'We see him every day;' 'We conversed all the way;' "They were walking hand in hand.'

3. A substantive in the objective case forming the indirect object of a verb, for which in old English the dative case was used, the sense of which may often be more fully expressed by to or for, as, 'Give me (i.e., to me) the book;' I will sing you (i.e., for you) a song.' This kind of adjunct often comes after adjectives; as, 'He is like my brother.'

4. A substantive used with a passive verb, to define or limit the action, as, 'He was taught his lesson;' 'He was promised a new coat;' 'He was paid his bill'

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5. A substantive with an attributive adjunct, used absolutely (like the Latin Ablative Absolute), as, The sun having risen, we commenced our journey;''The leader having fallen, the troops were soon dispersed.'

6. An Adverbial Clause, i.e., a clause which, in its relation to some word in the sentence, has the same sort of force as a simple adverb, as, 'When you have finished your work, you may go and play;' 'If you do that, you will be punished.'

217. The noun or pronoun which follows a preposition is put in the objective case, as, 'Come with me,' 'I gave that to him.' When relative or interrogative pronouns are used, the preposition is often thrown to the end of the sentence, Whom were you writing to?''That is the man whom I spoke of."

as,

218. When a verb is used in the infinitive (or substantive) mood, the only prepositions used before it are to and but. After any other preposition, the gerund in -ing must be used.

219. Conjunctions are used to join together single words, phrases, or sentences. Co-ordinative conjunctions must join words or clauses which stand in the same relation to the other parts of the sentence.

ANALYSIS OF SENTENCES.*

220. By the Analysis of a sentence, is meant the separation of the sentence into its component elements, and the

*In what follows only the most simple and elementary kind of analysis is attempted. For a more complete investigation of the subject the learner is referred to the author's larger grammar,

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exhibition of the mode in which these elements are related to each other.

221. A simple sentence is one which contains only one subject and one finite verb.

222. A Complex Sentence is one which, besides the principal subject and predicate, contains subordinate clauses which have subjects and predicates of their own.

223. A Compound sentence consists of two or more principal sentences united by a co-ordinative conjunction.

Simple Sentences.

224. The subject of a sentence may be simple, compound, or complex.

225. The subject of a sentence is simple when it consists of a noun or pronoun, a gerund, or a verb in the infinitive (or substantive) mood; as, 'I love truth;' Men are mortal;" Seeing is believing; To err is human.'

226. The subject of a sentence is compound when it consists of two or more substantives coupled together by the conjunction and; as, 'Cæsar and Pompey were rivals."

227. The subject of a sentence is complex when it consists of a substantive clause, or of a phrase or quotation; as, "That he said so, is certain;' "England expects every man to do his duty," was Nelson's signal.'

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228. The subject of a sentence is said to be enlarged when it has any attributive adjunct attached to it, as, This tree is dead;' 'The man told a lie;' 'Good men love virtue;' 'Edward the Black Prince did not succeed his father; John's coat is torn;'The defenders of the city were slain;' 'The brave old man died maintaining his innocence; The general, having reviewed his troops, advanced to meet the enemy.' If the subject is a verb in the infinitive mood, or a gerund, it may be enlarged by objective or adverbial adjuncts; as, 'To rise early is healthful;' 'To love one's enemies is a Christian's duty;' 'Playing with fire is dangerous.'

229. The first stage in the analysis of a simple sentence is to separate the grammatical subject with its adjuncts from the predicate-verb with whatever is attached to it. The grammatical subject with its attributive adjuncts forms the logical* subject of the sentence; the predicate verb, with all that is attached to it, forms the logical* predicate of the sentence.

In grammar, the terms subject and predicate are used in a

230. The following example illustrates the separation of the logical subject into the grammatical subject and its attributive adjuncts:

'The soldiers of the tenth legion, wearied by their long march, and exhausted from want of food, were unable to resist the onset of the enemy.'

more restricted sense than in Logic. In Logic, the subject of a proposition is the entire description of that which is spoken of; the predicate is all that is employed to represent the idea which is connected with the subject. Thus, in 'This boy's father gave him a book,' the subject is this boy's father;' the predicate is gave him a book.' But in grammar, the single noun father is called the subject, and gave the predicate, the words connected with father and gave being treated as enlargements of the sub. ject and predicate.

231. In the following examples the logical predicate is separated into its component parts :

232. In the following example both the subject and the object of the verb are separated from the attributive adjuncts which are attached to them :

'The mournful tidings of the death of his son filled the proud heart of the old man with the keenest anguish.'

233. Many verbs do not make complete sense by themselves, but require some other word to be used with them to make the sense complete. Of this kind are the intransitive verbs be, become, grow, seem, can, do, shall, will, &c., and such transitive verbs as make, call, deem, think. To say, "The horse is,' 'The light becomes,' I can,' or 'I think the man,' makes no sense. It is requisite to use some other word or phrase (a substantive, an adjective, or a verb in the infinitive) with the verb; as, "The horse is black," "The light becomes dim;' 'I can write;' 'William the Norman

became King of England;' 'I think the man insane;' 'It made the man mad;' 'He was made king. Verbs of this kind are called Verbs of Incomplete Predication, and the words used with them to make the predication complete may be called the Complement of the Predicate.

234. If the complement form a part of what is said of the subject, it is a subjective complement; if it denotes part of the effect produced upon the object of the action, it is an objective complement; if it is a verb in the infinitive mood, it is called an Infinitive Complement.

235. A predicate is complex when it consists of a verb of incomplete predication and its complement.

236. The following examples show how a complex predicate may be separated into its components:"That hero was called the saviour of his country.'