word is from the O. Fr. foil, Lat. folium, a leaf, and the original use of the word was for the metal surface in which jewels were set, and which was so arranged as to set the jewels off to the best advantage. frets (ii. 2. 2), wears away; it is the O. E. fretan from an orig. Germanic fra-etan, 'to eat away' (cf. Goth. fra-itan and M.H.G. fressen). O. E. fretan, like its simple form etan, was originally strong, but became weak in M.E. From the physical sense of eating away has been derived the metaphysical force of the modern verb to fret'. gage (i. 3. 173), engage, pledge. O. Fr. gager and gage, a pledge' The word is of Teutonic origin, found in Gothic under the form wadi from an earlier wadjo, O.E. wedd (cf. wedding). The Mod. E. wage and wager are from the Anglo-Norman forms of the Continental French gager: cf. warrant and guarantee, warden and guardian. gammon (ii. 1. 19), the ham or haunch of a pig. From N. Fr. gambon (cf. Mod. Fr. jambon), O. Fr. gambe, a leg. grief (i. 3. 51), physical pain. M.E. grief, gref; O.F. grief, gref, Lat. gravis, heavy, sad. harness (iii. 2. 101), armour, men in armour. The old sense of the word is armour generally, and with this the etymology of the word agrees. O.Fr. harnas, Breton, houarn, O. Welsh, haiarn= iron. The word was formerly used much more for the armour of men than of horses. humorous (iii. 1. 231), whimsical. The word humour means literally moisture, and in ancient and mediæval physiology the humours were the four fluids (blood, phlegm, choler, melancholy) the relative proportions of (B 101) which in any person determined his state of health. Hence the mental application of the word 'humour (cf. "Every Man in his Humour ") arose out of the physical. Thus humorous meant first 'moist', then 'subject to moods', 'whimsical', 'odd'; while from the idea of oddness arose the modern sense of 'jocular'. hurlyburly (v. 1. 78), tumultuous. Shakespeare uses the word both as adjective and noun. Cf. Macbeth: "When the hurly-burly's done". The word is not found before the sixteenth century. Hurly connected with hurling, violent, and the verb to hurl, and burly seems to be merely an initially varied repetition of the word (Murray). Cf. Skimble - scamble (1 Henry IV, iii. 1. 153). impeach (i. 3. 75), bring a charge against. This word, which appears in the form appeach in Richard II, means literally 'to catch by the feet, entangle' (Murray), from an O.F. form of Mod. F. empêcher, Lat. impedicare, pedicam, a snare', pes, pedem, a foot'. impressed (i. 1. 21). According to Wedgwood and Skeat this word is a derivative from press, and has no connection with the Lat. impressare. To press soldiers (cf. press-gang) did not mean to compel them to serve, but to give them earnest-money as a pledge of service. "It is quite certain", says Skeat, "that press is a corruption of the old word prest-ready, because it was customary to give earnest money to a soldier on entering service, just as to this day a recruit receives a shilling. This earnest - money was called prestmoney, i.e. ready-money advanced, and to give a man such money was to imprest him, now corruptly written impress." lewd (iii. 2. 13), vulgar, base. M. E. lewed, O.E. lewede, 'lay, unlearned', also used as a substantive * layman'. The word looks like a formation from the O.E. weak verb laewar to betray), but the diference of meaning is against this. Possibly it is a derivative from the Lat. laicus, or laicatus, though the appearance of a win O. E. for the Lat. c makes this questionable. lieve iv. 2. 17). glad. Another form of ef. M.E. lg, lect O.E. if. The phrase. I had as lief arose in M. E. times, and gradually replaced the oider use with the verb 'to be and the dative of the person. Thus the Cotton MS. of the Carson Mundi reads us lever ware, the Fairfax MS. we had leyver. manage ( 3 46), control, direction. It is used here in its original sense as a technical term for borse-management. The word is from the O. Fr. manege, and ultimately from the Lat. manun me. Shakespeare preserves the use of the oid dative me, which corresponds fairly closely to the so-called ethical dative of Latin Sybiax Sometimes me has the force of to my cost', eg.: "See how this river comes we cranking in. And cuts me from the best of all my land A huge half-moon Henry iii. 1. 98-100) In other cases its meaning is far less definite, and serves simply to draw the attention to the personality of the speaker, eg. "He presently, as greatness knows itself, Steps me a little higher than his Now" a Henr 27, IN. 3. 74, 75Less frequently the other personal pronouns are used in this way, e.g.. “And a' would manage you his piece tbus, and Come you in and come ww out" 12 Henry 14, ili 2. 304Mere its use is probably intended to give a familiar, colloquial air to the speech. For other uses of this dative see Abbot's Shakespearean Grammar, § 220. moe fiv. 4 31), more. M.E. mi, mc, O.E. mā The O.E. mā is the neuter form of the masc. and fem mara, more', and was also used adverbially. Shakespeare's use of it-many moe corrivals "-probably arose out of its O.E. use with the partitive gentive, eg. ma manna, *more of men' master (v. 1. 133, a review. M.E.. MANUSITE, O. F. MDSETE, another form of monstre, a pattern. From Lat monstrare, to show. The word is thus etymologically allied to monster. monce, for the nonce (1. 2. 157) for the once. Older forms of the phrase are for then ones, for then CUTLES. The initial of nonce thus belongs properly to the denize article, being the dative ending (O.E. tham, than, while the es of OTES, ORES, Once is a genitive inflection ought. 3. 128,, owed. ME owen, O. E agan The original meaning of the verb is to possess', of the Mod E adjective 'own' and the derivative verb '10 own. From the idea of possession there developed in M. E. the idea of obligation and also that of indebtedness. The verb appears first of all as an auxilary in Lavamon's Brut ( 1180), be an to don' be must do, while the use of mught, as Shakespeare uses it here, is found as early as WFclife-that owgie to him ten thousand talentis, which Tyndale renders wtache ought bym ten thousande talenties outlaw div. 3. 381. The word occurs already in O.E. under the form aliaga but is a borrowing from the Scand atingi. Cf. fellow > Scand, félagi. passion (ii. 4. 364), strong emotion. M. E. passiun, O. Fr. passion, Lat. passionem > pati, to suffer. The original idea of 'suffering' has been partly merged in the idea of the strong feeling which accompanies the suffering. pellmell (v. 1. 82), confused; usually an adv., confusedly. From O.Fr. pelle-melle (usually spelt pesle-mesle, cf. Mod. Fr. pêle-mêle), from pelle, a shovel, and mesler (Mod. Fr. mêler), to mix, Lat. pala + misculare, miscere. popinjay (i. 3. 50), a parrot, thence a coxcomb. M.E. popingay > O. Fr. papegai; the n is excrescent as in messenger, > O. Fr. messager. The second part of the word is from O. Fr. gai, gay (cf. jay > Fr. geai), so called because of its gay plumage. The origin of the first part, papa, is uncertain; possibly it is a mimetic form. Cf. Bavarian pappel, a parrot, lit. a babbler. There is another form of the word in O. Fr. papegau (Ital. papagallo), where the second part of the word is clearly from Lat. gallus, a cock. pouncet-box (i. 3. 38), a small box containing aromatic spices; pounce is another form of pumice, used in the sense of powdered pumice-stone, and then transferred to other kinds of powder, especially scented powders; Fr. ponce, pierre ponce, Lat. pumex, pumicem. profited (iii. 1. 165), proficient; from M.E. profit, O. Fr. profit, Lat. profectum, proficere, to make progress. Shakespeare's use of the word here keeps close to the original (Latin) idea of making progress. rascal (ii. 2. 5). The word means literally a hart under six years of age, and is used by Shakespeare in the sense of a lean deer in As You Like It (iii. 3. 58); the M.E. form is raskaille. The word, being a term of the chase, is probably of Norman French origin, and Skeat connects it with O. Fr. rascler, to scrape, the rascal deer being the outcasts or 'scrapings' of the herd, unfit for shooting. sad (passim), serious, grave. Under the form sad it occurs with many meanings in M. E., but the original sense is sated (O.E. saed), cf. Lat. sat, satis. From the idea of sated' seems to have sprung that of 'heavy' (still used in speaking of bread), thence 'serious', and finally sorrowful'. scandalized (i. 3. 154), disgraced. The M. E. scandal, scandle, is from O.Fr. escandle, Lat. scandalum, Gk. oxávdaλov, a snare. The metaphorical use of the word in the sense of a stumbling block occurs in the Greek Testament (see Matthew xviii. 7). Scot (i. 3. 214). There is probably a reference here to the phrase scot and lot which Falstaff uses in v. 4. 114. This phrase means literally 'contribution and share'. Skeat explains scot = contribution, as "that which is 'shot' into the general fund"; scot and shot are thus doublets. strappado (ii. 4. 226), a form of torture; the word has assumed a Spanish form, but, according to Skeat, is from the Italian strappata, a pulling, wringing, Ital. strappare, to pull. subornation (i. 3. 163), the crime of procuring another to do a bad action. From suborn, Fr. suborner, Lat. sub + ornare, to furnish in an underhand way. tall (i. 3. 62), stout. M.E. tal, tall. Chaucer uses the word in the sense of docile ("So humble and tall", Compleynt of Mars), and this is not far from its original sense of fit, suitable. The O.E. form is found only in compounds, e.g. ungetal, inconvenient. Cf. Goth. untals, disobedient, and gatils, suitable. The change of meaning from docile to stout, and then to lofty is not easly traced Siceat adduces a Celtic word al = lofty. touch Fr. 4 to) test: M.E. toucten, F: tracher of Ital taccare The Romance forms of this word are usually traced to the Germanic biker. Goth. tanica to draw 0.HG. J hon also suichen (c£ Mod G suchen, to twisch varlet 2. 23), scoundrel From the O.F. variet, vasict, a dimpartive of vassal, L. L. 5sadar, a diminutive of same domestic. The root is Celtic, the Breton form being gaz, the Weish a boy servant". Kolet as well as good are from the same Celtic root. wansom f. L 103 Stranded From M.E. martiger and wontrner. Iteraly deficient in waning, ME. gez, CE Ag being the past participle of CIE. taun, train to draw editoFor this use of the prefix won of wanlige = despair. cate. GENERAL INDEX TO NOTES Amamon, ii. 4. 321. Bible quoted, i. 2. 83. Daniel's Civil Wars quoted, Ecce signum! ii. 4. 159. Falstaff's cowardice, v. 3. 35: Gadshill, i. 2. 117. Herford quoted, i. 1. 35; i. 2. his used for its, i. 1. 18. Kendal green, ii. 4. 211. Knight of the Burning Lamp, Lincolnshire bagpipe, i. 2. 71. Maid Marian, iii. 3. 109. Occleve quoted, v. 2. 66. painted cloth, iv. 2. 24. personification, i. 3. 102; i. 3. prophecies of dying people, puns, i. 2. 39; i. 3. 41; i. 3. Ravenspurgh, i. 3. 248. Shakespeare's allusions to |