze, defining the Elements, and parse.

21. Do what you ought, let come what may. 22. Man should never be solitary though alone. 23. Dare to be good, whatever evil may surround you. 24. State and grandeur, however envied, are troublesome companions.

25. "Thrice is he armed, that hath his quarrel just,

And he but naked, though locked up in steel,

Whose conscience with injustice (596) is corrupted,"-Shak. Henry V.

66

651. The Modal Element expresses some quality of a predicative term, or some circumstance connected with the same, just as an Adjective Element expresses some quality or circumstance connected with a substantive term; as, "Speaks foolishly," (Adv.) "Sings sweetly,” (Adv) “A foolish speech," (Adj.) "A sweet song," (Adj.) Here the similarity in the two kinds of attributives is manifest, the difference being rather in function (247) than in logical force.

652. Modal Elements may be divided into four classes, viz :

1. The Qualitative Element.

2. The Quantitative Element.

3. The Circumstantial Element.
4. The Mode of Statement.

653. These four kinds of the Modal Modifier may express the Adverbial conception either absolutely or relatively. The latter method of expression gives rise to the elements of, 1. Consequence or Result.

2. Comparison.

SEC. II.-THE QUALITATIVE ELEMENT.

654. The qualifying adverb, may like the qualifying adjective, express,

1. Attributes of Matter; as, "Moves powerfully." 2. Attributes of Mind; as, "Thinks clearly."

3. State or Condition; as, "Lives in ease."

4. Description generally; as, "A man whom all admire." 655. The adverbial qualities of the word-form are substantially the same, in point of significance as the adjective qualities (529). In point of verbal expression they differ from the latter simply in having the termination ly; as, Right ""rightly." "Love"-lovely." Hence the list of qualifying adjectives embraces substantially the list of qualifying adverbs, which may be readily formed from them as above indicated.

66

656. The phrase-form of the Qualitative Element commonly takes the prepositions in and with; as, "Walks with rapidity." "Deals with honesty." The clause-form rarely occurs.

EXERCISE 81.--Analyze and define the Elements heretofore discussed. Note carefully whether the Adverbial Elements of Quality refer to Matter, to Mind, to State, or Description generally. Distinguish such as are used figuratively.

1. Labors vigorously. 2. Speaks loudly. 3. Sings sweetly. 4. Acted deliberately. 5. Shines dimly. 6. Blows bleakly. 7. Entered forcibly. 8. Lives righteously. 9. Speaks plainly. 10. Marches orderly. 11. Comes in haste. 12. Argues with power. 13. Moves with rapidity. 14. Deals with fairness. 15. Said with solemnity. 16. Chilled with cold. 17. Struck with astonishment. 18. Rejoices with great joy. 19. Lives with strangers. 20. Unhappy, with all his riches. 21. Shall arrive soon, with a fair wind. 22. Supplied with provisions. 23. Advanced with a view to cross the stream.

24. "Wiscly therefore it is ordered, and agreeably to the system of Providence, that we should have nature for our instructor."-Lord Kames. 25. "It is surprising how quickly and for the most part, how carefully, we judge of character."Id. 26. "The members of a period connected by proper copulatives, glide smoothly and gently along."-Id. 27. Antithesis ought only occasionally to be studied, when it is

naturally demanded by the comparison or opposition of objects."-Jamieson's Rhet. 28. "Oratory is the art of speaking justly, methodically, floridly, and copiously, upon any subject"-Bradley. 29. "Thus it was true, historically, individually, philosophically, and universally, that they did not like to retain God in their knowledge.”—Cox.

SEC. III.-THE QUANTITATIVE ELEMENT-
DEGREE.

66

657. This Modifier expresses the quantity or amount of a given quality as indicated by an attributive; as, Very good men." Here, "very" expresses the amount of goodness.' "Works very carefully." Here, very" expresses

the amount of care.

66

66

66

653. Predicatives, as well as Attributives sometimes express a quality, and hence are directly modified by this element. Such are those which refer to the feelings and emotions, the reasoning powers, &c. (218); as, Rejoices exceedingly." Here "exceedingly" expresses the amount of joy. So " sorrows deeply." "Grieves beyond measure. "Values highly," &c. 659. The Quantitative Element may mark, 1. DEGREE; as, 66 Very fine." Extremely powerful." "Modest to excess."

ly."

2. MEASURE OF MAGNITUDE; as, "Very high trees." "A mile wide."

3. MEASURE OF DIFFFRENCE; as, 66 Somewhat higher."

"Sorrowed deep

"Fifty feet long."

"Much larger."

660. Degree expresses the quantity of such qualities Hence the quantity thus

as are not capable of measurement.

expressed is always indefinite; as, "Very white." "Quite good." "A little black." It is sometimes indicated by a termination; as, "White-ish." "Salt-ish."

661. The word-form is almost invariably an adverb. Thus we have for, 1. MODERATE DEGREE; Very, pretty, much, well, considerably, &c.

2. GREAT DEGREE; Extremely, excessively, exceedingly, intensely, immoderately, vastly, extraordinarily, inexpressibly, unutterably, wonderfully, &c. 3. PAINFUL DEGREE; Amazingly, surprisingly, shockingly, frightfully, dreadfully, horribly, cruelly, terribly, &c.

4. COMPLETE DEGREE; Quite, entirely, wholly, totally, utterly, completely, perfectly, fully, abundantly, &c.

blue."

Sky

662. The word-form sometimes is a noun, or a relative adverb; as, 66 "Sun bright." "Fire red." "How noble." "How beautiful." 663. The phrase-form is not uncommon; as, "Temperate in the extreme." "Successful beyond expectation." "Courageous to the death."

664. The factitive object sometimes involves this element (498); as, "Starved to death." Burnt to a crisp." Wrung dry." "Shot him

dead."

66