=

subordinate connective, (30 & 31) save only the demonstrative connective that, and lest, that with a negative; as, "If you come." "Because he went." " Though he is rich."

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132. NOTE. Clauses introduced by that, or lest, in any other than the true demonstrative sense, are conjunctive clauses; as, Came that he might see." "Fly, lest ye be destroyed."

133. Sometimes the connective is omitted; as, “Should he come." "If he should come." "Had he been present." : "If he had, &c."

=

=

As in the case of all the other clauses, the two elementary constituents may be separated; as, "Went, because his friends, as he said, desired it."

134. Conjunctive clauses may include a subordinate infinitive, participial, or relative clause; as, "Was convicted, because he was proven to be guilty." "Was acquitted, though he was seen pilfering."

135. After negative propositions and questions implying at negative, conjunctive clauses are sometimes introduced by the coordinate connective (28) but; as, “He never went out but some friend met him." "Who ever made a trial but success rewarded him?" (= No one ever, &c.)

=

EXERCISE 13.-Analyze according to the illustration. ILLUSTRATION.

has come."

"Shall rejoice if it be true that my friend

"Shall rejoice," is a predicative word-form.

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If it be true that my "that my

friend has come," is a conjunctive clause-form, of which, friend has come" is the substantive term of the demonstrative clauseform. "Be" is the predicative term of the word-form, and "if" is the subordinate connective. "It" is an expletive. "True" is an attributive word-form.

"Was condemned because he was proven to be guilty."

"Was condemned" is a predicative word-form. "Because he was proven to be guilty" is a conjunctive clause-form, of which, "he to be guilty" is the substantive term of the infinitive clause-form; was proven" is the predicative term of the word-form; and "because" is the subordinate connective.

1. Would have returned if they had come. 2. Said that they

3. Think them to have come.

had come. 4. Returned because they were believed to have come. 5. Remained, as they were observed coming. 6. The persons who, we thought, had come. 7. Were those the men who, you thought, would come? 8. Whith

er, think you, do these intend to go? (88) 9. The place whither

12.

we thought them to be going. 10. Told why he was considered dishonest. 11. Though he was poor, he was respected. Labored that he might succeed. 13. A labor that was successful. 14. Said that he was sorrowful. 15. We wish that success, in our labor. 16. Many things which I do not know what to do with. (72 & 81) 17. Matters which were talked about, 18. More than he knows what to do with. (72 & 126) 19. "He that is slothful in work, is brother to him that is a great waster." 20. "There arose a reasoning among them, which of them should be greatest." 21. "It is more needful for you that I should abide in the flesh." 22. It was agreed that what goods were aboard his vessels should be landed. (139. 5) 23. "He that hath an ear to hear, let him hear what the Spirit saith unto the churches." 24. "Purified from what appear to be its real defects." 25. "The abomination in which the Egyptians held eating (21.1) with the Hebrews, has generally been ascribed to the latter eating the flesh of those animals which the former held sacred." 26. "For man to tell how human life began, is hard." [Milton.] 27. "Thee I account still happy, and the chief among the nations, seeing thou art free." [Cowper.] 28. "All constraint, except what wisdom lays on evil men, is evil." [Ibid.]

Write fifteen sentences; three, containing relative clauses introduced by THAT; three, conjunctive clauses introduced by THAT ; and three, demonstrative clauses introduced by THAT; also, three, containing adjunctive relative clauses; and three, containing conjunctive clauses.

SEC. VIII.-RECAPITULATION.

136. LOGICAL ELEMENTS, in point of verbal expression, are divided into three classes; viz: Word-forms, Phrase-forms and Clause-forms.

137. WORD-FORMS consist of a SINGLE SIGNIFICANT WORD.

1.

forms.

nterjections, connectives, relation-words and expletives, are not considered word2. The various combinations used to indicate voice, mood and tense, including the infinitive with its prefix, to, are considered mere word-forms.

3. Word-forms may be demonstrative, infinitive, participial, relative and conjunctive. 138. PHRASE-FORMS Consist of a Substantive term and a Relation-word, logically connected.

1. Possessives, since they always involve an idea of relationship, are considered Phraseforms.

2. The Relation-word, though it properly precedes, yet it sometimes follows the Substantive term.

3. The Relation-word and the Substantive term are sometimes separated.

4. The Relation-word. is sometimes omitted. The Substantive term is likewise sometimes omitted.

5. The Substantive term may itself be a Phrase-form, or a Possessive.

6. The Substantive term may be a Clause-form.

7. Phrase-forms may be demonstrative, infinitive, participial, relative and conjunctive. 139. CLAUSE-FORMS Consist of a SUBSTANTIVE term and a PREDICATIVE term logically connected. The Substantive term is the subject.

1. Clause-forms are sometimes introduced by expletives, or they take them before the principal verb, as their grammatical representatives.

2. The Substantive term, though it properly precedes, sometimes follows the predicative. 3. The Substantive term, and the Predicative terms are sometimes separated.

4. The Substantive term is sometimes omitted.

5. The Substantive term may itself be a clause-form.

6. Clause-forms, like phrase-forms, are either demonstrative, infinitive, participial, relative, conjunctive, or possessive.

140. DEMONSTRATIVE CLAUSES are such as are introduced by the demonstrative connective, that, or lest, when equivalent to that (not).

1. The Connective is often omitted.

2. This clause is sometimes used adjunctively.

3. It may have its predicate in either the potential, or the indicative mood.

4. It has the most extensive use of any substantive clause in our language.

141. INFINITIVE CLAUSES always have their Predicative terms in the Infinitive mood.

1. The constituents of an infinitive clause are frequently separated, especially with passive verbs.

2. The subject of an infinitive clause may be either in the nominative case, or in the objective case.

3. The sign of the infinitive is often omitted.

4. Infinitive clauses are often used adjunctively.

5. Infinitive clauses may often be changed to demonstrative clauses.

6. This clause is used moderately in English, but has a more extensive use in Latin than any other substantive clause.

142. PARTICIPIAL CLAUSES always have their predicative term in the Participial mood

1. Attributive participles must not be confounded with predicative participles.

2. The constituents of a participial clause are often separated after passive verbs.

3. The subject of a participial clause may be in the nominative, the possessive, or the objective case, according as grammar or perspicuity demands.

5. Passive participles are found in these clauses, as well as active participles. This is often the case in the classical languages.

6. Participial clauses are among the most useful elements in language.

7. This clause has an extensive use in English and Latin, and is used more extensively in Greek than any other substantive clause.

143. RELATIVE CLAUSES are such as are introduced by a relative, or a relative phrase. 1. The relative may be in any grammatical case, when a pronoun.

2. The relative does not always stand at the head of its clause.

3. Relative clauses, introduced by that, must be distinguished from demonstrative clauses.

4. Relative clauses, introduced by as, must be distinguished from conjunctive clauses.

5. Relative clauses are often introduced by but, after negative propositions, and questions implying a negative.

6. Relative clauses are often used adjunctively.

7. The relative is often omitted.

8. A relative clause may include a subordinate, demonstrative, infinitive, or participial clause.

9. The relative clause is always in the indicative or potential mood.

144. CONJUNCTIVE CLAUSES are such as are introduced by a subordinate connective. 1. The connective is sometimes omitted.

2. After negative propositions and questions implying a negative, conjunctive clauses are often introduced by the co-ordinate conjunctive but.

3. Conjunctive clauses may include a subordinate infinitive, participial, or relative clause.

4. The conjunctive clause may be in the indicative,potential, or subjunctive mode.

CHAPTER III.

FORMS OF LOGICAL ELEMENTS, (CON.)

SEC. I.-DIVISION INTO ORDERS.

145. We have seen that all logical elements may be divided into three general classes, (61.) Now each of these classes may be,

146. A SIMPLE ELEMENT consists of a single word-form, phrase-form, or clause-form, unmodified; as,

WORD-FORM,-" Wisdom." "Good." "Study." PHRASE-FORM,- "Of wisdom." 66 By goodness." "To study." CLAUSE-FORM,-" If he came.' .” “That they study." "When I

saw."

147. A COMPLEX ELEMENT consists of a single word-form, phrase-form, or clause-form, and some modifying term logically combined with the same; as,

WORD-FORM, "Much wisdom.” “Very good." "Studies well.” PHRASE-FORM," Of much wisdom." "By great goodness." "To study well." "By studying books."

CLAUSE-FORM,- "That you have overcome envy with glory, which is very difficult." "That the planets are inhabited, a mere theory." "Since he is wise, which none doubt."

148. NOTE. A clause-form is complex only when the entire clause is modified. This is the case only when the subordinate is an appositive, or a relative clause introduced by what or which. The subject, or the predicate, therefore, of a clause-form, may be modified by another clause, and the clause-form itself be simple; as, "He who is honest, will succeed." (S. C-f). "He will succeed, if he is honest. (S. C-f). But," That he will succeed, which some suspect." (Cx. C-f.)

149. A compound element consists of two or more simple, or complex elements, joined by a coördinate connective; as,

WORD-FORM,-"Wisdom and goodness," "Great, good and

wise."

PHRASE-FORM," Of wisdom and of goodness," power and with great ability."

"With great

CLAUSE-FORM,-"That the earth is round and that it re

volves."

150. Thus logical elements may take three different forms, called CLASSES; and each of these three different classes may take three different kinds of modifications, called ORDERS. Hence, we have in all, nine elementary constructions for the elements of thought; viz:

1. The SIMPLE, COMPLEX and COMPOUND word-form.

2.

The SIMPLE, COMPLEX and COMPOUND PHRASE-FORM. 3. The SIMPLE, COMPLEX and COMPOUND CLAUSE-FORM. Any one of these three forms may be, likewise, both COMPLEX and COMPOUND.

151. REMARK. The following abbreviations may be used for these several forms, viz: s-Simple, cx.-Complex, CD.-Compound, Cx. & CD.-Complex and compound, s. w-f.-Simple word-form, cx. w-f.-Complex word-form, CD. w-f-Compound wordform, &c. B-Base, EL.-Element, SUB.-Substantive, PRED.-Predicative, ATT.Attributive, DEM.-Demonstrative, INF.-Infinitive, PART. Participial, REL.-Relative, CONJ.-Conjunctive, ADJUNC.-Adjunctive, POSS.-Possessive, SUBT.-Subordinate, CDT.-Co-ordinate.

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EXERCISE 14.-Analyze according to the illustration. ILLUSTRATION. "Good."-An El. of the S. W-f. "Great goodness," -An El. of the Cx. W-f. Of great goodness."-An El of the Cx. P-f. "Of wisdom and power,"-An E). of the Cd. P-f. “(Thinks) them to be wise," An El. of the S. Inf. C-f. "If he is not,”-An El. of the S. Conj. C-f. (Spoke) of his coming,"-An El. of the S. Adjunc., Part. C-f. "(Said) that he would come and that 1 must stay,”—An El. of the Cd. Dem. C-f.

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1. Wise. 2. Very wise. 3. Wise and good. 4. Very wise and very good. 5. Of wisdom. 6. Of wisdom and goodness. 7. Of great wisdom and of much goodness. 8. If he is wise. 9. If he is wise, which I believe. 10. If he is wise, and if you are good. 11. If he is wise, which I believe, and if you are good, which some doubt. 12. That he should come. 13. That the earth revolves, a mystery. (148) 14. That planets move, and that stars are fixed. 15. Until he came. 16. His coming. 17. Though he should go, and though we should remain. 18. From among the people. 19. (Thinks) that he may learn. 20. (A thought) that he may learn. 21. (Studies) that may learn. 21. That he may learn, an easy matter.

he