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Now (according to the connection of ideas familiar to St. Paul Adam all die"-infants die. But "death is the wages of sin." Whose sin? Not their own, for infants are incapable of personal sin. They are condemned to death, therefore, for Adam's sin. In other and equivalent terms, -the guilt of Adam's sin has been imputed to them.

Believers in Christ are justified, or pronounced righteous; that is, righteousness is imputed to them. Whose righteousness? Not their own, for their righteousness cannot justify, being imperfect. It is, therefore, Christ's righteousness that is imputed to them."

If there can be a more distinct, unambiguous, emphatic avowal of the very doctrine (nay more, for according to that, the death of infants is also due to inherent corruption) which Dr. F. so laboriously tasks himself to overthrow, we have yet to see it. Why then does Dr. F. talk about condemning and justifying by a "forensic act" alone being a mere "legal fiction," and charge upon Dr. Hodge the making an "unnatural disjunction" of the "quill from the corruption of sin as conveyed to Adam's posterity," and holding that "Christ's righteousness is imputed to the penitent without any real change immediately and necessarily passing to the believer himself? (pp. 218, 19.) With putting asunder what God hath joined together, "sin and death," "justification of life," "righteousness unto sanctification?" (p. 234) And quote Owen as in contradiction to Dr. Hodge, where the former affirms that, "When God doth justify the ungodly on account of the righteousness of Christ imputed unto him, he doth, at the same instant, by the power of his grace, make him inherently and subjectively righteous?" And what does he quote from Dr. Hodge of a contrary import? He quotes the latter on the next page, as if he were contradicting himself, when he joins together guilt, depravity and actual transgression, as included in the sin which entered the world, in his comment on Rom. v. 12. Where has Dr. H. said or implied anything to the contrary?

All this misconstruction of Dr. Hodge's and confusion in Dr. F.'s views, arise from the attempt to make the inherent corruption of the race the first . ground of its condemnation for Adam's sin, instead of making condemnation for that sin the first ground of its corruption, as before explained; also in correspondence with this, the inherent righteousness imparted to the believer a ground of his being justified, or having the righteousness of Christ imputed to him, instead of the reverse. There is no difference between him and Dr. Hodge as to the inseparableness of sin and guilt, justification and sanctification, but only as to their order and relation in respect of Adam's sin, and that of his posterity, and Christ's righteousness, and the believer's justification and sanctification; and here Dr. F. is far from being uniform or consistent with himself. While he is abundant in disclaimers of good works previous to justification, and "of righteousness previously infused," he is very strenuous that justification, which he admits to be always used in Scripture in a forensic sense, nevertheless "involves and suggests the idea of a change, not of state alone, but of character also. If God justifies a man,-dixatoì, pronounces him righteous, he is, and must

be, what God calls him, Sixatos, righteous." (pp. 220-22.) This is plain enough; justification must have respect to inherent righteousness. This we understand to be the grand result arrived at by Dr. F., in his new analysis of this pregnant passage, in which he acknowledges that "the great body of interpreters" are against him, (p. 224) while he claims in various places to have cleared away the difficulties they have left. And this is our grand objection to the whole of it, that it entangles the soul with questionings as to its own inherent sanctity, before it can venture itself simply upon him who "justifieth the ungodly." For so alone can it truly die unto sin, live unto God, and by free justification attain a true sanctification, as the apostle so fully shows. (Rom. vi. 8.)

It is quite congruous with this, that he should now seem to teach universal, and now particular, redemption. He says "In Adam, humanity fell; in Christ, humanity rose again. All are involved in the ruin of the first man; all are equally interested in the salvation by 'him that was to come."" By this, however, he appears to mean, humanity was "potentially restored." But he also says: "If the absolute will, purpose, or intention is meant of him who knew beforehand with certainty who will accept, and who will not accept his offers of salvation, the answer of course must be, Christ died for the elect, and for the elect only.' There is no ground in Scripture for the doctrine of universal redemption." "Is the atonement of Christ limited or unlimited? In God's absolute will, it is limited." (pp. 445-8.) Few hold to any particularism beyond this.

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DEATH

We have no space to expose a little dextrous word-practice (p. 225–35) in which by twisting some words and definitions, duly tipped with exclamation points, he makes an occasional show of a seeming contradiction on the part of Dr. Hodge. The most plausible of these is tortured out of Dr. Hodge's statement, that "death stands for any and every evil judicially inflicted," which Dr. F. pronounces paradoxical, as warranting the conclusion that "SIN comes by DEATH!"—whereas the Apostle says expressly, that " [came] by SIN.' "Paradoxical" or not, it is true. Nor is there any contradiction in these two propositions rightly understood. Sin certainly brings forth death, and sin too. Now, "to be carnally minded is death." Is not such death sin and the cause of sin? And does not sin bring death in this and every form? But we stop for want of space. We submit whether it is in place for one to challenge others to refute him, who so abundantly refutes himself. In conclusion, we repeat that Dr. Hodge has neither seen. Dr. Forbes' book nor is responsible in any way for these comments upon

L. H. A.

ART. XI.-CONTEMPORARY LITERATURE.

THEOLOGY AND RELIGION.

Systematic Theology. BY CHARLES HODGE, D.D. Vol. III. Scribner, Armstrong & Co. The third volume of this great work has the same characteristics which distinguished the previous volumes, and fully sustains the high commendations which have been so justly given at home and abroad. This volume is much larger than the preceding ones, extending to 880 pages; the price is accordingly slightly increased, to $5; the whole work costing $14. As Dr. Hodge arranges his system, this volume concludes Soteriology, and comprises the whole of Eschatology. Under Soteriology come (in continuation) the subjects of Regeneration, Faith, Justification, Sanctification, the Law (including an Exposition of the Ten Commandments, covering over a hundred pages), and the Means of Grace, viz. the Word of God, the Sacraments, and Prayer. Under Eschatology there are four chapters: on the State of the Soul after Death; Resurrection; the Second Advent; and the Concomitants of the Second Advent (the General Resurrection, the Final Judgment, the end of the World, the Kingdom of Heaven, Theory of the Premillennial Advent, and Future Punishment). These subjects, with those in the first two volumes, complete all the heads of Divinity, excepting those embraced under Ecclesiology. We trust that Dr. Hodge's lectures and dissertations on this branch of theology may ere long be given to the world; for in what he has already published of them he has shown that he is fully master of the ground, and his lectures on the Church have the highest reputation.-A small supplementary volume, by Dr. Hodge of the Allegheny Seminary, will contain an analysis of the three volumes, indexes, etc.

Having received this volume just as we are going to press, we cannot now do more than announce its contents. The subjects are treated with the fulness and breadth, with the fitness to the times, and with the calm wisdom and conscious strength, which secured such high approval and success to the earlier volumes. We renew our congratulations to the venerable and revered author, that his life has been prolonged until he can see to some extent the fruit of his great labors in the service of Christ and his Church.

The Theology and the Theologians of Scotland, chiefly of the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries. "Cunningham Lectures." 1870-'71. By JAS. WALKER, D.D., Carnwath. Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark. New York: Scribner, Welford & Co. pp. 190. This is the fourth series of the Cunningham Lectures. It is an interesting and valuable contribution to the history of theology in Scotland—a history that has never yet had justice done it. The first lecture presents a general survey of the field; the second is on the controversies as to the atonement, and has to do chiefly with the famous dispute about the Marrow Theology; the third is on Predestination and Providence, with remarks on the deficiencies of Scotch theology in various depart

ments; the fourth and fifth are on the Visible Church, the Headship of Christ,. and Erastianism-a great Scotch subject; the last refutes current misrepresentations of Scottish religion, by Buckle and others.

These Lectures, though in consequence of the illness of the author published under somewhat unfavorable circumstances, show the fruits of careful study and research, and light up many obscure points of controversy. The spirit of the author is eminently candid, and his criticisms indicate a tendency against extreme views, such as supralapsarianism and a one-sided estimate of the theology of the covenants. Some of the forgotten lights of older times are rekindled. Scotch theology as a whole is successfully vindicated. Especially does Dr. Walker claim for it a high place (as did Hamilton) in taking the lead in the modern apologetical philosophy, on a sound basis.

It would be well if the later Scottish theology could be handled in a like way in another course of the Cunningham Lectures.

The Little Sanctuary and other Meditations. By ALEXANDER RALEigh, D.D. Author of "Quiet Resting Places," etc. New York: Dodd & Mead. This is really a volume of admirable sermons, by one of the first, if not the very first, of preachers among the English Independents. The author was with Dr. Vaughan a delegate to the great national council of Congregationalists held in Boston some years ago. We heard him preach once during that visit to this country. We have seldom heard a sermon more instructive, impressive and edifying; we recognize it at once as the seventh among the sixteen in this collection. The sermons belong to that rare class which are equally good for delivery or for reading in print. They set forth evangelical truth with clearness, freshness, vividness, and with manifold applications to men as they now are, and to their present dangers and needs. They are at once doctrinal and practical, not in any hackneyed way, but alike solid, searching, correcting, and comforting. Free from cant and affectation, they are thoroughly solemn and earnest, eloquent as well as forcible in style; that which we heard was delivered without a manuscript. They will repay study by young preachers, as well as reading by the people.

Sacramental Addresses and Meditations. By the late HENRY BELfrage, D.D., of Falkirk. Eighth edition. Carter & Bros. These excellent addresses have approved themselves by their great fitness and usefulness. They are well worthy of the opinion expressed by Dr. Balfour, that they are characterized by extraordinary variety and richness, and, what was hardly to be expected in combination with these qualities, by great appropriateness.

Carter

The Beatitudes of the Kingdom. By J. OSWALD DYKES, M.A. & Bros. The Rev. Mr. Dykes is the successor of Dr. Hamilton, in the Regent Square Church, London, and the editor of the British and Foreign Evangelical Review. He justly holds a very high rank as a preacher. His discourses are clear, emphatic, well arranged, and eloquent. Free from all ostentation of manner or style, he produces a marked effect by his very simplicity, united, as it is, with a magnetic personal power. These "Beatitudes of the Kingdom" are admirable specimens of his pulpit work. They are so

symmetrical and thoroughly worked out, as to be in danger of being overlooked by those who are attracted by evident straining after effect in pulpit oratory. They will richly repay an attentive study; and we earnestly commend them to our students and ministers. .A well-shaped plan runs through the whole, the Beatitudes being unfolded as an ascending series of blessings -even up to what is here classed as the eighth, viz., Persecution for Righteousness' Sake.

Robert Carter and Brothers have issued three of their most valuable publications in a new form, at low rates: CHARNOCK's Discourses on the Existence and Attributes of God; CHALMERS' Sermons and Discourses, including his Posthumous Sermons; and the Works of REV. R. M. MCCHEYNE, with a Memoir. Each of these is handsomely bound in one volume, of over 1100 pages, and offered for three dollars. All three of them are standard works, necessary to the furnishing of ministerial or parochial libraries; and in this new form we bespeak for them a wide circulation. The work of Charnock maintains its ground as one of the ablest discussions of the intricate questions concerning the divine attributes--both clear and profound. The Sermons of Chalmers are the best specimens of the highest pulpit eloquence of Scotland; while the Life, Letters and Sermons of McCheyne are imbued with a deep spirituality and fervor, such as is needed by all our ministry.

BIBLICAL LITERATUKE.

The Psalms. By CARL BERNHARD MOLL, D.D., General Superintendent in Königsberg, Prussia. Translated from the German, with additions, by Rev. Charles A. Briggs, Rev. John Forsyth, D. D., Rev. James B. Hammond, Rev. J. Fred. McCurdy; together with a new version of the Psalms and Philological notes, by Rev. Thomas J. Conant, D.D. New York: Scribner, Armstrong & Co. In no other form could we have secured in the same space so large results of Dr. Conant's prolonged biblical studies and high scholarship, as in his version with the appended philological notes. We most regret that the accomplished hand which undertook the second book was so soon necessarily withdrawn to other service. The work of the translators is throughout very satisfactory. But few passages have arrested our attention in which the national and personal peculiarities of the original should have been more completely cast aside to give us a more genuine English. We could have wished that the homiletic department, so far as supplemented from English sources, had not to such an extent restricted itself to material already so generally accessible. English, Scotch, and American homiletic and practical literature is hardly anywhere richer than in its illustrations of the Psalms, and we could have spared a little of Henry and Scott for specimens of this varied wealth. The familiar hands engaged in this work have increased our indebtedness to them, and the new, which are the more numerous, give promise of rich service to the Church hereafter.

We cannot withold an expression of our regret that even in versions that are not authoritatively offered to us by any Revision Committee, changes should be made in our honored English version, apparently for no other

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