of the peculiar political formation of modern Chile may be found in the article by Professor P. S. Reinsch entitled "Parliamentary Government in Chile," in the American Political Science Review, vol. III, pp. 507-539, (1909).

16. Battle of Carabobo.-A decisive battle fought on June 27, 1821, between Bolívar and the Spanish General La Torre, resulting in the independence of northwestern South America. On this occasion the nine hundred Englishmen comprising the British Legion played an important part. An interesting account of this battle, with a description of its site, is given by Professor Hiram Bingham in the appendix to his work Diary of an Expedition across Venezuela and Colombia, (New Haven, 1909). 17. In the expression "from Ávila to Potosí," the Ávila referred to is not, of course, the city of Spain of this name, but a mountain called Ávila rising above Caracas, the capital of Venezuela. Potosí is the well known mining center of Bolivia.

18. JUAN and ULLOA.-An interesting analysis of those portions of the "Noticias Secretas" which deal with the abuses practiced by the Spanish authorities on the Indians is given in chapter viii of Professor Bernard Moses' South America on the Eve of Emancipation, (New York and London, 1908). In addition to their secret report in the Indies, (published in English in London in 1826), Juan and Ulloa published Relación histórica del viaje á la America meridional (2 vols. 1748: the English in Pinkerton's Travels, vol. IV); and Juan alone, Noticias americanas (1772).

19. LA CONDAMINE, CHARLES MARIE DE (1701-1774).-In company with Godin and Bouguer this noted French scientist conducted an expedition to South America in 1735 to measure an arc of the meridian on the plane of Quito. He subsequently separated from the rest of his party and undertook the first scientific exploration of the Amazon. His most important work dealing with South America is his Relation abrégéc d'un voyage fait dans l'intérieur de l'Amérique méridionale, (Paris, 1745). He is said to have carried the first knowledge of India rubber to Europe. 20. CHARLES III.-King of Spain from 1759 to 1788. He was the most enlightened and progressive ruler of the Spanish branch of the Bourbon family, and was responsible for many reforms both in Spain and Spanish America. The standard biography of Charles III is that of M. F. Rousseau, Le Règne de Carlos III d'Espagne, (2 vols., Paris, 1907).

21. DEPONS, FRANÇOIS RAYMOND JOSEPH DE.-Voyage à la partie orientale de la Terre Ferme dans l'Amérique Méridionale fait pendant

les années 1801-1804, (Paris, 1806). An English translation of this work (attributed to Washington Irving) appeared in New York in 1806.

22. These lectures of Señor Rufino Blanco Fombona were given in Madrid under the auspices of the Unión Ibero-America, on June 16 and 23, 1911. They were published at Madrid the same year under the title, La Evolución politica y social de Hispano-America.

23. JUAREZ, BENITO (1806-1872).-The famous Mexican statesman and patriot, president of the republic during the critical period from 1858 to 1871. Juarez' two great triumphs were his victory over the clerical and reactionary party, resulting in the ultra-liberal constitution of 1859, and the overthrow of the empire of Maximilian supported by Napoleon III. The most satisfactory biography of Juarez is that by U. R. Burke, Life of Benito Juarez, (London, 1907).

24. ALTAMIRANO, IGNACIO MANUEL (1835-1893).-A Mexican poet, orator and statesman, of pure Aztec blood, said to have been a descendant of the Aztec rulers of Mexico. He participated in the War of Reform, aided President Juarez during the French Intervention, and was a partner in the glory of the reëstablished republic. Subsequently he represented Mexico in Europe, being at various times Consul-General to both Spain and France. Of his numerous literary productions the most famous is perhaps his Paisajes y Leyandas, (Mexico, 1884). A brief biography of Altamirano, with English translations of excerpts from his writings, may be found in Professor Frederick Starr's Readings from Modern Mexican Authors, (Chicago, 1904).

25. HOMAIS. In this character Flaubert has portrayed with consummate skill the type of village apothecary whose naïve provincialism is equalled only by his rabid anti-clericalism.

26. Carbonario regicide.-The reference here is of course to the secret society of radical republicans who were in part responsible for the assassination of King Carlos of Portugal in 1908. Later the "Carbonarios" were instrumental in bringing about the overthrow of the monarchy, and at the present time are charged with exercising an undue influence in the affairs of the Portuguese Republic.

27. Cf. O Congresso Universal das Raças Apreciacões e Commentarios pel Dr. J. B. de Lacerda, (Rio de Janeiro, 1911).

28. Guipuzcoa Company.-A brief, but excellent account of the activity of the Compañia Guipuzcoana is given in Professor Bernard Moses' Establishment of Spanish Rule in America. (New York, 1898), pp. 166

171.

29. VIEIRA, ANTONIO.-Born at Lisbon in 1608; died at Bahia, Bra

zil, in 1697. A celebrated Portuguese missionary, pulpit orator, author and publicist. He was taken to Bahia as a child, and entered the Jesuit order there in 1625. As a preacher he soon became famous for his eloquence; after his return to Portugal, in 1641, he was loaded with honors by King John IV, being intrusted with important diplomatic missions to Paris, The Hague and Rome. In 1652 he was placed in charge of the Jesuit missions at Maranhão, and soon drew upon himself the hatred of the slave-owning colonists through his efforts to protect the Indians. From then on he became the champion of the oppressed Indians, pleading their cause both in Brazil and Portugal with a courage and fervor worthy of Las Casas. Vieira was not only interested in the spiritual and economic welfare of Brazil, but in Portuguese letters as well, and his many literary productions entitle him to a place among the peers of Brazilian prose writers. An account of Vieira's activities in Brazil and Portugal may be found in Watson, Spanish and Portuguese South America during the Colonial Period, (London, 1884), and in Southey, History of Brazil, (3 vols., London, 1822).

30. An account of the Pará-Maranhão Company is given in Watson, II, pp. 238-239.

31. Dr. Lima here refers to the seventeenth Congress of Americanists, which met at Buenos Aires in May, 1910. Of Señor Quesada's literary productions the best known are: El Vireinato del Rio de la Plata, 1776-1810, (Buenos Aires); Recuerdos de mi vida diplomatica, (Buenos Aires); Mis memorias diplomaticas, (Buenos Aires).

32. See note following.

33. NARIÑO, ANTONIO (1765-1823).- A New-Granadan patriot. Though he held important offices under the Spanish viceroys, he was an ardent champion of Spanish American independence, and in 1795 published at Bogota a Spanish translation of the Droits des hommes. For this he was imprisoned, and did not obtain his release until 1810. On the outbreak of the Revolution he played a conspicuous part in the liberation of New Granada from Spain, but was captured by the Royalists in 1814, and was confined as a prisoner in Spain until 1820. After his return to New Granada he was elected vice-president and senator of the republic. 34. The Jesuit Order was expelled from Portugal in 1759.

NOTES ON LECTURE II.

1. The Plateau of Cundinamarca occupies a portion of the eastern central part of the Republic of Colombia. It was formerly the seat of the civilization of the Chibchas; at the present time the name is applied to the department having Bogotá as its capital.

2. GAMA, JOSÉ BASILIO DA.-Born at San José, Minas Geraes, 1740; died at Lisbon, 1795. One of the most celebrated of the poets of Colonial Brazil. He was a novice of the Jesuits, leaving that order upon its expulsion from Brazil. After traveling extensively in Europe he made his home in Lisbon. His epic poem O Uruguay was published in 1769.

3. GUSMÃO, ALEXANDRE.-Born in Santos, Brazil, 1695; died at Lisbon, 1753. Though a Brazilian by birth, Alexandre Gusmão rose to a position of great eminence in Portugal, being justly considered one of the foremost Portuguese statesmen of the period. After obtaining his doctorate at Paris he was sent to Rome on an important diplomatic mission by John V. It was largely through his efforts that the Portuguese king obtained from the pope the title of "Fedelissimo" (Most Faithful). As a diplomatist Gusmão's consummate skill is seen in the protracted negotiations between Portugal and Spain, culminating in the Treaty of 1750. This treaty fixed the boundaries between Spanish and Portuguese America on the basis of uti possidetes; it was considered a diplomatic triumph for Portugal. A full account of Gusmão's diplomatic and literary activities is given in J. M. Pereira da Silva, Os Varões illustres do Brazil durante os Tempos coloniaes, (Paris, 1858), vol. I, pp. 229-256.

4. DOM JOHN V.-King of Portugal, 1706-1750. The absurdities in the court of this ruler largely sprang from a ridiculous desire to imitate Louis XIV, a fondness for empty titles, and extravagance in squandering vast sums on buildings, especially on the great convent at Mafra (said to have cost over $20,000,000). Cf. H. Morse Stephens, History of Portugal, pp. 350 et seq.

5. Coimbra. The seat of the only university in Portugal. It was founded in 1290 in Lisbon and transferred to Coimbra in 1308.

6. MIRANDA, FRANCISCO ANTONIO GABRIEL DE.-Born at Caracas, Venezuela, 1756; died at Cadiz, Spain, July 1816. During his adventurous career in England, Miranda was busy plotting for the emancipation

of Spanish South America, and in 1806 he made an unsuccessful attempt to lead a revolt in Venezuela. On the breaking out of the Revolution two years later he returned to Venezuela, and became dictator in 1812. But in the same year, partly as a result of a severe earthquake which was interpreted as a sign of divine displeasure at the revolution, the Royalists gained the upper hand, and Miranda was forced to surrender. He was sent to Spain, and died in prison at Cadiz four years later. The standard biography of Miranda is that of W. S. Robertson, Francisco de Miranda, in the Annual Report of the American Historical Association, I, 266 et seq.

7. For a brief account of this revolt see T. C. Dawson, The South American Republics, (New York, 1910), I, pp. 409-410.

8. Dr. Lima here refers, of course, to the transference of the Portuguese court and center of government from Lisbon to Brazil in 1808.

He was sub

9. GONÇALVES DIAS, ANTONIO.-Born at Caxias, Maranhão, 1824; died at sea, 1864. The foremost of Brazilian poets. After taking his degree at the University of Coimbra he was appointed professor of history at the Collegio Dom Pedro II at Rio de Janeiro. sequently employed in various literary commissions in northern Brazil and in Europe, meanwhile gaining a national reputation as a dramatist and above all as a lyric poet. Owing to failing health he sought a change of climate in Europe; on his return in 1864 he perished by shipwreck in sight of his native shore. His works include Primeiros cantos (1846); Segundos cantos e sextilhas de Frei Antão (1848); and Ultimos cantos (1851).

10. The Recopolación de leyes de los reynos de las Indias, (last edition, 4 vols., Madrid, 1841).

II. ZUMARRAGA, JUAN DE.-Born near Durango, Biscay, 1486; died at Mexico City, 1548. The first bishop of Mexico. He arrived in Mexico in 1527 and immediately became the zealous champion of the native population, receiving the title and office of Protector of the Indians. Through his efforts various schools for the Indians were founded and missionary activity extended throughout large portions of Mexico and Spanish America. At the same time he gained a melancholy renown for the wholesale destruction of all Aztec manuscripts on which he could lay hands, and at his instance similar scenes were enacted in other towns and cities of New Spain. He was raised to the position of Archbishop of Mexico eight days before his death. See Joaquin Garcia Icazbalceta Don Fray Juan Zumarraga, primero obispo y arzobispo de Mexico, (Mexico, 1896), Obras, I.