Sol omnia luce collustrat, the sun illumines all things by its light.-Cic. Saucia securi, wounded with an axe.-Virg.

3. The ABL. form of this element is always found with the deponents utor, fruor, fungor, potior, vescor, and the participial forms contentus praeditus and fretus.

His vocibus usa est, used (i. e. lit. served himself with) these words.-Virg. Oppido potiti sunt, obtained possession (i. e. lit. made himself powerful by means) of the walled town.-Liv.

4. The C-f. is an ABL. PART. clause.

Confirmatur amor beneficio accepto, love is strengthened by a kindness having been received. Lit. (i. e. by the reception of a kindness).-Cic. Te adju vante, with your aid.

SPECIFICATION.

959-1. The W-f. is an Acc. This construction, however, is imported from the Greek, and is confined in its use chiefly to some reference to one's person or dress.

Nudus membra, bare as to his limbs.-Virg. Animum incensus, inflamed in mind.-Liv.

2.

With adjectives signifying wonderful, agreeable, easy, or difficult, or worthy or unworthy, honorable or base, this element is generally a Supine, (W-f.); sometimes an INF. (W-f.).

Mirabile dictu, wonderful to tell.-Virg. Facilia inventu, easy of invention.-Gell. Facile invenire, easy to find.

3. The P-f. is an ABL.

Reges nomine, kings in name.-Nep. Jure peritus, skilled in law.-Cic. 4. The P-f. is sometimes a GEN. This construction occurs chiefly with adjectives.

Doctus fandi, skilled (of) in speaking. Aeger animi, sick in mind.-Liv. Integer vitæ, upright in life.-Hor.

5. The P-f- with elements of "Meas. of Mag." is sometimes expressed by the Acc. with in.

In altitudinem pedum sedecem fossam, a ditch of sixteen feet in depth.Cæs.

6. Specification involving Comparison takes the ABL. with prae.

Prae illo parvi, small in comparison with him.-Nep. Prae nobis beatus, happy in comparison with us. Cic.

7. When this element is used in the sense of "in the case

of," "in the matter of," (692), the ABL. with in is almost invariably used.

Intellectum est enim mihi quidem in multis, et maxime in me ipso; it was perceived by me indeed, that in the case of many persons, and especially in my own case.-Cic. In aliis minus hoc mirum, less wonderful in the case of other things.-Cic.

8.

This element is sometimes used for mere rhetorical effect, without any specific force as a modifier.

Immanitate barbaras, multitudine innumerabiles, barbarous in savageness, innumerable in multitude.-Cic.

9. The C-f. is commonly an ABL. PART. Cl.

Ea nos religione in privato P. Lentulo puniendo liberaremur, we shall be freed from that scruple in the matter of P. Lentulus being punished, a private man. Lit.-Cic.

960-1.

ACCOMPANIMENT (703-710).

The W-f. is not used.

2. The P-f. is expressed by the ABL. with cum.

Vagamur egentes cum congugibus et liberis, needy we wander with our wives and children.

3. The preposition is often omitted.

Inde toto exercitu profectus, set out thence with his whole army.—Liv. 4. The C-f. does not occur.

CONFORMITY (711-719.

961-1. The W-f. is an adverb.

Recte agere, to act rightly, (according to right).

2. The P-f. is regularly an ABL. with de or ex.

Ex senatus consulto, in conformity with a decree of the senate.-Cic. Ex more, according to custom.-Virg. Ex sententia, or ex voluntate, according to one's wish. E natura vivere, to live according to nature.

3. The preposition is often omitted.

Nostra more, according to our custom.-Cic. Pacem facit his conditionibus, made peace on these conditions.-Nep.

4. Conformity is occasionally indicated by the Acc. with ad, in, and secundum.

Cantare ad chordarum sonum, to dance to the music of the harp, (i. e. in conformity with). Recitatae sunt tabellae in eandem fere sententiam, letters were read to (in conformity with) nearly the same sentiment or purport.-Cic. Secundum naturum vivere, to live according to nature.-Cic.

5. Conformity, most commonly when combining the notion of "proportion," is sometimes indicated by the ABL. with pro.

Agere pro viribus, to do in conformity with (and in proportion to) one's strength.-Cic.

6. When an idea of Assoc. is combined, the ABL. with sub occurs.

Jubere ei praemium tribui sub ea conditione, to command a reward to be given him under (in conformity with) that condition.—Cic.

7. The C-f. is a CONJ.-INDIC. Cl. introduced by ut (uti), and its compounds with sic and pro.

Ut jussi sunt, as they were commanded.-Nep. Ut quondam solebant, as once they were accustomed.-Cic. Sicut Cicero dixit, as Cicero said.-Quint. Prout res postulat, according as the case demands.-Cic.

8. A REL. QUOD-INDIC. Cl., often expresses Conformity. Quia, quod semper volui murus interest, because, as (lit. what) I have always wished, a wall intervenes --Cic. Quod aiunt, as they say.-Cic.

9. NEGATIVE Conformity is expressed by the Acc. with contra or praeter.

Nihil novi fiat contra ex mpla atque instituta majorum, let nothing be done contrary to the examples and institutions of our ancestors.-Cic. Praeter ipsius voluntatem, contrary to his wish.-Cic.

ATTENDANT CIRCUMSTANCE (720-726).

962-1.

The W-f. is not used.

2. The P-f. is expressed by the ABL with cum. Procedere cum veste purpurea, to appear with a purple robe.-Cic.

3. Ingressus est cum gladiis, advanced with a sword.-Cic. Romam veni cum febri, came to Rome with a fever.—Cic.

4. The relation-word is often omitted.

Nudis pedibus incedere, to walk with naked feet. Aperto capite sedere, to sit with the head uncovered.

5. The negative form is expressed by the ABL. with sine. Neque unquam sine aliqua lectione coenatum est, nor did he ever sup without some reading.-Mep.

6. The C-f. does not occur.

SUMMARY.

963-1. The QUALITATIVE ELEMENT. The W-f. is an adverb.

2.

The P-f. is an ABL.; sometimes an Acc. or an ABL. with a relation-word.

3. The C-f. is a REL.-INDIC. Cl.

964-). The QUANTITATIVE ELEMENT. The W-f. is an adverb.

2.

The P-f. is commonly an Acc. with ad.

3. The C-f. is a REL.-INDIC. Cl.

965-1, MEASURE OF MAGNITUDE. The W-f. is an adverb or an Acc.

2 The P-f. is an Adj. El. and expressed by the GEN. or the ABL.

966-1.

MEASURE OF DIFFERENCE. The W-f. is an ad

verb in e, o or um.

2. The P-f. is an ABL.

3. The C-f. does not occur.

966-1. MEANS AND INSTRUMENT. The W-f. is not used.

2. The P-f· is an ABL.

3. Means combined with Agency is expressed by the Acc. with per.

4. Utor, fruor, fungor, potior, vescor; and contentus, preditus, fretus, take the ABL. El. of Means.

5. The C-f. is an ABL. PART. CL.

967-1. SPECIFICATION. The W-f. is an Acc. or a Supine. These constructions are of limited application.

2. The P-f. is an ABL.; with adjectives frequently a GEN. 3. The P-f. is sometimes, with "Meas. of Mag," the Acc. with in.

4. In the sense of "in the case of," the ABL. with in is used.

5. The C-f. is an ABL. PART. CI.

968-1. ACCOMPANIMENT. The W-f. is not used.

2. The P-f. is expressed by the ABL. with cum; the relation-word is often omitted.

3. The C-f. does not occur.

969-1. CONFORMITY. The W-f. is an adverb.

The P-f. is the ordinary construction, and is regularly an ABL. with de or ex.

3. The relation-word is often omitted.

4.

Conf. is occasionally indicated by the Acc. with ad, in, or secundum.

5 Conf. combining the idea of Proportion is expressed by the ABL. with pro.

6. Conf. with Assoc. takes the ABL. with sub.

The C-f. is a CONJ.-INDIC. Cl. introduced by ut, utsi sicut, sicuti, or prout.

8. The C-f. is often a QUOD-INDIC. Cl. with quod-as. 9. Negative Conf. is expressed by the Acc. with contra or praeter.

970-1. ATT. CIRCUMSTANCE. The W-f. is not used.

2. The P-f. is expressed by the ABL. with cum; the relation-word is often omitted.

3. The negative form is expressed by the ABL. with sine. 4. The C-f. does not occur.

CONSEQUENCE. (727-743).

971-1. The W-f. is an adverb.

Nequidquam, in vain.

2. The P-f. usually combines the idea of ATT. CIR. and is expressed by the ABL. with cum.

Summa cum ejus offensione domi remanserunt, they remained at home to his very great dissatisfaction (732)—Nep.

3. The relation-word is sometimes omitted.

4. Negative Consequence is expressed by the ABL. with sine.

Illi non sine communi omnium nostrum laude decorantur, these are not honored without the common praise of us all, i.e. in such a way as not to honor us all.-Cie.

5. The C-f. when used adjectively, is a REL.-SUBJ.-clause. Innocentia est affectio talis animi quae noceat nemini, innocence is such a