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5. The P-f. is an Acc. with ante, rarely with supra. 6. The C-f. is a CONJ.-INDIC. or an ADJUNC.-PART. clause. 7. TIME SUBSEQUENT. The W-f. is an adverb.

8. The P-f. is an Acc. with post, rarely with postquam or secundum.

9. The C-f. is a CONJ.-INDIC., an ADJUNC.-PART., and rarely a REL.-INDIC. (adjective) clause.

10.

TIME HOW OFTEN. The W-f. is an adverb.

II. The P-f. 18 an Acc. with in,-the relation-word is often Onitted.

12. TIME HOW LONG. The W-f. is an adverb, or an app. 13. The P-f. is the Acc. with per.

14. The C-f. is a CONJ.-INDIC. clause.

15. The period within which, is indicated by the ABL., and by the Acc. with inter and intra.

16. CLAUSE-FORMS. Usually in narration, and always when any Causal notion is involved the SUBJ. mood is used in all temporal clause forms, otherwise the Indicative.

THE CAUSAL MODIFIER, (568-649). ORIGIN AND SOURCE, (574-580).

937-1. The W-f. does not occur.

2. The P-f. is an ABL. with ab, de, or ex. Ortos a Germanis, sprung from the Germans.-Cæs.

3. With predicatives denoting birth and parentage, the relation-word is often omitted.

Nate dea, O, son of a goddess.-Virg. Creatus rege, sprung from a king.-Ovid.

AUTHOR AND AGENT, (581–587).

938-1. The W-f. is an adjective or an adverb.
Divinitus factum, divinely done, i. e. done by Deity.-Cic.
2. The P-f. is regularly an ABL. with a or ab.
Laudatur ab his, is praised by these.-Hor.

3. The relation-word is sometimes omitted, chiefly in the poets.

Excisus Archivis, cut off by the Greeks.--Hor.

4. With passive verbs and participles the DAT. is used. Unda omnibus enaviganda, the wave must be passed by all.-Hor.

5. When the element of Ass. is combined, the Acc. with apud is used.

Quod apud Numidas honori ducitur, which is considered an honor among the Numidians.

6. When the element of Means (68) is combined, the Acc. with per is used.

Statuerunt injurias per vos ulcisci, resolved that their injuries should be avenged by you, (i. e. as the agent and the instrument).-Cic.

PURPOSE AND OBJECT, (588–595).

939-1. The W-f. is an App. (589).

Comitem me adjunxi, I added myself as a companion, (i. e. to accompany).— Virg.

2. After verbs of motion, the W-f. is frequently a SUPINE. Venerunt res repetitum, they came to demand restitution.—Liv.

3. Sometimes the FUTURE ACT. PART. is used; and rarely in the poets the PRES. ACT. PART.

Pergit consulturus de origine sua, (909, 2) goes to consult_respecting his origin.-Just. Ibant orantes veniam, went to sue for favor.- Virg.

4. The P-f. is commonly the Acc. with ad; sometimes with in.

Notat unumquemque ad caedem, marks each one for slaughter.-Cic. In praesidium missa legio, a legion sent for a guard.-Tac.

5. The DAT. case-form is often used.

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Venit Atticis auxilio, came for aid to the Athenians, (i. e. came to aid the Athenians).-Nep.

6. With words of Contending and Struggling the ABL. with de is the regular construction.

De principatu contendit, struggled for the sovereignty.-Nep.

7. When PURPOSE is combined with the OBJ. OF INTEREST, the ABL. with pro is used.

Pro Romano populo armis certare, to contend for (and in behalf of the Roman people.-Enn.

8. The C-f. is regularly an Ur (ne)-SUBJ. clause.

Enititur ut vincat, strives that he may conquer.-Cic. Punit ne peccetur, punishes that there may not be crime.-Sen.

9. Quo is sometimes used for Ut, chiefly with comparatives (891).

Quo sit studiosior, that he may be made more attentive.-Cic.

10. Ut ne, rarely ut non, is sometimes used for ne to express negative Purpose.

Ut plura non dicam, that I may not say more, (=not to say more).-Cic. 11. The C-f. of Purpose, chiefly after words of sending, commissioning, deputizing, may be a REL.-SUBJ. (Adjective)

clause.

Equitatum omnem praemittit, qui videant, sends forward all the cavalry to see.-Cæs.

12. The REL.-SUBJ. form is the regular construction for such English expressions as, 66 a knife to cut with," "a boat to sail in," "something to work with," &c. (77 and 590).

Lampsacum ei rex donarat unde (129) vinum sumeret, the king had given him Lampsacus to get his wine from.-Nep.

13. The C-f. of Purpose, with all kinds of predicatives, is very frequently an Adjunc.- Part. Cl. Here the Acc. with ad, and the GEN. with causa and gratia are most common. (829, 4, and 874).

Ad castra facienda, for a camp being made, (literally) i. e. to make a camp.-Cic. Causa sui expurgandi, for the purpose of his being acquitted, i. e. to acquit himself.-Cic.

14. A GEN. or a DAT. (Fut. Pass.) Part. Cl. (850) sometimes occurs. See 874.

15. With words of bargaining, contracting, receiving, and some others, an Овл. (Fut. Pass.) Part. Cl. often has the force of Purpose.

Attribuit Italiam vastandam Catalinae, assigns Italy's being devastated to Cataline, (literally), i. e. assigns Italy to Cataline to devastate.

SUMMARY.

940-1. The W-f. of Purpose and Object may be an App.; a Supine after words of motion; and sometimes a Pres. or a FUT. ACT. PART.

2. The P-f. is commonly the Acc. with ad, sometimes with in.

3. The P-f. is sometimes a DAT. case-form and sometimes when the OBJ. of INTEREST is combined, the ABL. with pro. 4. After words of contending or struggling, the ABL. with de is commonly used.

5. The C-f. is regularly an UT. (ne)-SUBJ. clause. For ne, ut ne and ut non sometimes occur; and with comparatives quo is used for ut.

6. The C-f. is often a REL.-SUBJ., and frequently a Fut. Pass. Part. Cl. used adjunctively.

ANTECEDENT CAUSE, (596—609).

941-1. This Element is generally of the P-f. and is denoted by the ABL.

Gloria ducitur, is influenced by glory.-Cic. Proelio fessi, weary with the battle.-Sall.

2. It is sometimes expressed by the Acc. with ob, propter

and per.

Parere legibus propter metum, to obey the laws through fear.-Cic. Ob hoc miserior, more wretched for this.-Sen. Per metum mussari, to be silent through fear.-Plaut.

3. The ABL. with ab, de, ex, and prae, sometimes occurs.

Tempus et a nostris triste malis, time made sad by our misfortunes.-Ov. Flebat uterque non de suo supplicio, each one wept not because of his own punishment.-Verr. Ex vulnere aeger, feeble from a wound.-Cic. Nec loqui prae maerore potuis, could not speak for grief.-Cic.

4. The C-f. is a Conj.-Indic. cl. introduced by quod, quia, quonam and quando.

Urbs quae quia postrema aedificata est, Neapolis nominatur, a city which, because it was built last, was called Neopolis.

5. When, however, the Cause is assigned on the authority of another, the Subj. mood is used.

Accusatus est quod corrumperet juventutem, was accused because (as was alleged,) he corrupted the youth.-Quint.

6. The C-f. is sometimes a SUBJ. clause introduced by quum, (cum), quippe, ut, utpote.

Quum vita metus plena sit, since life is full of fear.-Cic. Quippe qui blandiatur, since he flatters.-Cic.

7. It is not unfrequently a REL.-SUBJ. clause, used adjectively.

O vis veritatis quae se defendat, O power of truth which (since it) defends itself.-Cic.

8. The C-f. is frequently an ABL. PART. CL.

Lu pus stimulante fame, captat ovile; hunger urging, the wolf seeks the fold, (i. e. because of hunger, &c.)

9. It is sometimes an Adjunc. PASS. PART. CL. with ob or

propter.

Canopum condidere Spartani ob sepultum illic rectorem navis Canopum ; the Spartans founded Canopus on account of Canopus, the helmsman of thetr ship, having been buried there.-Liv.

MATERIAL AND CONSTITUENCY, (610-615).

942-1. The W-f. is an adjective.

Aureus patera, a golden cup. Ferreus ensis, an iron sword.-Cas. Argenteus aquila, the silver eagle.-Cic.

2. The P-f. is an ABL. with ab, de, or ex.

Statua ex aere facta, statues made of brass.-Cic. Factum de marmore, made of marble.-Ovid.

3. The GEN. is sometimes used.

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Naves onerant auro, they load the ships with gold.-Virg. Terrore impletur, is filled with terror.

3. The GEN. is sometimes used in imitation of the Greek. Adolescentem sua temeritatis implet, fills the youth with his own rashness.— Liv. Lactis abundans, abounding in milk.-Virg.

FACT CONDITION, (627-633).

944. The W-f. is generally a participle.

Non potestis voluptate omnia dirigentes retinere virtutem; you cannot retain your manhood arranging, (if you arrange) all things with reference to pleasures.-Cic.

2. The P-f. does not occur.

3.

The C-f. is a CONJ.-INDIC. Cl. introduced by si, nisi, ni, sin. The Present tenses (433) are commonly used.

Si haec civitas est, civis sum ego; if this is a state, I am a citizen.-Cic.

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