the Klan over any man with a past, even over any man who does not want his whole life and business arrangements made public at any given moment, is almost incalculable, though I have not heard a whisper that it has ever been used in this way. It is also of great value in allowing the Klan to act with uncanny accuracy. And the very fact of its existence does have a blighting effect on all kinds of opposition.

All these things combine to give the fifth advantage-terror. It may not include fear of physical force, but it is none the less real. Where the Klan is active there is often actual panic among opponents. It is like the fear of ghosts; men who would stand willingly against heavy odds are demoralized by a vague, unformed, unseen, intangible specter, armed with unknown weapons and unguessed knowledge and clothed with a reputation for ruthless power and unvarying success.

The sixth advantage is that secrecy protects individual Klansmen against reprisals. They cannot be located, therefore cannot be hurt. Thus the best-known method of weakening an organized enemy-"sniping" the weaker membersis impossible against the Klan. Any blow which is struck in return must be aimed at the Klan as a whole.

And when such a blow is aimed usually there is nothing there to take it. This is the final and greatest advantage of secrecy. It is almost impossible to hit back at the Klan except through general legislation and court action, such as have been attempted so often-and so uselessly. Those whom the Klan attacks can never know when or where or how or against whom to launch their counterattacks. They must remain forever on the defensive, which is the surest road to final defeat.

One more advantage of secrecy-not of immediate fighting value, but of great help to the Klan as a whole-should be mentioned. This is that it goes far toward preventing individual Klansmen from exploiting themselves, from using the Klan to further their own ambitions. This keeps the Klan campaign and purposes unified, prevents perversion of aims and waste of strength in side-issues. They do occur of course, but the rule of secrecy greatly limits them and the weaknesses that come from them.

There are two other great elements of strength in the Klan in action, neither directly due to either secrecy er organi

zation. One is the careful spread of information among members; "education," as the leaders call it. This information is not always correct, but it does always support Klan purposes. The Klansmen are given reports about men and events from all over the countryreports that smack of "inside dope"which strengthen their purpose and justify their actions. This helps much toward unity, intensity, and effectiveness.

The Power of Unified Faith

Last, and by no means the least, is that the Klansmen themselves believe, not only in the righteousness of their cause and its methods, but in its actual success. They believe that they are doing the things they set out to do, and can do them everywhere if they will hold together and take enough trouble. Thus they have the morale, esprit du corps, éclat, of a victorious army with all its incalculable value.

There is room for only one example of this kind of belief that success is being won; an excerpt from a letter written by a clergyman in a State where the Klan has been heard from so little that few people know it has any members there. Since I have no knowledge of the facts, I suppress the names, and give the letter merely to show how Klansmen believe the Klan is winning.

"For two decades," this minister writes, "Bishop Blank has held the State in the hollow of his hand by cleverly manipulating the Catholic vote. Those ballots have been handed to any one who would be most convenient and accommodating to Rome. But when the Klan came matters immediately changed, and the haughty Bishop received what rightfully belonged to him and the Church, and nothing more. You are doubtless familiar with what has been done in this city in a political way. Senator Richard Roe has been the leader in the movement to take the management of city and State affairs out of the Bishop's hands and place them in the keeping of all the people. This great work will certainly result in his being elected Governor in the November election. Rome's political machine here has been wrecked."

So we find the Klan going into action with an amazing array of the accouterments of success: unity, secrecy, immunity to reprisal, the ability to inspire panic, wide information, and faith in victory. With such equipment it is no won

der that it is accomplishing much, that it is expecting to do much more, that it is drawing increasing numbers into its march, and that its leaders set no limits to what may be done. Given another year or two at the present rate of growth, and the possibilities of its power stagger the mind.

This summary has taken no consideration of the fairness or viciousness of these elements of the Klan strength. It will be observed that none are illegal, that many are of the kind that are highly praised when found in organizations which we happen to approve, and that the worst of them are measures which are always held to be justified in warfare, no matter how despicable they may be in themselves. The Klan practices espionage, a sort of mental terrorism, a secret propaganda, attack from ambush. These are not new methods; every combatant uses them in war time, and they are not unknown to political and other organizations in this country even in peace.

Judgment on them must depend on one's judgment as to the motives and purposes of the Klan. The methods are undeniably dangerous; they are unfair in all ordinary circumstances, as Dr. Evans himself practically admitted. The Klan's justification is that war is needed, that it requires such methods, and that the Klan is not the first to use them, but has adopted them as the Allies adopted poison gas, since it has merely done the same things that are constantly being done by those whom it classes as enemies of the country. From this point of view, its only fault is that it has done them better. It can claim also in mitigation that its own aims are open, while those of the anti-American bodies and workers

are not.

The Premise Once Admitted_

So it seems that, if one agrees with the Klan that the situation is serious enough to call for a vigorous campaign along the lines of the Klan programme, then the organization and strategy it uses cannot be seriously condemned, although they may cause grave misgivings. But it follows also that they must be abandoned at the earliest possible moment, and one must believe that the danger is very great and very imminent to justify such methods even temporarily. It will be recalled from Dr. Evans's statements that he admits both these judgments.

S

OME little time ago, in The Outlook, the writer published a method of obtaining a "score" that might fairly represent a child's muscular development in relation to that child's type of build. Since that time there have been many inquiries concerning special exercises that might be used when a boy or a girl, on some specific measurement, should come below what might properly be expected for a child of that height and weight.

For instance, the most common deficiency has been in breathing capacity. Others have been interested in the bringing up of arms and shoulders. Now excellent exercises are almost a matter of common knowledge, but there is one type which the writer has found very satisfactory that is given far too little general use. This is the type that requires the exercise of one muscle against the resist

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No. 1

ance of other muscles. Such an exercise requires a mental effort of no mean order, and is hence more valuable for that very reason.

Children, especially in group exercises, are likely to go through their usual calisthenics with little thought and with as little effort as possible. And yet we can be fairly sure that a concentration of the mind on the muscles being exercised affects the exercise most favorably.

Here we have an example. A great many report upper-arm deficiency. This is common enough in cities where children really have small opportunity to exercise their arms and backs. Observe how simple and effective this exercise is:

No. 1. Place the hands as in photograph 1, the palms together, one pushing outward and the other in. Let us say the left palm faces outward. Slowly, resisting strongly with the right hand, force the hands outward. Then, resisting strongly with the left hand, let the right hand force the hands back almost to the chest. This should be done slowly, taking three seconds for each motion. As described, the left triceps and right bi

ceps are used. And as soon as fatigue begins stop the exercise. Reverse the hands and push outward with the right hand. Now the right triceps and left biceps are being used, and the exercise can be repeated in the new position until fatigue begins. It is amazing how rapidly this exercise will make up a deficiency in the measurement of the upper arm! And, as in other exercises of this nature, there is no violent strain of any kind. Now for shoulders and back.

No. 2. Photograph No. 2 shows the position, the fingers of the hands being hooked strongly together. Now let the right hand pull the left slowly across the chest as far as the right shoulder, and then let the left hand pull the right across as far as the left shoulder, always resisting strongly with the hand being pulled. Here, again, you have one set of muscles

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acting against another set. The movement in one direction should take three seconds, and the exercise be ended as soon as fatigue sets in. You can see that in this exercise, as in the previous one, a strong mental effort is necessary, or there is no exercise at all.

. No. 3. Another shoulder and back exercise of the "resistance" type. Clench the fists in front of the chest, elbows back and as high as the shoulders. Now slowly and resistingly move the fists upward and backward until they come about to the ears, as shown in Photograph No. 3. This photograph shows very well how the back and shoulder muscles are affected by the strong pull of the resisting muscles which would pull the hands forward. Now bring the hands back to first position without tension, and then move them back again, resisting strongly as before. Repeat until fatigue begins. This movement should take three or four seconds on the resisting motion, and two on the unresisting return to first position.

Nos. 4 and 5. Here are two closely allied back and shoulder exercises, not of the "resistance" type, but very valuable. Lie face down on the floor, arms extended ahead, hands about two feet apart. Lift hands and head slowly as high as possible. Photograph No. 4 gives the idea. Slowly return to first position. Repeat until fatigue begins. The second exercise is similar, except that it is begun with the hands at the side, and then the hands, head, and shoulders are raised slowly as high as possible (see Photograph No. 5). If you have some one illustrate the exercise for you, you could see how strongly the back and shoulder muscles are exerted. As in all exercise, the motion should cease when fatigue begins. It is one great fault of the usual class calisthenics that the strong and enduring, along with the weaker, have exactly the same exercise."

Finally, as to a breathing exercise. Well, the old, commonly used plan of