5.

The P f. is an ABL. with ab, de, e, or ex; the relationword is regularly omitted with Names of Towns, and with domo, humo, and rure.

6. PLACE WHITHER.

The W-f. is an adverb in o or uc.

7. The P-f is the Acc. with in, or rarely ad; in is omitted with Names of Towns, and with domum, rus, and foras.

8. The DAT. occurs in the poets, and is regularly used with propinquo.

WHICH WAY. The W-f. is an adverb in a or ac.

10. The P-f. is regularly an ABL. alone.

II. The P-f., for certain specific routes is an Acc. with a preposition.

12. How FAR.

The W-f. is an adverb, or an Acc.

13. The ABL. P-f. only very rarely occurs.

14. The C-f. for all the local relations is of very rare occurrence; when used, the Rel.-Indic, cl. is the proper form.

THE TEMPORAL MODIFIER, (560–567).

TIME WHEN.

931-1 The W-f. is an adverb.

Hodie, to-day; nunc, now; tum, then; statim, immediately; interim, meantime.

Alexander puer, Alexander when a boy. Cato senex, Cato when an old man.-Suet. Rarely a neuter pronoun occurs. Id temporis, at that time.Cic.

3. The P-f. is regularly an ABL.

Hoc tempore, at this time.-Cic, Die, by day. Vespere, in the evening. Nocte, by night.

4.

The ABL. with in, sometimes occurs.

In pueritia, in boyhood. The exact time is sometimes indicated by the ABL. with sub. Sub adventu Romanorum, at the very time of the arrival of the Ro

mans.

5. Time When, especially when referring to some point in the future is occasionally expressed by the Acc. with ad or

in.

At in posteritatam impendeat, but threatens in the future -Cic. Presto fuit ad horam destinatam, was ready at the appointed hour.-Cic.

6. Occasionally the ABL. with cum is used, preceded by pariter, simul or aeque.

Pariter cum ortu solis castra metabatur, was pitching his camp at the rising of the sun.--Sall.

7. The C-f. is commonly a REL.-INDIC. clause introduced by the Rel. adverbs quum (or cum), quando, ut, ubi, ex quo= when; ut primum, ubi primum, quum (or cum) primum, cum jam as soon as; and dum=while.

Quum Sicilia florebat opibus, when Sicily abounded in wealth.-Cic.

8. A Conj. cl. introduced by simul, simul ac, simul atque, quam primum, ac primum, as soon as; is often used.

Simul atque cognitum est, as soon as it was known.-Cæs.

9. When an idea of "Cause," "Concession," or "Consequence is involved, the REL. SUBJ. clause is used.

Quum sint in nobis ratio prudentia, when (since) there is in us reason and foresight--Cic. (Cause or Reason).

10. When quum is used in the sense of after, the Subjunctive mood is used.

Alexander, quum intermisset Clilum, vox manus a se abstinuit, Alexander, after he had slain Clitus, could scarcely keep his hands from himself.

11. The C-f. is frequently an Abl.-Part Cl. (870).

Tarquinio regnante, in the reign of Tarquin.-Cic. Rex opum non nisi migraturo examine (872) foras procedit, the king-bee does not go abroad except the swarm being about to emigrate, literally, (=when the swarm is about, &c.)-Plin.

12. An adjunctive PASS. PART. Cl., with cum or inter, sometimes occurs.

Pariter cum capta Thala, at the same time with Thala's having been captured (as soon as Thala was captured).-Sall. Inter haec parata atque decreta, in the midst of these things having been prepared and decreed, (=while these things were prepared and decreed.)-Sall.

TIME ANTECEDENT.

932-1. The W-f. is an adverb.

Heri, nuper, nondum, quondam, abhinc, dehine, ante=ago, antehac, &c. 2. The P-f. is regularly an Acc. with ante, (sometimes in comp.).

Ante hoc, before this.

3. The Acc. with supra is occasionally used.

Supra hanc memoriam, before this memory.-Cas.

4. The C-f. is generally a CONJ.-INDIC. Cl. introduced by antequam or priusquam before, before that. When simple priority of time is denoted, the Indic. mood is used.

Antequam in Siciliam veni, before I came into Sicily.-Cic.

5. When any

mood is used.

"Causal" notion is involved, the Subj.

Priusquam incipias consulto opus est, before you begin there is need of deliberation, i. e. that you may bejin. (Purpose is combined).-Sall.

6. In narration the historical tenses of the Subj. are generally used.

Antequam urbem caperet, before he took the city.-Liv.

7. The C-f. is sometimes an ADJUNC. PASS. PART. CL.

Ante urbem conditam, before the city having been founded, (Lit.)—– Cic. Ante Epaminondam natum, before Epaminondas having been born, (i. e. before the birth of). Ante me consulem, before my having been consul.-Cic. (The participle of the verb sum is of course understood).

8. The amount of antecedent time is indicated by the element of Measure of Dif. (676).

TIME SUBSEQUENT.

933-1. The W-f. is an adverb.

Deinde, inde, mox, porro, postea, posthoc, postridie.

2. The P-f. is commonly an Acc. with post, sometimes postquam and secundum.

Multis armis post decemviros, many years after the (time of the) decemviri.— Cic.

3 The ABL. with ab, de, and ex also occurs.

Ab re divina, after the sacrifice.-Plaut.

4. The C-f. is regularly a CONJ.-JNDIC. Cl. introduced by postquam and posteaquam.

Postquam venerat, after he had come.

5.

Quam alone is sometimes used for postquam.

Intra decimum diem quam Pheras venerat, within ten days after Pheras came.--Liv.

6. A REL. INDIC. Cl. is sometimes used.

Octo diebus quibus has literas datam, in eight days in which (=after) I wrote this letter. (Rel. Adj. Cl.)

7.

The C-f. is often an ADJUNC. PASS. PART. CL.

Post Christum natum, after Christ having been born, (=the birth of).—

Tac. (873), So likewise an ABL. PART. clause often occurs. Hac oratione habita, concilium dimissit, this speech having been delivered, (=after h. had delivered, &c.), he dismissed the assembly.-Cœs.

TIME HOW OFTEN.

934-1. The W-f. is an adverb.

Semel, interdum, iterum, numquam, quotidie, rursus, saepe, semper, toties, quoties, bis, ter, &c.

2, The P-f. is an Acc. with in, frequently modified by omnes or singulos).

Crescit in dies singulos hostium numerus, the number of the enemy increases every day.-Cic.

3.

The relation-word is often omitted.

Dies noctesque, every day and every night.-Cic.

4. The C-f. is regularly an INDEF. REL-INDIC. clause. Paruit quum necesse erat, he obeyed whenever it was necessary.-Cic. Quum rosam viderat tum incipere ver arbitrabatur, whenever he saw a rose, he thought that Spring was commencing.-Cic. Quotiescunque me petisti, whenever you have assailed me.-ld.

5. The Subjunctive mood however is often used, as in all the other relations of Time, when any Causal notion is involved, or in narration.

Ubi de magna virtute et gloria bonorum memores, whenever you speak of the great valor and glory of the good.-Sall.

935-1.

TIME HOW LONG.

The W-f. may be an adverb.

Paulisper parumper, quamdiu, tamdiu, &c.

The Acc. case-form is the regular regimen.

Caecus multos annos fuit, was blind many years.-Cic.

2. When the period is not completed an ordinal number may be used.

Vicesimum jam diem patimur, we suffer now twenty days. (and still continue).-Cic.

33 The P-f. is the Acc. with per.

Quem per decem annos, during ten days.-Cic.

4.

The relation-word however is commonly omitted.

Caecus multos annos, blind many years.-Cic.

5. When Time How Long is indicated by marking the

beginning of the period (566, 2), the ABL. with ab or ex is used; when by marking the end of the period (566, 2), the Acc. with ad; when by marking both, each of the above constructions is of course used.

Augures omnes usque a Romulo, all the augurs since the time of Romulus.-Cic. Ex Metello Consule, from the Consulship of Metellus.-Hor. Ex ea die ad hanc diem, from that day to this day.-Cic.

6. The period within which, is indicated by the ABL.; paucis diebus, within a few days. The ABL. with in sometimes occurs: bis in die, twice in a day.

In diebus proximis decem, within the next ten days.-Sall.

7. The Acc. with inter and intra also occurs.

Inter annos quatuordecem, within fourteen years.-Cæs. Intra viginti dies, within twenty days.-Plaut.

8. The C-f. is expressed by a CONJ.-INDIC. clause, introduced by dum, donec, quoad and quamdiu=while, as long as. Dum leges vigebant, while the laws were in force.-Cic. Quoad vixit, as long as he lived.-Nepos.

9. When the Time is indicated by marking the end of the period (566, 3) the same clausal regimen is used, with dum, donec, quod-till, until.

Quoad renuntiatum est, until it was announced.-Nep. Dum exiit, until he died.

10. An adjunctive PASS. PART. Cl. may be used.

Ab condita urbe ad liberatam, from the city's having been founded to its having been freed. (=from the founding to the independence of the city. Liv.

11. Here, as elsewhere (933, 5) in narration, and when a causal notion is involved, the Subjunctive mood is used.

Nihil trepidabant donec ponte agerentur, they did not fear at all until (and because) they were driven upon the bridge.--Liv.

SUMMARY.

938—1. TIME WHEN. The W-f. is an adverb, or an app. 2. The P-f. is an ABL. case-form. The ABL. with in (rarely occurs), and the Acc. with ad are used.

3. The C-f. is a REL.-INDIC. (adverbial); a CONJ.-INDIC., or an Adjunc. PART. clause.

4. TIME ANTECEDENT. The W-f. is an adverb.