2. machinae] The machines here mentioned are called by Cæsar (B. C. ii. 10) phalangae.' They were rollers. Vessels were drawn up on shore from the Ides of November to the Ides of March, during which time "Defendens pisces hiemat mare (S. ii. 2. 17). As to Favonius' see C. iii. 7. 2. The usual word for 'to launch' (for which trahunt' is here used) is deducere,' the reverse of which, to haul up on shore,' is 'subducere.'

3. neque -aut -nec] The two first of these form one branch of the senNeque (pecus aut arator) gaudet nec prata

tence, and the last the other.

albicant." See C. ii. 3, at the beginning.

4. canis-pruinis] The hoar-frost.

5. imminente Luna,] with the moon overhead.' 'Cytherea Venus' is unusual, but is analogous to Φοίβος Απόλλων.

6. Junctaeque Nymphis] Nymphis' is dative. 'comely.' See C. 30. 5, and 7, n.

Translate decentes'

7. graves] This epithet may have a variety of meanings. Perhaps Horace meant 'laborious.' The eruptions of Etna, where the thunderbolts of Jove were supposed to be forged, taking place chiefly in the summer and early autumn, the Cyclops are fitly represented as preparing these bolts in spring.

66

8. urit] This seems to be an adaptation of péyer, lights up,' and is an unusual sense for uro.' Ovid (Fast. iv. 473) has Antraque Cyclopum, positis exusta caminis," which was possibly imitated from this.

9. nitidum i. e. with oil. C. ii. 7. 22, n.; Epp. i. 5. 14, n.

11. Fauno decet immolare] The Faunalia took place on the Ides of December. But a lesser festival was observed on the Ides of February, at the advent of Faunus (Pan, the two being identified by the later Romans). See C. iii. 18. At that time the flocks and herds went out to graze, and the god was invoked for their protection. 'Immolare' admits of two constructions with an ablative, as (Livy xli. 14) "immolantibus Jovi singulis bubus"; and with an accusative, as (Virg. Aen. x. 519) "inferias quas immolet umbris." Horace himself has the latter construction elsewhere (S. ii. 3. 164): "Immolet aequis hic porcum Laribus." So Virgil (Ecl. iii. 77), "facias vitula."

1

13. pulsat] Ovid, Heroid. xxi. 46, Persephone nostras pulsat acerba

fores."

14. Reges This word is commonly applied to the rich by Horace, and by Terence too, as Phormio (i. 2. 20): "O! regem me esse opportuit." The Romans, after the expulsion of the kings, used the terms rex,' 'regnum,' regnare,' for the most part, in an invidious sense. — ‘ . Beatus' means one who is rich and lives free from misfortunes. Sestius shared the defeat of Brutus at Philippi, but returning to Rome he was favored by Augustus, and rose to be consul.

This word means properly to begin a
The derivation is uncertain.

15. inchoare] To enter upon.' thing and not to bring it to an end. 16. premet] From this word, which belongs more properly to 'nox,' we must understand appropriate words for Manes' and 'domus.' Orelli supplies circumvolitabunt' and 'teget.'

fabulaeque Manes] This is explained by Juv. S ii. 149:

"Esse aliquid (or aliquos) Manes —

Nec pueri credunt nisi qui nondum aere lavantur."

Persicus has imitated Horace, S. v. 152: "cinis et Manes et fabula fics." 'Fabulae,' therefore, signifies unreal.' See Epp. ii. 2. 209, n. —‘Exilis' is 'bare,' as in Epp. i. 6. 45: "Exilis domus est qua non et multa supersunt." -Simul' is used commonly by Horace for simul ac,'' as soon as.' 'Mirabere,' as expressing affection, savors of the Greek davμáčew. It occurs again Epod. iii. 10. As to 'talis,'' dice,' see S. ii. 3. 171, n.

It was usual

at feasts for one to be chosen by lot, or by throw of dice, president, called by the Greeks ovμToσiaрxos, and by the Romans 'rex bibendi' or 'magister bibendi,' his office being principally to regulate the quantity and quality of wine to be drunk. Compare C. ii. 7. 25.

ODE V.

THIS is a graceful fancy poem. It expresses a lover's jealousy, under the pretence of being glad to escape from the toils of an inconstant mistress. He supposes her to be at this time engaging the affections of some inexperienced youth unknown, who is embarked on the dangerous sea from which he has himself barely escaped. Milton has made a good translation

of this Ode.

ARGUMENT.

- What slender youth art thou toying with now, Pyrrha ? He thinks, poor, credulous boy, it will always be thus with thee, and will timidly wonder when the tempest ariseth. I pity those who have no experience of thee; for my part, I have escaped out of the storm, as the walls of the Sea-god show, whereon my dripping garments and the picture of my wreck are hung.

1. multa -in rosa on a bed of roses.' 5. Simplex munditiis?]

Munditia,' in the singular and plural, signifies elegance of dress without pretension. Translate 'plain in thy neatness.' 6. Mutatosque deos] Mutatos' applies equally to 'fidem' and 'deos.' See C. ii. 1, n.

8. Emirabitur] This word is not found in other good authors. I is a stronger form of miror,' which is a common effect of 'e' and 'de' in composition, as, among many other instances, decertantem' in the third Ode. Demiror' is a word used by Cicero and others, and adopted here by some editors. Insolens' is either used absolutely or with a

genitive.

9. aurea ;] 'All gold' is Milton's translation, and none other that I know of will do. It implies perfection, just as aurea mediocritas' signifies that perfect state which transgresses neither to the right nor to the left. So Homer calls Venus xpvoéa frequently.

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10. vacuam,] heart-free.' Elige de vacuis quam non sibi vindicet alter," Ov. Herod. xx. 149. See also C. i. 6. 19: Cantamus vacui sive quid urimur." - Amabilem Gesner understands actively. It may be either, or both. See C. i. 3. 22.

13. tabula] This practice of persons escaped from shipwreck hanging up in the temple of Neptune or other sea-god a picture representing their wreck and the clothes they escaped in, is mentioned twice again by Horace, S. ii. 1. 33; A. P. 20. Also, among many others, by Virgil, Aen. xii 768: Servati ex undis ubi figere dona solebant

Laurenti divo, et votas suspendere vestes."

The temples of Isis in particular were thus adorned, after the introduction of her worship into Rome, which was not till quite the latter years of the Republic. She was worshipped in Greece as Пeλayia, and the Romans placed themselves under her protection at sea. Juvenal asks (S. xii. 28): "Pictores quis nescit ab Iside pasci?" There is a little confusion in the sentence; for Horace says, the wall shows with its votive picture that he has hung up his clothes to the sea-god.' This may be accounted for if we suppose that he meant to say, 'the wall with its picture shows that he has

escaped drowning,' to which the other is equivalent, but expresses more, namely, the hanging up of the clothes.

15. potenti―maris]

i 3. 1

Potenti' governs 'maris,' as "potens Cypri," C.

ODE VI.

THIS Ode is addressed to M. Vipsanius Agrippa, the friend and general, and at a later time the son-in-law, of Augustus. It was probably written after the battle of Actium, where Agrippa commanded the fleet of Augustus against M. Antonius. He may have asked Horace to write an ode in his honor, and he declines in a modest way, professing to be unequal to such high exploits, which he places on the same level with those of Homer's heroes.

ARGUMENT. Varius shall sing in Homeric strain of thy victories by sea and land. My humble muse does not sing of these, of the wrath of Achilles, or the wanderings of Ulysses, or the fate of Pelops's house, nor will she disparage thy glories and Casar's. Who can fitly sing of Mars, mailclad, of Meriones, black with the dust of Troy, of Diomed, a match for gods? I sing but of feasts, and of the battles of boys and girls.

1. Scriberis] See next Ode, v. 1, n. L. Varius Rufus was a distinguished epic and tragic poet frequently mentioned by Horace, with whom he was intimate, and whom he introduced to Mæcenas. He was popular with his contemporaries, and much admired by them. Augustus also had an affection for him (see Epp. ii. 1. 247).

2. carminis alite,] Alite' is in apposition with Vario.' Translate, 'bird of Homeric song.' In prose the ablative of the agent without a preposition is not admissible. But Horace has the same construction, C. iii. 5. 24. S. ii. 1. 84. Epp. i. 1. 94. It is most frequently found in Ovid. Homer is called 'Maeonius from the fact that Smyrna, a town of Lydia, more anciently called Mæonia, was one of those that claimed to be his birthplace. 3. Quam rem cunque] The construction is by attraction. The full expression would be 'scriberis et scribetur omnis res quamcunque.' Agrippa's great successes up to this time had been in the Perusian war against L. Antonius, B. C. 41 (in which he had the principal command under Augustus), in Gaul and Germany, by land; and against Sex. Pompeius and at Actium, by sea.

4. te duce] See next Ode, v. 27, n.

5. neque haec·

nec gravem] This is as if he had said: 'I should not think of singing of these victories, any more than I should of the wrath of Achilles.' Compare C. iii. 5. 27-30:

Neque amissos colores

Lana refert medicata fuco,

Nec vera virtus cum semel excidit

Curat reponi deterioribus."

'As the stained wool does not recover its lost color, so true virtue once lost will not be restored to the degenerate.' 'Gravem stomachum' is a translation of μŋviv ovλoμévŋv (Il. i. 1), and 'cedere nescii' is explained by inexorabilis,' A. P. 121. This construction with 'nescius' is not uncommon. Virgil, Aen. xii. 527: "Rumpuntur nescia vinci pectora." Ovid, Ep. ex Pont. ii. 9. 45: "Marte ferox et vinci nescius armis."

7. duplicis dinλoûs, 'double-minded or double-tongued,' as he is de scribed by Hecuba in Euripides's play of the Trojan Women (v. 285):

ὃς πάντα τἀκεῖθεν ἐνθάδ'

ἀντίπαλ ̓ αὖθις ἐκεῖσε διπτύχῳ γλώσσα

φίλα τὰ πρότερ ̓ ἄφιλα τιθέμενος πάντων. 'Ulixeï' is a genitive of the second declension, 'Ulixeus' being an old Latin form of 'Ulysses.'

8. saevam Pelopis domum] Alluding to Varius's tragedy Thyestes. Tantalus, the founder of his house, served up his own son Pelops at a feast of the gods. Pelops, restored to life, murdered Enomaus his father-in-law and his own son Chrysippus (Thucyd. i. 9). Atreus, the son of Pelops, murdered and placed before their father as a meal the children of Thyestes his brother, who had previously seduced the wife of Atreus. Atreus was killed by Ægisthus, his nephew and supposed son, who also seduced the wife of his cousin, Agamemnon (the son of Atreus), who was murdered by the said wife Clytemnestra, and she by her son Orestes, who was pursued to madness by the Erynnyes of his mother: all of which events furnished themes for the Greek tragedians, and were by them varied in their features as suited their purpose, or according to the different legends they followed. 11. Laudes] It is said that Varius wrote a panegyric on Augustus, and if so, it is possible Horace means indirectly to refer to it here. 13. tunica tectum adamantina] This expresses Homer's epithet xaλkoχίτων.

15. Merionen] The charioteer of Idomeneus, king of Crete. Pulvere Troico nigrum' is like non indecoro pulvere sordidos' (C. ii. 1. 22). With the help of Pallas, Diomed encountered Mars and wounded him (Il. v. 858).

18. Sectis-acrium] The order is, 'virginum in juvenes acrium, Sectis tamen unguibus.'

19. sive quid urimur] The construction has been noticed before (3. 15), and vacuus' occurs in the last Ode (v. 10). See Z. § 385.

20. Non praeter solitum leves.] Trifling, according to my usual practice.'

ODE VII.

MUNATIUS Plancus, who followed Julius Cæsar both in Gaul and in his war with Pompeius, after Cæsar's death attached himself to the republican party, but very soon afterwards joined Augustus; then followed Antonius to the East, and B. C. 32, the year before Actium, joined Augustus again. He was consul in B. c. 42. See C. iii. 14. 27,

"Non ego hoc ferrem, calidus juventa,
Consule Planco."

He had a son Munatius, who is probably the person referred to in Epp. i. 3. 31. To which of them this Ode was addressed, if to either, is uncertain. It might have been addressed to any one else, for its only subject is the praise of a quiet life and convivial pleasure, which is supported by a story about Teucer, taken from some source unknown to us. Much of the language and ideas seems to have been copied from the Greek.

ARGUMENT.Let others sing of the noble cities of Greece, and dedicate their lives to the celebration of Athens and all its glories. For my part, I care not for Lacedæmon and Larissa, as for Albunea's cave, the banks of Anio, and the woods and orchards of Tibur. The sky is not always dark, Plancus drown care in wine, whether in the camp or in the shades of Tibur. As Teucer, though driven from his father's home, bound poplar on his head, and cheered his companions, saying: "Let us follow fortune,

:

my friends, kinder than a father: despair not, while Teucer is your chief; Apollo has promised us another Salamis: drown care in wine, for to-morrow we will seek the deep once more."

1. Laudabunt] This future is like 'scriberis' in the last Ode (v. 1), 'others shall if they please.'Claram' means 'bright,' with reference to its cloudless skies. Bimaris' is an unusual word. It refers to the position of Corinth, which, standing at the south of the isthmus, commanded the shore of the Sinus Corinthiacus, by two long walls reaching from the town to the sea, and had its eastern port Cenchreæ on the Sinus Saronicus.

5. Sunt quibus] There are those who make it the single business of their lives to tell of chaste Minerva's city in unbroken song, and to gather a branch from every olive to entwine their brow.' A'perpetuum carmen is a continuous poem, such as an Epic; and a branch from every olive,' or, more literally, an 'olive-branch from every quarter,' means that the various themes connected with the glory of Athens are as olive-trees, from each of which a branch is plucked to bind the poet's brow. The figure is appropriate to the locality, where the olive flourished and was sacred to Minerva (see Herod. v. 8. Soph. Oed. Col. 694, sqq.). We do not know of any poem or poems to which Horace may have alluded, but Athens furnished subjects for the inferior poets of the day.

8. Plurimus] This word for 'plurimi' standing alone occurs nowhere else; with a substantive it is not uncommon, as Oleaster plurimus,' Georg. ii. 182. Plurimus aeger,' Juv. iii. 232. 'In honorem,' for the ablative, is an unusual construction. But Propertius (iv. 6. 13) says, "Caesaris in nomen ducuntur carmina,' ," which is an analogous case. See Hom. Il. iv. 51, where Here says:

ᾖ τοι ἐμοὶ τρεῖς μὲν πολὺ φίλταταί εἰσι πόλης,

"Αργος τε Σπάρτη τε καὶ εὐρυάγυια Μυκήνη.

She had a celebrated temple between Argos and Mycena called the 'Hpaïov. Homer (Il. ii. 287) calls Argos iññóßатоν (* aptum equis '), the plain in which the city was placed being famous for breeding horses.

'Dites Mycenas' is later: Mukhvas τàs noλνxpúσovs (Soph. Elect. 9). 'Opimae Larissae' is Homeric; Aápioσa épißwλag (Il. ii. 841). There were several towns of this name, and it is uncertain which Homer meant, but probably that in Thessaly. Horace perhaps took his town, with its epithet, without thinking much where it was. But he may have been at all these places while he was in Greece. Patiens' is the Spartan's historical character, but also that of Horace's age. Cicero (Tusc. v. 27) says, “Pueri Spartiatae non ingemiscunt verberum dolore laniati. Adolescentium greges Lacedaemone vidimus ipsi, incredibili contentione certantes pugnis, calcibus, unguibus, morsu denique, ut exanimarentur prius quam se vietos faterentur." 'Percussit' is generally used with the ablative of the instrument or cause. Standing alone in this way, and in the aoristic perfect, it savors very much of enλnge, which is used in the same sense.

12. Albuneae resonantis] Albunea, one of the Sibyls worshipped at Tibur, gave her name to a grove and fountain. See Virg. Aen. vii. 81, sqq.

13. Tiburni lucus] Tiburnus (or -tus), Catillus, and Coras were the mythical founders of Tibur. See Virg. Aen. vii. 671 The brothers were worshipped and had a grove there. Tiburnus was the tutelar deity of Tibur, as Tiberinus was of the river Tiber, Anienus of the Anio, &c. They are in fact adjectives. Tibur was famous for its orchards As to uda see C. iii. 29. 6, n. Close to Tibur there is a fall of the Anio, which explains

'praeceps.'

15. Albus - Notus] This is the AEUKOVOTOS of the Greeks. We have