One and the Same Method in English and Latin

by the connective but; as," (No doubt) but ye are the people," (= that ye, &c.) Job XII, 2. "There is no question but Milton had, &c. Addi

son.

85. NOTE 2. Clauses introduced by that, in the sense of in order that, so that, or so that, or by lest in the sense of in order that not, or so that not, are not Demonstrative, but Conjunctive clauses. (131.) This distinction must be carefully noted. Thus, (Believed) that he might learn." Dem. clause."(Studied) that he might learn,"=" in order that he might learn." Conj. clause. (Ran) so (rapidly) that he fell." Conj. clause. "(Ran slowly) lest he might fall,"=" in order that he might not fall." Conj. clause.

86. NOTE 3. Clauses introduced by that in the sense of who, which or whom, are Relative clauses. (41.) Thus," Something that (which) he might learn." Rel. clause.

87. REMARK. The expletives it and there are sometimes found in demonstrative clauses after the connective; as, "(Said) that it is wrong to deceive." (Remarked) that there were several others."

88. The connective is very frequently omitted; as,“ Told me (that) he would go." "Believes (that) he can do it." "Fears (lest) he may do it."

89. NOTE 1. The constituents of the demonstrative clause-form, like those of the phrase-form, (72) are sometimes divided. Thus the substantive term and the predicative term may be separated by the interposition of the principal verb, particularly in colloquial style; as," That he, thought I, will do this is manifest,"

90. REMARK. Demonstrative clauses may be in either the indicative or the potential mood; as, "Said that he did go." "Said that he could go."

91. NOTE 2. Demonstrative clauses are sometimes used adjunctively. (80) In such cases the relation-words except, save, since, in, after, before, and but are commonly used; as, " (Did wrong) in that he injured you." (Was every way successful) save that he lost his baggage." "Will not believe but that I am to blame."

92. NOTE 3. Propositions introduced by demonstrative pronouns, adverbs or adjectives, (51) are never clauses, since the above named demonstratives have no connecting power, (50) and consequently introduce independent propositions which are sentences. [See Chap. IV. Sec. 1.]

93. REMARK. Of all the substantive clauses in our language, the demonstrative is of far the most frequent occurrence. Hence its character should be thoroughly understood. EXERCISE 9.-Distinguish the different kinds of elements, the word-forms, the phrase-forms and the clause-forms. Classify the word-forms.

ILLUSTRATION. "Said that they would come." "Said" is a predicative word-form.

" is the

"That they would come" is a demonstrative clause-form, of which "they" is the substantive term of the word-form, "would come predicative term of the word-form, and that is the demonstrative connective.

"Thinks that you were spoken of."

"Thinks" is a predicative word-form.

"That you were spoken of" is a demonstrative clause-form, of which 'you—of” —“ of you" is the substantive term of the phrase-form, (72) were spoken" is the predicative term of the word-form, and "that" is the demonstrative connective.

"Said that this he spoke of."

"Said" is a predicative word-form.

"That this he spoke of" is a demonstrative clause-form, of which "he" is the substantive term of the word-form, "spoke" is the predicative term of the word-form, and "that" is the demonstrative connective.

"This—of,”="
"of this" is a demonstrative phrase-form.

1. Hopes that he will succeed. 2. Heard they had come. (88.) 3. Severs the wicked from among the just. (79.) 4. Said that he left me (76) a paper. 5. Feared he might not come. 6. The report that they were defeated. 7. "The deep ravines and dells among." 8. Science they do not pretend to. 9. Remarked that this was alluded to. 10. Said that him he had made mention of. 11. The law that we must keep the Sabbath day. 12. It is known that the earth is round. 13. Is it believed that there were many opposers to his plan? 14. " They dashed the rapid torrent through."-Scott. 15. Gave command that the enemy should be attacked at daylight. 16. All went well save that we lost our money.

Write five sentences containing demonstrative clauses.

94.

SEC. V.-THE INFINITIVE CLAUSE.

Infinitive clauses are such as have their predicative term in the infinitive mood; as, "(Wish) him to come."

95. NOTE. Infinitive clauses are sometimes introduced by an expletive; as,“ (Let) there be light." (99.) "(Believes) it to be wrong to steal."

96. The constituents of an infinitive clause-form are frequently separated. (89.) This usually occurs with passive verbs and passive participles, as in the case of certain phraseforms. (73.) Thus, " Believe him to be honest," active," He was believed to be honest." Again," Commanded the soldiers to advance,” active, "The soldiers were commanded to advance," passive.

97. REMARK. It is evident that, in the above examples, the infinitive clause expresses one and the same thought, whether with its two essential elements (64) united as after the active voice, or with them separated as with the passive voice. The grammatical form changes with a change of voice, but the logical thought remains the same (13.)

98. NOTE 1. Hence the substantive term of an infinitive clause, may be in the nominative case or in the objective case, according to its grammatical construction with the principal verb.

99. NOTE 2. The particle to, the regular sign of the infinitive, is sometimes omitted. This ellipsis occurs almost invariably after verbs of physical sensation, i. e. those of hearing, seeing, and feeling, and the verbs make, bid, let, have, help, and a few others; as, (Heard) him (to) speak." (Saw) the ship (to) move." (Felt) it (to) touch me." "(Bid) him (to) go."

100. NOTE 3. Sometimes the infinitive itself, of the copula, (the verb to be) is omitted. This omission occurs chiefly after words of saying, thinking, and making, as, "Declare him (to be) an enemy." "Made him (to be) king." Thought the work (to have been) accomplished." The substantive term, in the infinitive clause, is sometimes omitted. This ellipsis usually occurs when the substantive term and the subject of the principal verb refer to the same person, as, "Wishes (himself) to be good." "Pretends (himself) to be wise." Hopes (himself) to be made king."

If, however, different persons are referred to, the substantive term is necessarily expressed; as, "Wishes you to be good." "Expects you to be made king." This same ellipsis often occurs in the Latin under the same circumstances.

REMARK. These predicative infinitives thus used, where the substantive term is really and clearly implied, must not be confounded with substantive infinitive elements.. The latter may be easily distinguished, since they express an action, thought of in the abstract, i. e. referring to no particular person or thing, and may usually be changed to a participial substantive without modifying the sense. Thus, "To see (=seeing) is pleasant." kill a man (=killing a man) is murder."

"To

101. Infinitive clauses are often used adjunctively. (80.) In this case the relation-word for is invariably used; as, For him to act treacherously (seems strange.)" "(The command was given) for them to advance." (There is every inducement) for us to be good."

102. NOTE. Infinitive clauses may frequently be changed to demonstrative clauses without materially modifying the sense; as, " (Know) him to be noble." "(Know) that he is noble."

103. REMARK. The use of the infinitive clause in our language is very limited. the Latin and the Greek, on the contrary, it is used very extensively, indeed much the greater part of substantive clauses in the Latin are infinitive clauses.

EXERCISE 10.-Distinguish the different elements in the following.

(ILLUSTRATION. They were seen to advance.")

They to advance" is an infinitive clause-form, of which "they" is the substantive term of the word-form, and “ to advance ” is the predicative term of the word-form.

"Were seen is a predicative word-form.

"Was he thought to have stolen?" "Was thought" is a predicative word-form.

"He to have stolen " is an infinitive clause-form, of which "he" is the

substantive term of the word-form, and “to have stolen" is the predicative term of the word-form.

"It is wicked for men to deceive."

"It" is an expletive.

66 Is Is a predicative word-form.

"Wicked" is an attributive word-form.

"For men to deceive" is an adjunctive (80) infinitive clause-form, of which " men" is the substantive term of the word-form, " to deceive" is the predicative term of the word-form, and "for" is the relation-word. "Believe it to be wrong that man should fight." "Believe" is a predicative word-form. "It" is an expletive. "To be wrong that man should fight": "that man should fight to be wrong" is an infinitive clause-form, of which "that man should fight" is the substantive term of the demonstrative clause-form, "to be" is the predicative term of word-form.

"Wrong" is an attributive word-form.

1. Thinks him to be guilty. 2. He is thought to be guilty. 3. It is thought that he is guilty. 4. Is he thought to be guilty? 5. Thinks that he is guilty. 6. Is it thought that he is guilty? 7. For him to be guilty seems strange. 8. That he, thought they, should be guilty is strange. 9. The thought that he is guilty. 10. Commanded the fort to be taken. 11. Commanded that the fort should be taken. 12. Was the fort commanded to be taken? 13. The command for the fort to be taken. 14. The command that the fort should be taken. 15. They made him general. 16. He was made general. 17. For him to be made general was unfortunate. 18. It was unfortunate that he should be made general. 19. Saw the waves roll. 20. The waves

were seen to roll. 21. Were the waves seen to roll? 22. It is not unusual for the waves to roll. 23. Is it unusual that the waves should roll? 24. The fact that the waves roll. 25. Heard the winds blow. 26. Heard that the winds were blowing. 27. The winds were heard to blow. 28. That the winds, said he, should blow is not unusual. 29. It is dangerous to sail, in that the wind blows. 30. Believe it to be true that he was convicted.. 31. Thinks it to be strange for men to fight. 32. Said that it was known that he would come.

Write fifteen sentences, five, containing demonstrative clauses ; five, infinitive clauses, and five, adjunctive infinitive clauses.

SEC. VI. THE PARTICIPIAL CLAUSE.

104. Participial Clauses are such as have their predicative

term in the participial mood; as, "(Saw) the ship moving." (Heard) the band playing.”

105. Attributive participles must not be confounded with predicative participles. Thus, " (Saw) a mowing machine." Att. part. (Saw) a machine mowing." Pred. part.

Attributive participles used for description, or to express condition or state, sometimes very closely resemble those which constitute the real predicate of a participial clause. Thus, "People living in attics,' People who live, &c.," att. part. "Saved the life of those dwelling on the mountains,"" those who dwelt, &c." Att. part. "A picture of Columbus discovering America," ="Columbus, represented as discovering America." Att. part.

106. NOTE 1. As in the case of the infinitive clause, (96) the participial clause may have its constituents separated after passive verbs and passive participles; as, "(Saw) the soldiers marching." "The soldiers (were seen) marching." (Were) the soldiers (seen) marching?

107. NOTE 2. Hence, the participial clause, like the infinitive clause, may have its substantive term in the nominative case, or in the objective case, according to the grammatical construction of the same with the principal verb; as, "(Heard) her singing." (Obj. case). "She (was heard) singing. (Nom. case.)

108. NOTE 3. When, however, the subject has no grammatical connection with the principal verb, it remains in the nominative case: as, (Saw) them coming."-Obj. case. But, "They coming, (we departed)." -Nom. case.

109. NOTE 4. Frequently, however, in such cases, to save ambiguity, (and primarily, for no other reason,) the substantive term is put in the possessive case. Thus : "His being a foreigner, (saved his life)." Here the meaning is clear. If, however, we put the substantive term in the nominative case, the proposition is susceptible of two meanings. Thus : "He, being a foreigner, saved his (some person's) life." Again, "He being a foreigner, saved his (own) life."

So, likewise, primarily, for the reason above assigned, the possessive case is used in these clauses after relation-words, and verbs of hindering, preventing, encouraging, and some others, when the regular grammatical construction would have demanded the objective case; as, "(Prevented his going home." (Encouraged) their joining the army." "(Am sure of) his being present."

110. REMARK. In the above examples, the principles of grammar clearly demand the objective case; but when grammatical rules involve ambiguity, or obscurity of thought, here, as in some other cases in our language, they are necessarily disregarded. Here, again, Grammar and Logic are at variance. (9 & 12, cnd.)

111. NOTE. Participial clauses are very often used adjunctively; (80) usually with the relation-words, about, concerning, by, to, for, from, in, of, with, regarding, notwithstanding, upon, touching: as, "(A sign) of his coming." "(Spoke) of your going to Boston."

« Predošlá Pokračovať »

Knihy

One and the Same Method in English and Latin: A New and Original System ...