CHAPTER IX.

PLINY THE ELDER-HIS HABITS DESCRIBED BY HIS NEPHEW-HIS INDUSTRY AND APPLICATION HIS DEATH IN THE ERUPTION OF VESUVIUS-THE ERUPTION DESCRIBED IS TWO LETTERS OF PLINY THE YOUNGER-THE NATURAL HISTORY OF PLINY-ITS SUBJECTS DESCRIBED PLINY THE YOUNGER HIS AFFECTION FOR HIS GUARDIAN—HIS PANEGYRIC, LETTERS, AND DISPATCHES-THAT CONcerning the CHRISTIANS-THE ANSWER.

C. PLINIUS SECUNDUS.

PLINY the Elder was born A. D. 23, either at Verona1or NovoComum2 (Como). As he possessed estates at the latter town, and his nephew, the younger Pliny, whom he adopted, was undoubt edly born there, it was most probably the family residence and the place of the elder Pliny's nativity. He was educated at Rome; and serving Claudius in Germany, employed the opportunities which this campaign afforded him in travelling. Afterwards he returned to Rome and practised at the bar; filled different civil offices, amongst them that of augur, and was subsequently appointed procurator in Spain.3

Some interesting particulars respecting his life and habits are contained in a letter of the younger Pliny to his friend Macer," illustrative of his studies, his temper, his thirst for knowledge, and his strict economy of time. The letter is also valuable for another reason—namely, as giving a catalogue of all the writings of his uncle. "It is a great satisfaction to me," he writes, "that you so constantly and diligently read my uncle's works, that you wish to possess them all, and ask me for a list of them. I will therefore perform the duty of an index; and will also tell you the order in which they were written." He then subjoins the following titles:-(1.) The Art of Using the Javelin on Horseback; composed when he was commander of cavalry in Germany. (2.) The Life of his friend Pomponius Secundus. (3.) A History of all the Wars, twenty in number, which the Romans had carried on with the Germans. This was commenced during his German campaign, in obedience to the suggestions of a dream: "There

Anon. Life.

3 Matth. H. of L. s. v.

2 Suet. Vit.; Hieron. Eus. Chron. Ep. iii. 5.

HABITS OF PLINY THE ELDER.

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appeared to him whilst sleeping the shade of Drusus; commended his memory to his care, and besought him to rescue it from undeserved oblivion." In accordance with his superstitious and credulous temper, he obeyed the call of his supernatural visitant. (4.) A treatise on Eloquence, entitled "Studiosus," in three books, but subdivided, on account of its length, into six volumes. In it he traces the education of an orator from the very cradle. (5.) Eight books on Grammatical Ambiguity, which he wrote during the reign of Nero, a period when imperial tyranny rendered studies of a freer kind too perilous. (6.) Thirty books in continuation of the History of Aufidius Bassus, dedicated to the Emperor Titus.' (7.) Thirty-seven books on Natural Historya work, not only, as Pliny the Younger describes it, as full of variety as Nature herself, but, as will be shown hereafter, a treasure-house of the arts, as well as of natural objects.

"You will wonder," he continues, "how a man occupied with official business could have completed so many volumes filled with such minute information. You will be still more surprised to learn that he practised sometimes as a pleader; that he died in his fifty-sixth year; and that the intermediate time was distracted and interrupted by the friendship of princes and most important public affairs. But he was a man of vigorous intellect, incredible application, and unwearied activity. Immediately after the festival of the Vulcanalia (August 23d), he used to begin to study in the dead of the night; in the winter at one o'clock in the morning, at the latest at two, often at midnight. No one ever slept so little--sometimes he would snatch a brief interval of sleep in the midst of his studies. Before dawn he would wait upon the Emperor, for he also used the night for transacting business. Thence he proceeded to the discharge of his official duties; and whatever time remained he devoted to study.

"After a light and frugal meal, which, according to the old fashion, he partook of by day, he would in summer, if he had any leisure time, recline in the sun whilst a book was read to him, from which he took notes and made extracts. In fact, he never read any book without making extracts; for he used to say that no book was so bad but that some profit could be derived from it. After sunset he generally took a cold bath, then a slight repast, and afterwards slept for a very short time. When he awoke, as if it were a new day, he studied till supper; during which a book was read, on which he made annotations as the reading proceeded. I remember that one of his friends interrupted the

'See Præf. to N. H.

reader, because he had mispronounced a word, and compelled him to repeat it; upon which my uncle asked, 'Did you understand him?' and when he answered in the affirmative, he continued, 'Why did you interrupt him? we have lost more than ten lines;' so frugal was he of his time. In summer he rose from the supper table by daylight, in winter at nightfall; and this cus tom was a law to him.'

"These were his habits amidst the toils and bustle of a townlife. In the retirement of the country the bath was the only interruption to his studies. But only the bath itself, for whilst he was rubbed and wiped dry, he either dictated to an amanuensis or had a book read to him. On journeys, as he was then relieved from all other cares, study was the only employment of his leisure. He had a precis-writer at his side, with books and tablets, who in the winter wore gloves, so that his master's studies might not be interrupted by the severity of the cold. For the same reason, when at Rome, he always used a sedan. I remember once having been chid by him for walking. 'You might,' said he, avoid wasting all this time.' For he thought all time was lost which was not devoted to study. By this intense application he com. pleted so many volumes, and bequeathed to me, besides, one hundred and sixty rolls of commentaries, written in the smallest possible hand, and on both sides. He used to say that when he was procurator in Spain he was offered for a portion of them 400,000 sesterces (about 3,2007.) by Lartius Licinius.

I cannot help laughing when people call me studious, for, compared with him, I am the idlest fellow in the world."

Pliny perished a martyr to the cause of science, in the terrible eruption of Vesuvius which took place in the first year of the reign of Titus.1 Had he been as ardent an original observer in all other respects, instead of a mere plodding student, and collector and transcriber of other men's observations, his works would have been less voluminous, but more valuable. The eruption in which he perished was the first of which there is any record in history. It is probable that none of any consequence had occurred before, and that the lava had never before devastated the smiling slopes and green vineyards which Martial has described. The circumstances of his death are thus described by his nephew3 in two letters to Tacitus: "He was at Misenum, in command of the fleet. On the 24th of August, about one o'clock P. M., my mother pointed out to him a cloud of unusual size and appearance. He had lain in the sunshine, bathed, and taken re

1 A. D. 79.

2 Ep. iv. 43.

3 Ep. vi. 16, 20.

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freshment, and was now studying. He forthwith asked for his shoes, and ascended an eminence from which he could best see the phenomenon. The distance was too great to know for certain from what mountain the cloud arose, but it was afterwards ascertained to be Vesuvius. Its form resembled that of a pinetree more than anything else. It rose into the air in the form of a tall trunk, and then diffused itself like spreading branches. The reason of this I take to be that it was at first carried upwards by a fresh current of air, which, as it grew older and weaker, was unable to support it, or perhaps its own gravity caused it to vanish in a horizontal direction. Sometimes it was white, some. times solid and spotted, according to the quantity of earth and ashes which it threw up.

"The phenomenon appeared to him, as a learned man, deserving of closer investigation. He ordered a light galley to be fitted out, and gave me permission to accompany him. I replied that I preferred studying, and as it chanced he himself had given me something to write. Just as he was leaving the house with his note-book in his hand, the troops stationed at Retina, a village at the foot of the mountain, from which there was no escape except by sea, alarmed by the imminent peril they were in, sent to entreat him to rescue them. Notwithstanding this circumstance, his determination was unaltered; but the task which he had commenced with earnestness he went through with the greatest reso. lution.

"He launched some quadriremes, and embarked for the purpose of assisting, not Retina only, but others: for the beauty of the coast had attracted a large population. He hastened to the spot whence others were flying, and steered a direct course to the point of danger, so fearlessly that he observed all the phases and forms of that sad calamity, and dictated his remarks on them to his secretary. Soon ashes fell on the decks, and the nearer he approached, the hotter and thicker they became. With them were mingled scorched and blackened pumice-stones, and stones split by fire. Now the sudden reflux of the sea, and the fragments of the volcano which covered the coast, presented an obstacle to his progress, and he hesitated for awhile whether he should not return. At length, when his sailing-master recommended him to do so, he exclaimed: 'Fortune favors the brave; steer for the villa of Pomponianus.'

"This was situated at Stabiæ, and was divided from the coast, near Vesuvius, by an inlet or gulf formed by the sea. His friend, although danger was not yet imminent, yet, as it was within sight, and would be very near if it increased, had put his baggage on

board of a ship, and had determined on flight, if the wind, which was then contrary, should lull. A fair wind carried my uncle thither. He embraced his trembling friend, consoled and encou raged him. In order to assuage his fears by showing his own. unconcern, he caused himself to be carried to a bath; after bathing, he sat down to supper with cheerfulness, or what is almost the same thing, with the appearance of it. Meanwhile, from many parts of the volcano broad flames burst forth; the blaze was reflected from the sky, and the glare and brightness were enhanced by the darkness of the night. He, to soothe the alarm of Pomponianus, endeavored to persuade him that what he saw was only the burning villages which the country people had deserted in their consternation. He then retired to rest, and slept soundly, for his snoring, which, on account of his broad chest, was deep and resonant, was heard by those who were watching at the door. "Soon the court through which there was access to his apartment was so choked with cinders and pumice, that longer delay would have rendered escape impossible. He was awakened, and went to Pomponianus and the rest, who had sat up all night. They then held a consultation whether they should remain in the house or go into the open fields. For repeated shocks of an earthquake made the houses rock to and fro, and seemed to move them from their foundations, whilst in the air, the fall of half burnt pumice, though light, menaced danger. After balancing the two dangers, he chose the latter course; with him, however, it was a comparison of reasons, with others of fears. They tied cushions over their heads with towels, to protect them from the falling stones. Although it was now day elsewhere, the darkness here was denser than the darkest night, broken only by torches and lights of dif ferent kinds. They next walked out to the coast to see whether the sea was calm enough to venture upon it, but it was still a waste of stormy waters. Then he spread a linen cloth and lay down upon it, asked for two or three draughts of cold water, and afterwards, flames, and that sulphurous smell which is the forerunner of them, put his companions to flight, and aroused him.

"He arose by the assistance of two slaves, and immediately fell down dead, suffocated, as I imagine, by the dense vapor, and the functions of his stomach being disordered, which were naturally weak, and liable to obstructions and difficulty of digestion. On the morning of the third day after, his body was found entire, uninjured, and in the clothes in which he died: its appearance was rather that of sleep than death."

Pliny the Younger was left with his mother, at Misenum; and