Obrázky na stránke
PDF
ePub

8. Angry with you. 9. Disagreed with them. 10. Combines with traitors. 11. Disconnection with the party. 12. Rises with the lark. 12. Walks with alacrity. 14. Was slain by the soldiers. 15. Was overwhelmed by numbers. 16. Was rescued by your aid. 17. Was lengthened by several feet. 18. Was living at home. 19. Was overjoyed at your rescue. 20. Was looking at the spectacle of a beautiful sunset. Was severed at a blow. 22. Was apprized at ten dollars. 23. Arrived at the hour.

21.

24. Rebuke with soft words and hard arguments. 25. We lessen our wants by lessening our desires. 26. History teaches by example. 27. By reading, we enrich the mind, by conversation, we polish it. 28. A clear conscience fears no accusation. 29. The fear of God is the beginning of wisdom. 30. One fault can never justify the commission of another. 31. Dispatch is the soul of business, and method the soul of dispatch. 32. Deem every day of your life a leaf in your history.

33. "See how the morning opes her golden gates,

And takes her farewell of the glorious sun;

How well resembles it the prime of youth."-Shak. Henry VI.

SEC. VII.-THE CIRCUMSTANTIAL ELEMENT, (Con.) SPECIFICATION.

690. In our language, as indeed in all languages, by reason of insufficiency of vocabulary, a single word is frequently compelled to express many different ideas. This is effected by means of the element of Specification. Thus, the word "rich," having primary reference to material wealth, may be made to express various conceptions; as, “Rich in lands,-in resources,-in knowledge,-in experience, &c.

691. Hence, Specification is used to indicate in what sense a given term is to be understood, or in what respect the same is true, in a given connection; as, "Skilled in law." "Learned in the sciences." "Beautiful of form." "Wise in

his own conceit." far as I know."

"False in my view of it." "Honest as

692. Specification often expresses a person or a thing to which an application of some fact, principle, or truth is made. Here the expression "in the case of," or "in the matter of," can always be supplied, if not expressed, and the sense thereby rather improved than harmed; as, a dog, or a horse, or any other animal."-Locke. the case of a dog, &c., which is better.

66

Try it in
Try it in

693. It is sometimes found with words of "Mental Feeling and Emotion" (222). In this case it is an infinitive word-form; as, "Wonderful to tell." "Strange to relate." Frightful to behold."

66

694. It has a peculiar force and beauty when used to give a proper term a figurative signification. In this use it somewhat resembles the adjective element of DESIGNATION in the form of the Explaining Metaphor (538); as, "BITTER in his feelings." "SOFT of speech." SHARP of intellect."

"QUICK of perception."

6.

46

695. It is sometimes used, however, for mere rhetorical effect. In this case it adds nothing to the sense, but simply lends rhetorical force to the expression. In this respect it somewhat resembles the iterative form of the Factitive Object (495). Thus, "Hoarse of voice." Anxious in mind." "Innumerable in multitude."-Cicero. 66 'Savage in their barbarity."-Cicero. 696. The word-form is commonly an adverb; as, "Spiritually blessed." (i. e. in spirit.) "Physically well." (i. e. in body.)

697. The phrase-form takes the relation-words in, at, of, regarding, respecting. The relation terms as regards, in respect to, as to, in case of, also often occur; as, 06 Quick in,-at,-of,-regarding,-respecting,—as to,-&c.,

perception."

698. The clause-form is usually an Indef. Rel. (adjunc.) clause; as, cessful in whatever he undertakes."

"Suc

699. It is sometimes combined with the Element of Evidence and Proof. In this case it is always a Dem. (adjunc.) clause in form; as, “He showed himself a traitor in that he aided the enemy." (i. e. "in that" and "since that ").

700. Adjective Elements are found here; as, "A specious argument." (i. e. in appearance.") "A boy in years, but a man in wisdom.” "A foreigner to all appearance."

701. Specification must not be confounded with the Object of Attention. Thus, "I have nothing to say as regards enlisting." (Attention.) "There is great activity as regards enlisting." (Specification.) "He spoke in regard to learning." (Attention.) "He is great as regards learning." (Specification.) It must be remembered that the Object of Attention is always used with words of "Mental State and Action," "Mental Feeling and Emotion," and "Communication of Thought" (218).

702. This element is used very extensively in the Latin and Greek, and indeed in all languages. It is recognized in our classical text-books under the various appellations of "Specification," "Limitation," "Accusative of Part," "Accusative of nearer definition," (Dr. Anhor.) "Synecdochical Accusative," "Synecdochial Accusative," "Greek Accusative," "Accusative of respect," &c., &c., &c. The classical student should know that all these expressions are only different names for the same element.

MODEL FOR ANALYSIS.

Circumspect and cautious in what

ever he undertakes."

An Element of the Cx. Cd. W-f. "Circumspect and Cautious" is the B. and modified by the remainder, an Adv. El. of the Rel. Indef. C-f. (adjunc.) denoting SPECIFICATION.

"He" is the Subj. of the S. W-f. and the remainder is the Pred. of the Cx. W-f.; of which "undertakes" is the B. of the S. W-f. modified by "whatever, an Obj. El. of the S. W-f. denoting DIR. SUF'G OBJECT.

EXERCISE 86.—Analyze according to the Model.

1. Intellectually great. 2. Mentally obtuse. 3. Exceedingly obtuse. 4. Apparently moves. 5. Moves powerfully. 6. Moves obliquely. 7. Moves upward. 8. Moves a mile. 9. Physically well. 10. Ostensibly friendly. 11. Light of foot. 12. Mindful of favors. 13. Commission of crime. 14. Firm of purpose. 15. False in my opinion. 16. Rejoices in hope. 17. Lives in seclusion. 18. Dashed in atoms. 19. Painful in the extreme. 20. Came in multitudes. 21. Will arrive in an hour. 22. Quick at figures. 23. Arrived at twelve. 24. Plays at chess. 25. Stands at a little distance from me. 26. Was shocked at the strange spectacle.

27. Greatness of mind is always compensurate. 28. Errors in religion may claim our pity but s..ould excite no anger. 29. Evils brought upon ourselves are the most difficult to bear. 30. Be not wise in your own conceits. 31. By a timely resistance the greatest evils may be overcome. 32. Learn by the vices of others how detestible your own are.

33. "Each man's belief is right in his own eyes."-Cowper.
34. "In aught that tries the heart, how few withstand the proof."
Byron, Childe Harold.

35. "He grew up in loveliness of soul (691),
And this deep mountain valley was to him
Soundless with all its streams."- Wordsworth.

SEC. VIII.-THE CIRCUMSTANTIAL ELEMENT, (Con.) CONCOMITANCE-ACCOMPANIMENT.

703. Concomitance expresses some fact or circumstance which merely accompanies, rather than modifies the act

or state indicated by the Predicate. It may take three forms,

viz :

1. Accompaniment.

2. Conformity.

3. Attendant Circumstance.

704. Accompaniment expresses some person or thing which attends the action expressed by the predicate. It is usually found with predicatives expressive of motion of some kind. "Went with me." Journeyed with his friends.”

705. It must be distinguished from the Object of Association, which instead of accompanying marks the limit of verbs of motion, or is used with verbs of rest; as, "Came with them (Accompaniment,) to me," (Association). Walks with us," (Accomp.) Lives with us," (Obj. Ass'n).

66

[ocr errors]

706. It must not be confounded with "Order" (529, 8). Thus, "They came in crowds." (Order.)

707. The word-form is usually an adverb; as, "I went alone." (Neg, Accomp.)

708. The phrase-form usually takes the relation-word with, for which the expressions in common with," "along with," "together with," sometimes occur; as, "Old age along with poverty is hard." "He, together with all his friends, were rescued."

709. The clause-form is for the most part the Indef. Rel. (adjunctive; as, "Travels with whoever will accompany him."

710. Adjective Elements occur here; as, "A walk with my friend." "A journey with you."

MODEL FOR ANALYSIS.- -"Came into the field with a large body of soldiers.

66

An Element of the Cx. W-f. "Came" is the B. of the S. W-f. modified by "into the field," an Adv. El. of the Cx. P-f. denoting PLACE WHITHER.

"Came into the field" is a second B. and modified by the remainder, an Adv. El. of the Cx. P-f. denoting ACCOMPANIMENT; of which "with a body" is the B. and modified by "of soldiers," an Adj. El. of the S. P-f. denoting MATERIAL and CONSTITUENCY (610).

"With a body of soldiers" is a second B. and modified by "large," an Adj. El. of the S. W-f. denoting PHYSICAL QUALITY or MAGNITUDE.

EXERCISE 87.-Analyze according to the Model.

1. Roams over the hills with his flocks and herds. 2. Set out for Rome with a large army of veterans. 3. Cut the enemy to pieces with his cavalry. 4. Advanced with his cavalry against the lines of the enemy. 5. Wanders about day and night with his wife and children. 6. Came into great destitution. 7. Exceedingly lame in his feet. 8. News

frightful to tell. 9. Came in great haste (654). 10. Bold of heart (691).

11. Eagles fly alone, but sheep flock together. 12. Sell not thy conscience with thy goods. 13. Napoleon crossed the Alps with a large army. 14. Gossiping and lying go hand in hand (468). 15. Misfortunes seldom come singly. 16. Vice is its own (704) punisher, and sometimes its own (468) cure. 17. Good words cost nothing (496), but are

worth much.

18.

-"To the dread rattling thunder

Have I given fire, and rifted Jove's stout oak
With his own bolt; the strong based mountains
Have I made shake."-Shakspeare.

SEC. IX. THE CIRCUMSTANTIAL ELEMENT, (Con.) CONFORMITY.

711. This Element expresses that in accordance with which anything is or is done; as, "He was tried according to law."

712. It sometimes involves the Element of Comparison; as, "Cold enough for February," (: as cold as would be in keeping with the temperature of February (744).

713. It may be used, like many other elements, either affirmatively or negatively; as, "Dresses according to custom." (Affirm. Conf.) "Dresses contrary to custom." (Neg. Conf.)

714. The word-form is an adverb; as, "The suit was conducted legally," (=according to law). "Translated Virgil literally," (=according to the letter). "Reported the speech verbatim," (=according to each word).

715. The phrase-form takes the relation-words to, on, upon, at, with, by, n, after, and the relation terms "in conformity with," "in accordance with," "according to," " pursuant to;" as, "Dresses to his taste," "Acted upon your instructions." "The ship rolled at the mercy of the waves." Works by rule." "Dressed in the latest fashion." Made peace on certain conditions."

[ocr errors]

66

716. The clause-form is either a conjunctive clause introduced by as, or a relation clause introduced by what; as, "Did as he was bidden;" My friend what I have long predicted, is ruined by his dissipations," (as I have long predicted,) (=in conformity with my prediction for a long time).

717. The clause-form with as, must be carefully distinguished from Comparison (752), which in this form, it somewhat resembles. The difference

« PredošláPokračovať »