In this way

of the presence and agency of mind in the material universe. Dr. Carpenter in that range of scientific inquiry to which he has been a devotee, has been at once helped by and helpful to the researches of those materialists, who pervert into premises for error, what he frequently turns to the account of truth.

Another merit which Dr. Carpenter has in common with Huxley, Tyndall, Bain and others of this school, and which goes far to augment their popular influence, is, if we may so speak, rhetorical. By this we mean a remarkable clearness, logical consecutiveness, ease and felicity in thought and expression, all enlivened by most interesting illustrative facts which at once seize and enchain the mind of hearer and reader. In this respect some of these writings are a study for those who would counteract their influence.

The first Lecture of Dr. Carpenter, on the "Unconscious Action of the Brain," is (and no less the second), a fair illustration of all this. We could easily, as we are strongly tempted to do, make extracts from them both which would fascinate our readers. It is a remarkable grouping of cases, in which the mind does involuntarily what it in vain has willed and consciously striven to do, e. g., recalled by an involuntary flash of memory when not thinking at all of the subject, what it has vainly been torturing, scourging itself to remember-as of a bank manager who thus remembered what he had before struggled in vain to recall, viz., where he had laid the master key to all the safes and drawers in the bank. This involuntary mental action has a very striking illustration in somnambulism, and accounts for some very brilliant and extraordinary intellectual achievements. Without the bias imparted to Dr. Carpenter by his physiological studies, we should quite as soon entitle these phenomena, "Involuntary Action of the Mind," as "Unconscious Action of the Brain."

In the second lecture the author applies the principle he had thus elucidated in the first to the solution of that very interesting and difficult subject, epidemic delusions. Abnormal mental exercises are propagated from one to another, and from a few to the many, because the expectation, or fear, or hope of having them, predisposes to them, and with this predisposition, they come unbidden, involuntarily, as our author would say, unconsciously, upon any exciting occasion. "In one nunnery abroad, many years ago, one of the youngest nuns began to mew like a cat, and all the others after a time, did the same. In another nunnery one began to bite, and the others were all affected with the propensity to bite. In one of these instances the mania was spreading like wildfire through Germany, extending from one nunnery to another, and they were obliged to resort to some such severe measures as I have mentioned. It was set down in some instances to demoniacal perversion, but the devil was very easily exorcised by some pretty strong threat on the part of the medical man," p. 227. It is very obvious how this might serve to explain such contagious affections, as the spasms, jerks and convulsions, which have sometimes spread in morbid religious excitements, like fire on the prairies. Most have witnessed the rapid propagation of hysteric flightiness. But while the author narrates and solves many important and interesting

phenomena of this kind, he brings the whole to bear upon that pseudo-spiritualism which has raged as a fierce epidemic among millions of people in this country and Europe. This we regard as the most important part of these Lectures. He has observed these phenomena with his truly scientific spirit, insight and discipline. His conclusions and testimony therefore are entitled to careful consideration by those who have hitherto attributed these phenom ena to diabolism, magic, or the real spirits of the departed.

We should be glad to transcribe some of the experimenta crucis by which Dr. Carpenter proved conclusively that many of these phenomena, even including table-tipping, and jumping, and the spelling of oracular responses from spirits, were really due to the unconscious automatic movements of the parties previously predisposed to them. But space is wanting.

Both of these

Apologetic Lectures on the Moral Truths of Christianity. Delivered in Leipsic in 1872, by CHR. ERNST LUTHARDT. Translated by Sophia Taylor Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark. New York: Scribner & Co. Dr. Luthardt's several series of apologetic lectures have been received with great favor. The first, on "The Fundamental Truths of Christianity," was published in 1864, and is in its seventh edition; seven translations of it have appeared; one of these being in modern Greek. The second series, on "The Saving Truths of Christianity," issued in 1867, is in its third German edition. have been translated into English. The present volume on "The Moral Truths" admirably completes the plan of the author. It consists of ten Lectures: 1. The Nature of Christian Morality. 2. Man. 3. The Christian and the Christian Virtues. 4. The Devotional Life of the Christian, and his Attitude towards the Church. 5. Christian Marriage. 6. The Christian Home. 7. The State and Christianity. 8. The Life of the Christian in the State. 9. Culture and Christianity. 10. Humanity and Christianity. Besides these Lectures, illustrative notes are added, occupying more than a third of the volume, supplementing the text, and giving pertinent extracts from other authors. The treatment of the topics is popular, without the sacrifice of thorough penetration. It is devout as well as philosophical.

The subject of this volume, in its practical aspects, is of special importance It is directed equally against those who deny a proper moral sphere, and those who would substitute morality for Christianity. There cannot be religion without morality; the highest morality can be produced only by religion, and by the Christian religion. The full meaning of the words, Right, Duty, the Highest Good, can be grasped and realized only on the Christian basis; Christian ethics is the true ethics. This, in substance, is his general position. He enforces three main positions: "(1) There is a moral world in general; (2) There is an internal connection between morality and religion; (3) The progress made, in Christendom, by religion, denotes a similar progress made by morality."

Dr. Luthardt is a thorough Lutheran in his principles and sympathies. His book is written under the influence of the German monarchical spirit, and on the general basis of the union of church and state. But this is second

ary and incidental to its main object. Thus, for example, he says unqualifiedly, that "rebellion is always blameworthy, and revolution is sin; for it is the assumption of a power which is not possessed." He acknowledges, however, that on this point the Lutheran view of merely passive endurance is not held in such an extreme form by the moralists of the Reformed churches. And when a new government is instituted, and the old one has ceased to be, he counsels submission.

All of these "Apologetic Lectures" deserve a wide circulation. They are adapted to correct evil tendencies in this country as well as in Germany. There ought to be encouragement for an American edition.

HISTORY AND BIOGRAPHY.

The Life of the Rev. Alfred Cookman; with some Account of his Father, Rev. G. G. Cookman. By HENRY B. RIDGWAY, D.D.; with an Introduction by the Rev. R. S. FOSTER, LL.D., Bishop of the M. E. Church. New York: Harper & Bro's. This handsome volume contains the record of two remarkable ministerial lives-a father and son, both distinguished for their eloquence, and their great personal attractions. The father, long Chaplain of the U. S. Senate, was a great orator, and had wonderful success among a class most difficult to be reached. Alfred Cookman was one of those men who seem marked out for the pulpit from their very childhood-he had the true clerical fibre. His character was lovely and harmonious, equally developed. In his person he was goodly to look upon. He was also an earnest and devout preacher; nor was he found wanting in trying times. Such biographies are instructive and refreshing. Such men belong to the universal Church of Christ.

GENERAL LITERATURE.

Thesaurus of English Words and Phrases; so classified and arranged as to facilitate the expression of ideas and assist in literary Composition. By PETER MARK ROGET, late Secretary of the Royal Society; Author of the "Bridgewater Treatise on Animal and Vegetable Physiology, etc." Revised and edited, with a list of Foreign Words defined in English, and other additions, by BARNAS SEARS, D.D., LL. D., late Secretary of the Massachusetts Board of Education, and President of Brown University. New American, from the last London Edition, with additions and improvements. Boston: Gould & Lincoln. New York: Sheldon & Co., 1873. It is enough to say of this work that it amply fulfils the promise of the title page. tion was prosecuted for half a century by its distinguished author. received valuable contributions from the able editing of Dr Sears. It is admirably arranged, and is almost as helpful to the composuist as the best of dictionaries, in some departments even more so. It belongs to that class of literary tools, which the man of letters will profit by always having at hand.

Farm Ballads.

Its prepara

It has

By WILL CARLETON. Illustrated. Harper & Bros. Some of Mr. Carleton's ballads, such as "Betsey and I are Out," "Gone with

a Handsomer Man," "Over the Hill to the Poor-House," were so genuine, simple and touching, that they secured for him at once a wide popularity. Their scenes are in common life, and the speech is from common life—but all is genuine and hearty. These, with other ballads, and some occasional farces, are collected in this handsome, well illustrated volume, which will make its way to many a fireside.

The Harpers also publish another volume of their beautiful, convenient and cheap edition of the Works of Dickens, viz., The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club, in which Mr. Pickwick and his friend are portrayed in fifty-two characteristic illustrations, by THOMAS NAST, who, however, does not appear to so much advantage here as in his satirical political sketches.

MISCELLANEOUS.

Africa and Colonization. An Address delivered before the American Colonization Society, January 21, 1873, by EDWARD P. HUMPHREY, D.D., LL. D., of Louisville, Ky. Published by Request. McGill & Witheron, Printers, Washington. Dr. Humphrey, in this clear and impressive discourse, shows with all that beauty and force of style of which he is master, that the mission of the Colonization Society, so far as it had direct or indirect reference to the institution of slavery, or the disposal of the slave population of this country, is ended by the extinction of slavery itself. But he no less earnestly maintains that it has a mission of the greatest moment in the future, viz., the evangelization of Africa, and that no substitute can be found for its beneficent and indispensable agency in this respect. The arguments in this behalf are presented by Dr. Humphrey with great cogency and conclusiveness.

[Several book notices have been deferred to the next number for want of space.]

ART. XIII.-THEOLOGICAL AND LITERARY INTELLIGENCE. GERMANY.

Among the more important papers in the Beweis des Glaubens (the apologetic monthly issued for nearly nine years at Gütersloh, under the editorship of Andreæ and Brachmann, Zöckler and Grau), are the following: Teichmann on the Evidence for Christianity in the Social Developments of our Time: Grundemann on Madagascar; Morality and Darwinism; Greve on the Lord's Ascension as History and Doctrine; The standing still of the Sun (Josh. x); Vilmar on Moses; Materialism in the Common Schools; The Testimony of the Assyrian Monuments to the Reliableness of Old Testament History; Maisch on Modern Political Economy viewed in the Light of the Gospel; Graf on the Philosophical Proofs of Immortality as related to the Doctrines of the Scriptures; Hemann on the Development of Christian Ethics under the influence of the Heresies of the Early Church; and Hardt on the Dogmatics of Heathenism. The brief "Miscellanies," over the initials of Zockler, which from time to time treat of current discussions and the freshest literature bearing on the relations of natural science to the Scriptures and Christianity, are of great interest and value.

The latest numbers of the Deutsche Blätter contain articles on the Revision of Luther's Version of the Bible; on the Ideal Trait in our German National Character; on the German Empire as it is and was; and on Old Catholicism and its Relation to the other Confessions (by Frommann); and on the question, What is Christian? (by Dr. Braune.

Of the leading Quarterlies, No. II. of the Jahrbücher für Deutsche Theologie is the only one that has come to hand since our July number. The articles are three : one by Weizsäcker, of Tübingen, on the Apostles' Council; one by Gass, of Heidelberg, on the Moral Worth of Asceticism; and one by Sack, of Bonn, on the Birth of our Lord (Luke i. 35). The usual elaborate and valuable critical notices complete the number.

The literature growing out of the Vatican Council and the Old Catholic movement, grows in variety and completeness. From the Romish side we have Vol I., Part I., of Cecconi's "History of the General Council in the Vatican;" Bishop Martin's "The Labors of the Vatican Council," and "Omnium Concilii Vaticani documentorum Collectio;" Hettinger's "Plenary Ecclesiastical Power of the Apostolic See;" and Kellner's " 'Constitution, Teaching Office, and Infallibility of the Church, according to the Views of Genuine Old Catholics." From the side of the "Old Catholics," we have such productions as Huber's "The Order of the Jesuits, in its Constitution and Doctrine, Work and History;" Langen's "Vatican Dogma in its Relation to the New Testament and to Exegetical Tradition;" Michelis on "The Infallibility of the Teaching Office of the Pope;" and numerous pamphlets from Bishop Reinkens, Prof. von Schulte, and others. From Protestant sources, Nippold's "Old Catholic Church of the Archbishopric of Utrecht," and Friedberg's "J. B. Baltzer," throw light on interesting historical phases and relations of this movement, which has recently in several points made important gains.

Strauss's Alte und neue Glaube passes through one edition after another, and has called forth further replies from Beyschlag, Frohschammer, Zirngiebel, Wislicenus, and others.

No questions are now more widely interesting all classes of all Confessions in Germany than those that bear on the relations of Church and State. Aside from numerous articles in papers and reviews, we mark the appearance of volumes like Zeller's "State and Church;" Rev. Dr. J. P. Thompson's "Church and State in the United States of America;" Krabbe's "Testimony against the Present Direction of Politics in relation to the Church;" Zeising's "Religion and Science, State and Church;" with others by Baumstark, Körner, Von Glinka, etc. Those who come from Germany and other parts of the continent of Europe to the October meeting of the Evangelical Alliance, will expect on this point, more perhaps than on any other, to derive advantage from their visit to this country.

From among the theological publications of the last few months, we select, as most worthy of record, Heyse & Von Tischendorf's edition of the Vulgate version of the Old Testament, based on the Codex Amiantinus; Vol. II., Part 1, of Ewald's "Doctrine of the Bible concerning God, or Theology of the Old and New Testaments;" Sevin's “Synoptical Explanation of the first three Gospels;" Anger's "Lectures on the History of the Messianic Idea;" Leuschner's "Gospel of St. John and its Latest Assailants;" A. Dorner's "Augustine; His Theological System and His View of the Philosophy of Religion;" Schroder's Ezekiel and Erdmann's Samuel in Lange's Bibelwerk; Part I. of Von Ettingen's "Christian Ethics," (being Vol. II., Part I., of his larger work on "Moral Statistics and Christian