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CONTENTS.
BOOK THE FIRST.
CHAPTER I.
Various plans of historical prelections-Chronological method-Method of
treating history as subservient only to the science of politics-Plan of the
present work-Division by epochs rejected, and why-A predominant nation
always the principal object-Ancient history-Greece-Collateral objects,
Egypt, Phoenicia, &c.-Views of government, science, arts, &c.-Rome, its
collateral and incidental objects of history-Decline of the empire-Gothic
nations-Modern history-Saracens-Charlemagne-Laws, &c. of that age
-Britain-Continental European kingdoms-Crusades-Russia, Switzerland
-Fall of Eastern empire-Moors-Portuguese discoveries-The Reforma-
tion-Asia-India-Revolt of the Netherlands-Age of Henry IV. and Eliza-
beth-Revolution and close of British history-Spain-France-Sweden-
Age of Louis XIV.-Charles XII.-Peter the Great-Conclusion-Progress
of Science and Literature in Europe. .
CHAPTER II.
Earliest Ages of the World-Early History of Assyria-Of Egypt-Invasion
of the Shepherd Kings.
CHAPTER III.
On the nature of the first Governments, and on the Manners and Customs,
Laws, Arts, and Sciences of the early Nations.
CHAPTER IV.
OF THE EGYPTIANS-Early Civilization-Inundation of the Nile-Govern-
ment--Laws- -Manners-Arts-Obelisks and Pyramids-Sciences-Philoso-
phical Opinions-Character.
CHAPTER V.
OF THE PHONICIANS Alphabetic Writing Sanchoniatho-Navigation—
Tyre.
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CHAPTER VI.
THE GRECIAN HISTORY-Earliest period of the History of Greece-The
Titans-Cecrops-Chronicle of Paros-Areopagus-Deluge of Deucalion--
Council of the Amphictyons-Cadmus-Introduction of Letters.
CHAPTER VII.
Reflections on the first and rudest periods of the Grecian History-Extreme
Barbarism of the Aborigines-Circumstances which retarded Civilization—
Origin of the Greek Theology-Uncertainty of Mythological Researches-
Superstitious Character of the Greeks-Oracles-Games-Effects of them
on the National Character.
51
58
CHAPTER VIII.
Early period of the Greek history continued-Earliest state of agriculture in
Greece-Erectheus institutes the Eleusinian Mysteries-Obtains the sove-
reignty of Attica-Theseus unites the cities of Attica-This the age of the
marvellous-End of that period-Expedition of the Argonauts-Course of
their voyage-The solstitial and equinoctial points fixed by Chiron-This
the foundation of Sir Isaac Newton's chronology-Twofold proof on which
it rests-Progress of maritime affairs in Greece-State of the military art-
War of Thebes-War of the Epigonoi-War of Troy-Ancient system of
warfare The tactic or arrangement of their troops-Subsistence of the
armies—Arms—The war of the Heraclide-Change of government in Greece
-Commencement of the democracy of Athens-Origin of the Greek colonies
--Causes of their rapid advancement.
CHAPTER IX.
THE REBUBLIC OF LACEDÆMON--Origin Divided Sovereignty - Brown's
Theory of the Spartan Constitution examined-Reform of Lycurgus-Senate
-Limitation of the Kingly Power-Regulation of Manners-Equal Partition
of Land among all the Citizens-Iron Money-Arts prohibited and confined
to Slaves-Public Tables-Education-Defects of the System of Lycurgus
-Its effects on Manners-Theft authorized-Cruelty-Idleness-Creation
of the Ephori..
67
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CHAPTER X.
THE REPUBLIC OF ATHENS-Revolution in the States of Attica-Rega
Government abolished - Perpetual Archons-Draco-Solon-His Institu-
tions—Senate—Areopagus re-established-Power of the Popular Assemblies
-Laws-Ostracism-Appeal from all Courts to the People-Manners-Rev-
enue-Grecian History continued, Pisistratus, Hippias, and Hipparchus-
Alcmæonidæ.
CHAPTER XI.
ORIGIN OF THE PERSIAN MONARCHY-End of the first Assyrian Empire-Era
of Nabonassar-Monarchy of the Medes; Dejoces, Phraortes, Cyaxares,
Nobopolassar-Nabuchodonozor II.-Captivity of the Jews-Cyrus the elder
-Cambyses-Darius, son of Hystaspes-Conquest of Babylon-His War
against the Scythians-His conquest of India-Government, Customs, and
Manners of the Persians-Education of their Princes-General Education
of the Persian Youth-National Character of the Persians-Military Char-
acter-Government-Administration of Justice-Religion of the Ancient
Persians-Zoroaster; Uncertainty of his History-The Second Zoroaster-
Translation of the Zendavesta by Anquetil-Cosmogony of the Zendavesta
-Manicheism-Practical and Moral parts of the Persian Religion-The
Sadder-Change in the Manners of the Persians-State of Greece at the
time of the Persian War.
BOOK THE SECOND.
113
HISTORY OF GREECE, continued-Origin and cause of the WAR WITH PERSIA
--Commencement of hostilities-Battle of Marathon-Miltiades-Aristides
-Themistocles-Invasion of Greece by Xerxes-Banishment of Aristides-
Thermopyla-Salamis-Platea and Mycale-Disunion of the Greeks-Cimon
-Pericles-Decline of the patriotic spirit.
127
Administration of Pericles-Peloponnesian War-Siege of Platea-Alcibiades
—Lysander-The Thirty Tyrants-Thrasybulus-Death of Socrates-Re-
treat of the Ten Thousand-War with Persia terminated by the Peace of
Antalcidas. 143
REPUBLIC OF THEBES-Pelopidas and Epaminondas-Battle of Leuctra-of
Mantinea-General Peace and its consequences-Philip of Macedon-The
Sacred War-Demosthenes-Battle of Charonea-Designs of Philip against
Persia-His death.
161
ALEXANDER THE GREAT takes and destroys Thebes-Submission of the Gre-
cian States-Alexander declared General of the Armies of Grace-Battle
of the Granicus-Issus-Siege of Tyre-Expedition into Egypt-Battle of
Arbela-Alexander at Persepolis-Expedition to India-Return to Susa-
Enters Babylon, and dies-Division of his Empire-Kingdom of Egypt-of
Syria.
177
Flourishing state of Egypt under the Ptolemies-Greece after the death o
Alexander-Achaian league-Revolution at Lacedæmon-Ambitious designs
of Philip II. of Macedon draw on him the vengeance of the Romans--Their
aid solicited by the Etolians-Macedon conquered-Greece becomes a Ro-
man province.
198
Political reflections arising from the history of Greece-Retrospective view-
Constitutional defects in the .eading republics-A pure democracy is a chi-
mera-All government essentially of the nature of a monarchy-Error of
Montesquieu's theory-Ferguson's idea of a perfect republic-Democracy
unfavorable to patriotism-Danger of generalizing in politics-A rude state
of society favorable to patriotism-Greece a strong instance of this-Charac-
ter of Greece after the Roman conquest.
CHAPTE... VII.
213
The Greeks not eminent in the Useful Arts-Commerce-Superiority in the
Fine Arts-Greek Architecture-Gothic Architecture-Sculpture-Inferi-
ority of the Moderns-Greek religion favorable to Sculpture and Painting---
Greek Painters.
223
Public games of Greece-Effects on character-Manners-Poetical composition
anterior to prose - Homer-Hesiod-Archilochus-Terpander-Sappho-
Pindar-Anacreon-The Greek epigram-The Greek comedy, distinguished
into the old, the middle, and the new-Aristophanes Menander—Greek
tragedy-Eschylus-Euripides-Sophocles-Mode of dramatic representa-
tion-The ancient drama set to music-The Mimes and Pantomimes-Of the
Greek historians-Herodotus-Thucydides-Xenophon-Polybius-Diodo-
rus Siculus-Dionysius of Halicarnassus-Arrian-Plutarch.
237
GREEK PHLIOSOPHY-Ionic Sect-Thales-Anaximander-Anaximenes-An-
axagoras-Italic Sect-Pythagoras-Empedocles, &c. -Eleatic Sect-Zeno
-Leucippus-Democritus-Heraclitus-Socrates-Cyrenaic Sect—Aristip-
pus-Cynics Diogenes-Megaric Sect-Plato-Peripatetics-Aristotle-
Sceptics-Pyrrho-Stoics-Epicureans-Reflections.
260
BOOK THE THIRD
THE ROMAN HISTORY-Earliest Periods of the History of Rome-Etruscans-
Foundation of Rome-Disputed accounts of-Romulus-Rape of the Sabines
--Origin of the Political Institutions of the Romans-Union with the Sabines
-Numa-His Institutions--Tullus Hostilius-Ancus Martius-Tarquinius
Priscus.
282
SERVIUS TULLIUS, sixth King of Rome-His Political Talents-Artful division
of the People into Classes and Centuries--The Census-Lustrum--Tarqui