276. These five kinds of Imperative predicatives evidently differ not so much in the nature of the predication itself, as in the relationship of the parties concerned. Thus an imperative expression, when from a superior to an inferior, and sustained or sustainable by force, becomes Compulsion; when from a superior to an inferior but unsustained by force, it becomes a Command; when from an equal, an Exhortation; when from an inferior to a superior, an Entreaty; when no being whatever is recognized in connection with the accomplishment of the act in question, it becomes a mere Wish.

277. An Interrogative predicative term is one that asks a question; as, "Have they come?" "Will you go?"

278. An Exclamatory predicative term is one that involves feeling and emotion; as, "Has he fled!" "Did you see the King!"

279. REMARK. Though predicative terms have four uses in discourse, a single predicative term can of course perform only one office, at the same time, and in the same proposition. Hence, in Analysis, their several functions are only recognized in the classification of clauses and sentences to which they give rise (287. 299.).

EXERCISE 29.-Distinguish the logical use of the predicative terms in the following. Note each kind of imperative predi

cative.

1. He works. 2. Does he work. 3. May he work. 4. Work, men. 5. They move. 6. Have they moved! 7. Would he were here. 8. May he be spared. 9. Spare him. 10. Oh! come with 11. Charge soldiers. 12. O, that he had lived. 13. He is alive. 14. Is he alive? 15. May he be saved. 16. If only he were saved.

us.

SEC. XI. THE PREDICATIVE TERM, (Con.)

280. The predicative element may consist either of a single verb; as, "We study," or of the copula, and some significant "We are studious."

term; as,

281. The significant term thus used, since it completes the predicative element, left unfinished by the copula, is called the complement; and predicates thus formed, are termed complementary predicates.

282. The definition of a complement just given must not be confounded with that of an object (240). The complement, it will be seen, completes the predication itself, and is an essential element of the predicative term, whereas the objective element completes the meaning of the predicative term, and is a subordinate element to the same.

283. The complementary element is found most commonly with the copula. It occurs, however, with several other verbs

having nearly the same force; as, "She walks a queen." fell short." "A lion he stalks."-Milton.

It is also used with certain verbs denoting,

"It

(1.) Obligation; as, "Ought to study." "Have to work."
(2.) Habit; as, "Am wont to read." "Am accustomed to

ride.

(3.) Volition; as,
(4.) Repetition; as, "Kept speaking."
ing me."

"Am willing to go."

66

Keeps interrupt

281. Sometimes a preposition or adverb is used simply as the complement of a verb, as, "Burn up." (= consume.) "Stand out." (= resist.) "Cast up." (= reckon.) "Make up." (= constitute.) away the time."

66

Pass

285. REMARK. The preposition thus used must be carefully distinguished from those real relation-words which are sometimes found with passive verbs, and constitute a part of a phrase-form, (72). The difference is manifest. When complementary the preposition has no force whatever as a relation-word. Thus, "They light up a fire." (= kindle.) Here up marks no relation whatever, hence, it is complementary. They spoke to Brown." Here to is certainly a relation-word. Passive," Brown was spoken to," (= to Brown (it) was spoken.") Here to is evidently still a relation-word; but, "A fire was lighted up,' " is evidently not up a fire (it) was lighted.

286. It must be remembered that the verb and the complement together constitute the predicative element. Thus, "We are willing to study our lessons." Here "willing to study" is the predicative term, of which "willing" is the verb proper and " to study" the complement. In analysis we distinguish the two kinds of predicatives, terming the one the simple verb-form and the other the complementary verb-form. They may be abbreviated thus, S. V-f. Simple verb-form. Comp. V-f. Complementary verb-form.

=

=

EXERCISE 30.-Analyze according to illustrations.

ILLUSTRATIONS.

"Saw them sailing."

An element of the Cx. W-f.; of which "saw" is the B. of the S. V-f. and modified by "them sailing" an Obj. El. of the Part. C-f. "Them" is the Subj of the S. W-f., and "sailing" is the Pred. of the S. W-f.

An element of the Cx. W-f.; of which "might have heard" is the B. of the S. V-f. and modified by "you sing" an Obj. El. of the Inf. C-f. "You" is the Subj. and "sing" (= to sing) is the Pred. of the S. W-f.

"Believe him to be wise."

An element of the Cx. W-f.; of which "believe" is the B. of the S. V-f. and modified by " him to be wise an Obj. El. of the Inf. C-f. "Him" is the Subj. and "to be wise" is the Predicate of the Comp. V-f.; of which "to be" is the Predv. of the S. W-f. and "wise" is the Comp. of the S. W-f.

"Walks a queen."

An element of the Comp. V-f.; of which "walks" is the Predv. of the

S. W-f. and "a queen" is the Comp. of the Cx. W-f.
B. and modified by α an Adj. El. of the S. W-f.

66

"Are accustomed to learn our lessons."

Queen" is the

An element of the Cx. W-f.; of which "are accustomed to learn" is the B. of the Comp. V-f. (of which "are accustomed" is the Predv. of the S. W-f. and "to learn" is the Comp. of the S. W-f.) and modified by our lessons" an Obj. El. of the Cx. W-f. "Lessons" is the B. and modified by "our" an Adj. El. of the S. P-f.

66

"Was a man of great wisdom, learning and power."

An element of the Comp. W-f.; of which "was" is the Predv. of the S. V-f. and the remainder the Comp. of the Cx. W-f. "Man" is the B. and modified by the remainder an Adj. El. of the Cx. and Cd. P-f. of which "wisdom, learning and power" is the B. and modified by great" an Adj. El. of the S. W-f. The co-ordinates are copulative.

66

An element of the Cx. W-f.; of which "ought to have secured" is the B. of the Comp. V-f. ("ought" is the Predv. and "to have secured" the Comp.) and modified by "the position" an Obj. El. of the Cx. W-f. "Position" is the B. and modified by "the" an Adj. El. of the S. W-f.

1. Was willing to go to the war. 2. Keeps speaking to me. 3. Was wont to walk these streets. 4. Walks a beautiful queen. 5. Should have been willing to learn his lesson. 6. Burned up many buildings. 7. Was accustomed to ride in the morning. 8. Ought to have learned something by experience. 9. Was wholly made up of the working classes. 10. Was of the purest and noblest English blood. 11. Thinks him to be the finest speaker. 12. Heard the band playing a beautiful air. 13. Made him President by an overwhelming vote. 14. "They are written for our admonition upon whom the ends of the world are come."-Bible. 15. And rivers run potable gold."-Milton. 16. "Simon's wife's mother lay sick of a fever.”—Bible. 17. "I have sinned in that I have betrayed the innocent blood."―Bible.

SEC. XII.-THE PREDICATIVE TERM, (Con.)
DIVISION OF PROPOSITIONS.

287. We have seen that Predicative terms may perform four distinct offices. Now these four methods of predication determine the general logical character of all propositions considered as a whole, in respect to the method of statement. Hence all propositions, whether sentences or clauses, may be divided into four clauses, viz:

1. The Declarative.

2. The Imperative.

3. The Interrogative.
4. The Exclamatory.

288. Declarative sentences are sometimes introduced by the expletives it and there; as "It is cowardly to lie.” "There was a man." The Substantive term sometimes follows: as “Narrow is the way."

289. In Imperative sentences the Substantive term (or subject) is commonly omitted; as" Soldiers, advance (ye)." They are frequently introduced with the verb let or be and with the auxiliary do; as, "Let me go." "Be not overcome of evil." "Do not steal." When the imperative expresses a wish the sentence often commences with the auxiliary would, or the interjection O, Oh; as, "Would that he were alive." "O that he

were here."

290. Imperative sentences sometimes take the form of declarative sentences; as, "Thou shalt not kill."

291. Interrogative sentences generally commence with an interrogative, word or phrase, (46) an auxiliary, or the copula ; "What is it?" "Whence came you?" "To whom did you speak?" "Have they come?" "Are they here?"

as,

292. Interrogative sentences, having a negative predicate, usually imply an affirmative answer. When such an answer is implied, they are termed affirmative interrogative sentences; as, "Did they not come?" (yes). When a negative answer is implied they are termed negative interrogative sentences.

293. Interrogative sentences differ in construction from declarative sentences, chiefly in the relative position of the substantive and predicative terms. In the declarative sentence the subject stands first; in the interrogative, the copula or auxiliary comes before the subject; as, "He was there" (Dec. sen.). "Was he there?" (Int. sen.). "You were there" (Dec. sen.). "Were you there?" (Int. sen.)

294. The interrogative frequently commences with the auxiliaries do and did, "when the same would not be used in the declarative form; as, "They came " (Dec. sen.). "Did they come?" (Int. form). Not so however in solemn and poetic style, as, "Believest thou?" instead of "Dost thou believe?"

295. Exclamatory sentences often commence with the interrogatives what and how; as, "What a spectacle was that!" “How grand was the scene!"

296. Sentences may be used as substantive clements in a proposition, and may thus, like clauses, perform all the five offices of a substantive term. Thus "Socrates was accustomed to say, Know thy self." (Obj. Sen.) "Blessed are the meek," was spoken by Christ. (Subj. Sen.) The remark, "Rare are solitary woes," is found in Young's Night Thoughts. (App. Sen.) The command is, "Thou shalt not steal." (Predv. Sen.)

297. The constituents of an objective sentence are sometimes separated by the interposition of the main proposition; as, In the beginning, God, says Moses, created the Heaven and the Earth.

298. Sentences used as substantive elements with words of saying, knowing, thinking, &c., constitute what many grammarians term Direct Quotation, in distinction from clauses thus used, which they term Indirect Qutation or Oblique narration; as, “He said, 'I will go." (Dir. Quotation)-Obj. sentence. "He said that he would go." (Indir. Quotation,)-Obj. clause.

EXERCISE 31.-Analyze according to illustrations. ILLUSTRATIONS. "Blessed are the meek,' was spoken by Christ."

66

A declarative sentence. "Blessed are the meek" is the Subj. and the remainder is the Pred. The Subj. is of the Dec. Sen.-form; of which "the meek" is the Subj. of the Cx. W-f. of which "meek" is the B. and modified by "the" an Adj. El. of the S. W-f. "Are blessed" is the Pred. of the Subjective sentence of the Comp. V-f. of which are" is the Predv. of the S. W-f. and "blessed" is the Comp. of the S. W-f. The Pred. of the proposition is of the Cx. W-f. of which "was spoken" is the B. of the S. V-f. and modified by "by Christ" an Adv. El. of the S. P-f.

"The command is, 'Thou shalt not kill.'

A declarative sentence. "The command" is the Subj. and the remainder is the Pred: The Subj. is of the Cx. W-f.; of which "command" is the B. and modified by "the" an Adj. El. of the S. W-f. The Pred. is of the Comp. V-f. of which "is" is the predicative, and the remainder is the Comp. of the Imp. Sen.-form. "Thou" is the Subj. of the S. W-f. and "shalt not kill" is the Pred. of the Cx. W-f. of which "shall kill" is the B. of the S. V-f. and modified by "not" an Adv. El. of the S. W-f.

6

"Socrates was accustomed to say Know thyself.''

A declarative sentence. "Socrates" is the Subj. and the remainder is the Pred. The Subj. is of the S. W-f. The Pred. is of the Cx. W-f.; of which "accustomed to say " is the B. of the Comp. V-f. ("Accustomed" is the predicative of the S. W-f. and "to say" is the Comp. of the S. W-f.) and modified by "know thyself" an Obj. El. of the Imp. Sen.-form. "Thou or gou understood is the Subj. and "know thyself" is the Pred. of the Cx. W-f.; of which "know" is the B. of the S. W-f. and modified by "thyself" an Obj. El. of the S. W-f.

1. He said "Go in peace." 2. The remark, "Physician, heal thyself," is found in the Bible. 3. "You are now convinced,” said Zanthus, "it was not my fault that the present miscarried." 4. Esop replied that he had exactly fulfilled his commands; for, "What," said he, "is worse than the tongue?" 5. Pilate said,